盐水条件下不同混凝土中钢筋的快速腐蚀行为的研究

 通过盐水条件下钢筋的快速腐蚀试验，研究了钢筋在不同水灰比、不同掺料合料掺量以及掺入RI—IC2型阻锈剂情况下钢筋的锈蚀行为.结果表明，水灰比是影响钢筋腐蚀的重要因素之一，相同条件下水灰比越大，钢筋锈蚀越严重；掺入粉煤灰和硅粉后，可有效降低钢筋的腐蚀率；RI—IC2型阻锈剂有良好的阻锈效果，相同掺量下，水灰比越大，其阻锈效果越明显.     

阻锈剂的掺入方式对全珊瑚海水混凝土中钢筋锈蚀的影响

采用线性极化电阻法(LPR)和电化学阻抗谱法(EIS),系统研究了暴露时间、阻锈剂种类及掺入方式对全珊瑚海水混凝土(CASC)中钢筋腐蚀的影响。结果表明:随着暴露时间的延长,不掺及同掺阻锈剂的普通钢筋自腐蚀电位(E_(corr))、极化电阻(R_p)和电荷转移电阻(R_(ct))均逐渐降低;而暴露90 d后,预吸阻锈剂的普通钢筋E_(corr)、R_p和R_(ct)均有增长的趋势,说明以预吸掺入的阻锈剂,不断地由珊瑚骨料向外释放,使得混凝土中有效的阻锈成分不断补充,一定程度上增大了Cl-通过混凝土传到钢筋表面的阻力,延缓了钢筋的锈蚀。此外,无论是掺入亚硝酸钙阻锈剂(CN)还是氨基醇类阻锈剂(AA),对普通钢筋抵抗锈蚀的能力均有不同程度的提高,且随着暴露时间的延长,CN阻锈效果的衰减速率高于AA的。因此,对于海洋岛礁工程中的CASC结构,建议以预吸的方式掺入AA,有利于减弱钢筋对Cl~-腐蚀的敏感性,提高CASC抗Cl~-扩散渗透能力,从而延缓钢筋开始腐蚀时间,降低锈蚀的速率,达到延长CASC结构服役寿命的目的。     

利用电渗的方法评价渗透迁移型钢筋阻锈剂的效能

钢筋混凝土阻锈剂是提高钢筋混凝土耐久性的一项重要技术。本工作利用电渗的方法快速评价渗透迁移型钢筋混凝土阻锈剂(MCI)的效能。采用32V的电渗电压促使氯离子快速渗透(ACIM)到钢筋表面并引起钢筋腐蚀,然后采用线性极化法对钢筋腐蚀状态进行测试,最后以阻锈剂的抗氯离子渗透性能和阻锈效能来评价阻锈剂的综合效能。结果表明,氯离子的快速渗透和电化学测试仅需几天的时间,试验结果很好地反映不同阻锈剂掺量的阻锈效能,是一种适合于工程建设需要的快速评价方法。     

新型复配阻锈剂在混凝土模拟液和试块中对钢筋锈蚀的抑制

利用半电池腐蚀电位、线性极化和电化学交流阻抗技术,分别在混凝土模拟液和干湿循环加速腐蚀混凝土试块中,研究了新型复配有机阻锈剂(IMC-16)对钢筋锈蚀行为的影响,并将其与常规Ca(NO2)2阻锈性能相对比。结果表明,无论在混凝土模拟液中还是在混凝土试块中,空白条件下,随实验时间延长钢筋电极腐蚀电位不断下降,腐蚀电流密度迅速升高,表明在Cl-侵蚀性作用下钢筋表面钝性遭到破坏,并发生严重局部腐蚀;而添加IMC-16阻锈剂后,钢筋电极腐蚀电位升高,阻抗模值增大,腐蚀电流密度与双电层电容显著下降,表明钢筋的锈蚀得到很好的控制。复配阻锈剂对Cl-诱导的钢筋局部腐蚀具有优良的抑制效果,并可有效延缓钢筋的起始锈蚀时间。干湿循环实验结果进一步表明,实验初期Ca(NO2)2虽可较好抑制钢筋的锈蚀,但其后期阻锈性能却明显下降;而复配阻锈剂在实验初期阻锈性能虽不明显,但相同使用浓度下,其后期阻锈效果及稳定性却明显优于Ca(NO2)2。     

矿物掺合料及腐蚀溶液对混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀行为的影响

采用电化学阻抗谱研究了掺加不同量粉煤灰、矿粉的混凝土中钢筋的锈蚀行为,并探讨了复合盐溶液、海水和单一氯盐溶液对混凝土中钢筋阻抗谱及锈蚀行为的影响。结果表明:掺入30%(与水泥的质量比,下同)粉煤灰以及30%矿粉的C30混凝土,其抗压强度分别下降了45%和35%,且随着矿物掺合料掺量的增加,混凝土抗压强度损失越大。对养护7d的C30混凝土而言,腐蚀溶液导致钢筋锈蚀严重性排序为:复合盐溶液海水氯盐溶液。混凝土中掺入15%~20%矿粉或15%粉煤时,混凝土抵钢筋锈蚀能力最好,但随着矿物掺合料掺量进一步增加,其护筋能力下降。     

醇胺类化合物对混凝土钢筋的阻锈作用研究

本文研究了醇胺类化合物对混凝土钢筋的阻锈作用。利用静态失重法、极化曲线等方法，在与传统缓蚀剂亚硝酸钠对照的基础上，检测和评价乙二醇和乙醇胺两种醇胺类有机缓蚀剂，对钢筋在含有NaCl的模拟混凝土孔溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为及其阻锈作用。极化曲线图表明模拟混凝土孔溶液pH=11．5和加入缓蚀剂浓度为3％（与孔溶液的体积比）时，醇胺类缓蚀剂对钢筋阻锈效果最好，钝化电位为940mV；静态失重法表明缓蚀剂为水泥重量的3％是防止混凝土钢筋发生点蚀最适宜的浓度，此时缓蚀率达94％；实验同时发现在以上条件下乙醇胺的缓蚀作用与亚硝酸钠相当，且乙醇胺与其它缓蚀剂有良好协同效应，能明显增强其对钢筋的阻锈能力。     

用丝束电极研究混凝土中钢筋腐蚀的不均匀性

用8×8阵列丝束电极模拟研究了混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀.将混凝土试样浸泡在10 %NaCl溶液中,通过测量铁丝束电极的自腐蚀电位和极化电阻,获得了在相同埋置深度和不同埋置深度时,铁丝腐蚀的电位、极化电阻和腐蚀速度分布等信息,研究了混凝土结构和氯离子浓度对它们的影响.结果表明,混凝土中铁丝腐蚀不均匀.自腐蚀电位和极化电阻较分散,电位随时间负移、极化电阻变小,丝束之间的电位差增大.随铁丝埋入深度增加,电位负移量、氯离子浓度和腐蚀速度都减小、极化电阻增加     

一种新型钢筋阻锈剂的阻锈性能

采用硬化砂浆和半电池电位法评价了一种自制的含有氨基和羧基的新型钢筋阻锈剂IH_2的阻锈性能,并采用标准工作曲线法分析了混凝土中钢筋对阻锈剂的吸附性能。结果表明,IH_2钢筋阻锈剂可以延长钢筋发生锈蚀的时间,降低钢筋的腐蚀速率,具有良好的阻锈性能。     

国内外混凝土钢筋阻锈剂研究进展

混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀是钢筋混凝土建筑过早损坏的主要原因。氯离子的进入是加速此种腐蚀的关键因素。文章着重介绍阻止钢筋混凝土腐蚀的阻锈剂的发展及迁移型阻锈剂的行为特点。阻锈剂技术的发展趋势和今后的研究工作需要进一步的探究。     

钢筋阻锈剂阻锈效果的评价

通过半电池电位测量、动电位扫描、恒电位极化等电化学方法和冷热干湿实验评价了自制HP钢筋阻锈剂的阻锈效果,并探讨了其耐蚀机理。实验结果表明,HP阻锈剂是一种阳极型阻锈剂,它通过提高钢筋的半电池电位,促进阳极极化而改善钢筋的耐蚀性能。这种阻锈剂性能稳定,受环境介质变化影响小,对钢筋基体具有良好的保护作用。几种评价方法在实验结果上具有基本规律的一致性,能正确评价钢筋阻锈剂的阻锈效果。     

Chloride-induced steel corrosion in alkali-activated fly ash mortar: Increased propensity for corrosion initiation at defects

Chloride contents at the steel–mortar interface that initiate steel corrosion were determined for carbon steel in alkali-activated fly ash mortar for three different exposure conditions: exposure to 1 M NaCl solution; leaching in deionized water and then exposure to 1 M NaCl solution; and leaching in deionized water, aging in air at 20°C and natural CO₂ concentration, and then exposure to 1 M NaCl solution. For comparison, a Portland cement mortar, exposed to 1 M NaCl solution, was studied. The median values of the corrosion-initiating chloride contents (average over the full length of the rebar) in the alkali-activated fly ash mortar varied between 0.35 and 1.05 wt% Cl with respect to binder, consistently lower than what was obtained for the Portland cement mortar, but with no clear trend regarding the exposure conditions. For most of the alkali-activated fly ash mortar specimens, preferential corrosion at the connection between the working electrode and the external measurement setup was observed, while preferential corrosion did not occur for the Portland cement mortar. Scanning electron microscopy and auxiliary experiments in synthetic solutions indicated that this behavior was caused by inhomogeneities at the steel–mortar interface in the alkali-activated mortar, likely due to its peculiar rheological properties in the fresh state.     

Relationship between half-cell potential and corrosion level of rebar in concrete

This work studies the influence of various parameters, such as temperature and humidity, fly ash content and chloride concentration, on the relationship between half-cell potential and the corrosion level of rebar in concrete. Results show that the half-cell potential decreases with an increase in temperature under the same corrosion level of rebar, and half-cell potential decreases with an increase in corrosion level of rebar under the same temperature. The half-cell potential decreases with an increase in chloride concentration and increases with an increase in fly ash content when fly ash content is lower than 50% under the same corrosion level of rebar, and the half-cell potential decreases with an increase in the corrosion level of rebar under the same chloride concentration and fly ash content.     

Corrosion rate and corrosion product characterisation using Raman spectroscopy for steel embedded in chloride polluted fly ash mortar

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarisation curves assisted by Raman spectroscopy were used to study the corrosion behaviour and to characterise the corrosion products of reinforcing steel embedded in fly ash mortars with and without chloride pollution. Two alkaline solutions with different soluble silica contents were utilised to activate the fly ash. After 720 days of experimentation the reinforcing steel embedded in fly ash mortar without chlorides remained passive, while the specimens in fly ash polluted with chloride ions (0.4 and 2%) yielded current density values of the order of 2 × 10^?5 A/cm², typical of an active state. The main corrosion products identified on the steel surface were less crystallised phases of iron oxyhydroxide hydrates and goethite (α‐FeOOH) or lepidocrocite (γ‐FeOOH).     

Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibition of Reinforcing Steel: II. Embedded In Concrete

Abstract

Reinforcing steel, whether embedded in Portland concrete or Portland cement-blast furnace slag concrete and mixed with distilled or tap water, becomes passivated. On the other hand, when the concrete is mixed with sea water, the steel corrodes severely, and when Helwan mineral water is used for mixing, a borderline condition is obtained. Portland cement-blast furnace slag concrete had poorer corrosion resistance compared with ordinary Portland cement concrete.

Steel passivity is not impaired when Portland cement concrete or Portland cement-blast furnace slag concrete is admixed with up to 8% of sulphates. However, when cement extract is used, the passivity is impaired when as little as 0·2% of sodium sulphate is added.

Additions of some anodic inhibitors such as benzoate, chromate, nitrite, phosphate and stearate to a corrosive concrete medium are efficient in preventing the corrosion of reinforcing steel. The critical concentration for inhibition is higher in the case of Portland cement-blast furnace slag concrete than that of Portland cement concrete. Coating the steel with Portland cement slurry alone or Portland cement slurry containing inhibitors improves the corrosion resistance of steel to some extent but does not inhibit the corrosion in strong attacking media.     

氯离子环境下混凝土钢筋的锈蚀过程

通过模拟氯离子环境下混凝土中钢筋所处的锈蚀环境,并以周期浸泡腐蚀试验加速钢筋的锈蚀,采用腐蚀失重和腐蚀过程pH值监控方法研究了氯离子环境下钢筋锈蚀的规律.结果表明,随CI-浓度提高,钢筋周期浸泡腐蚀速率总体呈现先增加后降低的规律.随着pH值的降低,钢筋腐蚀经过钝化区、破钝化区和活化区.在破钝化区(pH=12.3～11)...     

Chloride induced reinforcement corrosion: Electrochemical monitoring of initiation stage and chloride threshold values

Reinforcement steel embedded in six different concrete mixes was exposed to chloride by wetting/drying cycles. Various parameters were continuously monitored during more than 1 year. Cement replacement with fly ash had beneficial long-term effects regarding chloride penetration resistance. Concerning corrosion performance, by far the most dominant influencing parameter was the steel/concrete interface since corrosion initiated on the lower side of the rebar (with respect to casting direction) regardless of binder type and w/b ratio. In many cases, after the first signs of depassivation, a marked increase in chloride content was required to prevent repassivation and to enable stable pit growth.     

Corrosion behavior of steel bar embedded in fly ash concrete

Steel bar embedded in concrete without fly ash and with fly ash was tested under complete immersion, in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Monitoring of open-circuit potential, polarization resistance measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of steel bar. ASTM C1202 test method was also used to estimate the concrete’s resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. The results obtained from electrochemical tests show that partial replacement of fly ash has led to an enhancement of corrosion resistance and a reduction of corrosion rate due to the decrease of permeability to chloride ions.     

Corrosion behavior of austenitic 304L and 316LN stainless steel clad reinforcing bars in cracked concrete

A study has been conducted on the chloride-induced corrosion behavior of 304L and 316LN stainless steel clad reinforcing bars (rebar) in concrete and in synthetic concrete pore solution. Metallographic examination of the as-received clad bars confirmed a strong metallurgical bond at the core/clad interface and some grain growth interdiffusion of species at the interface. Both bars showed a wide variation in coating thickness around the rebar circumference, from a minimum of 0.32 and 0.60 mm to a maximum of 1.4 and 2.8 mm in the 304L clad and 316LN clad, respectively. The electrochemical results and visual examination after autopsy showed that active corrosion was yet initiated on either the solid and clad stainless steel or carbon steel rebar in the sound noncracked concrete specimens. In contrast, corrosion had initiated in the bars embedded in cracked concrete at the base of the crack and extended along or around the bars. In the concrete and synthetic pore solution tests, the current densities of both solid and clad stainless steel rebar exposed to ∼21% chloride brine solution for days between 400 and 1,500 were similar. This was also the case for current densities of the straight and bent stainless steel bars tested in the synthetic pore solution test.     

Effect of surface condition on the initial corrosion of galvanized reinforcing steel embedded in concrete

The present work was aimed at determining the effect of coating surface condition on the initial corrosion of hot-dip galvanized reinforcing steel bar (HDG rebar) in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. During zinc corrosion in OPC concrete, calcium hydroxyzincate (CHZ) formed on untreated HDG steel provided sufficient protection against corrosion. Therefore, it is concluded that treating HDG rebar with dilute chromic acid is unnecessary as a method of passivating zinc. A layer of zinc oxide and zinc carbonate formed, through weathering, on HDG bars increased the initial corrosion rate and passivation time compared with the non-weathered rebar exposed to concrete. HDG steel with an alloyed coating, i.e. containing only of Fe-Zn intermetallic phases, required a longer time to passivate than those with a pure zinc surface layer. The lower zinc content of the surface limited the rate of CHZ formation; hence, delayed passivation. Regardless of the surface condition, the coating depth loss after two days of embedment in ordinary Portland cement concrete was insignificant.