政策工具视角的浙江省海洋环境污染治理政策分析

政策工具是政策分析的一个重要视角。浙江省是我国经济发达的沿海省份之一,同时也是海洋环境污染严重的省份之一。文章选取2016—2020年浙江省出台的涉及海洋环境污染治理的省级政策文本作为研究对象,基于环境管制、市场机制和公众参与三类政策工具,采用内容分析法,通过对文本内容进行编码及相关统计分析,得出浙江海洋环境污染治理政策存在着环境管制政策工具使用过溢,市场机制工具使用不完善和公众参与工具使用不足等问题,提出浙江省海洋环境污染治理政策需要适当降低环境管制政策工具实施成本,完善“环境有价”市场机制政策工具,营造“全民环保”公众参与政策氛围。     

国际航运中心发展经验及对深圳的启示

国际航运中心是拥有优越的地理位置、良好的港口条件、发达的港口物流网络和完善的航运服务体系，并掌握全球航运话语权的重要港口城市。当前，深圳正全力建设全球海洋中心城市，亟须借鉴全球主要国际航运中心发展的成功经验，全力推动航运业发展，打造国际航运中心。文章通过研究国际航运中心的演变历程，充分借鉴世界级国际航运中心的发展经验，深入分析深圳航运业的发展现状及存在的问题，提出深圳下一步应从加强航运发展组织保障、创新航运制度和产业政策、打造现代化高效智慧港口、发展优势特色航运产业、深化对外开放与协同发展、加强航运人才队伍建设等方面着手提升深圳航运业的全球竞争力，加快打造国际航运中心。     

我国渔业资源管理政策研究

随着渔业资源的衰退,为保护渔业资源,我国制定出台了多项渔业资源管理政策,但实际应用中出现了诸多问题,导致政策未完全实现预期效果。为提高我国渔业资源管理政策成效,促进我国渔业经济高质量发展,文章利用案例分析法、定性分析与定量分析结合的方法,从投入控制、技术控制和产出控制角度,梳理我国三类渔业资源管理政策,系统分析我国各类渔业资源管理政策演进与应用及应用过程中存在的问题,有针对性地提出我国渔业资源管理政策优化方案。研究发现,我国渔业资源管理政策存在政府监管成本过高、政策执行不到位、渔业从业人员保护渔业资源的责任不清晰、渔业从业人员转业困难以及立法不完善的问题。未来可从发展渔业合作组织、增强渔业从业人员渔业资源保护意识、明确渔业从业人员保护渔业资源的具体责任、组织渔业从业人员职业培训和完善渔业资源管理政策立法方面着手,改进渔业资源管理政策。     

我国现行海洋政策类型分析

改革开放以来,我国的海洋事业得到了前所未有的巨大发展,海洋政策作为指导统筹我国海洋事业发展的纲领、规划,其重要意义正日益得到各级政府的重视。而对我国现行海洋政策的类型进行分析,对于提高我国海洋政策的质量具有重要意义。我国现行海洋政策可以从政策层次、政策内容、政策涉及领域的数量以及政策的主体进行划分,通过对现行海洋政策的类型进行梳理我们不难发现,尽管我国目前在海洋领域已经出台了大量的政策,但依然存在着:海洋元政策缺失;重视海洋开发政策,忽视海洋保护政策;政策涉及领域分布不均等一系列问题。     

大力发展港口物流 加快构建北方国际航运中心和区域性物流中心

文章总结分析了青岛发展港口物流的五大优势,并结合当前物流业发展的趋势剖析了青岛港口物流业发展面临的六大问题,在此基础上提出了大力发展港口物流、加快构建北方国际航运中心和区域性物流中心的“三大平台”、“三个重点”、“四大体系”和“六项措施”。     

青岛市港口物流的发展研究

本文分析了青岛发展港口物流的五大优势,结合当前物流业发展的趋势,剖析了青岛港口物流业发展面临的六大问题,并在此基础上提出了大力发展港口物流、加快构建北方国际航运中心和区域性物流中心的“三大平台”、“三个重点”、“四大体系”和“六项措施”。     

完善我国现行海洋政策的对策探讨

由我国海洋开发利用中存在的问题入手,探讨了我国海洋政策的缺陷,并就如何完善我国的海洋政策提出了对策措施.     

大连市建设东北亚国际航运中心对临港工业的拉动作用分析

继中央提出振兴东北老工业基地把大连建成东北亚重要国际航运中心以来,大连市提出了建设“一个中心．四个基地”的发展规划,即东北亚国际航运中心,大型石化产业基地、电子信息产品和软件产业基地、先进装备制造业基地和船舶制造基地。可见大连市临港工业的发展,对于大连市的振兴具有举足轻重的作用。文章在对大连市造船业、石化产业、钢铁工业和机械加工业现状进行阐述的基础上．指出大连市临港工业存在的问题,进而提出建设东北亚国际航运中心对大连市临港工业的重要拉动作用．最后对大连市发展汽车工业进行了SWOT分析。     

青岛海洋新兴产业可持续发展对策研究

作为山东半岛蓝色经济区中心城市的青岛,凭借科研优势、区位优势和良好的政策环境,大力发展海洋新兴产业,并取得了一定的成绩。但在发展过程中也存在着对海洋新兴产业的重要性认识不足、缺乏完善的政策体系、自主创新能力薄弱、成果转化不足等问题,因此从5个方面提出了对策建议以实现海洋新兴产业的可持续发展。     

东海区国家级海洋保护区发展研究

东海区是我国最早开展海洋保护区建设的海区之一,被列为保护对象的生物资源、岛礁资源、景观资源和生态系统丰富多样。文章从数量和面积、典型特征以及保护对象3个方面概述东海区国家级海洋保护区的发展现状,提出目前保护区发展存在管理机构不完善、配套法规不健全、资金保障不稳定和监测能力不足等问题。在此基础上,提出加快管理机构建设,提升建设和管理水平;健全法律法规体系,夯实保护工作法律基础;拓宽资金来源,促进开发和保护协调发展;提高监视监测能力,加强保护对象监测评估的对策措施建议,以期为海洋保护区的建设和管理工作以及海洋生态环境的可持续发展提供参考。     

Greening international shipping through private governance: A case study of the Clean Shipping Project

This article aims to generate insights into both private governance and partnerships within the shipping industry, but also tries to improve understanding of the complex process of institutionalisation.This is achieved through a case study of the Clean Shipping Project, a public/private partnership that aims to promote sustainability in the shipping industry. A set of enabling and constraining factors are examined that shape the institutionalisation process and determine to what extent the Clean Shipping Project can establish and expand authority as an industry norm.Overall, the Clean Shipping Project cannot yet be considered a full-fledged private governance institution, because of an insufficient level of collaborative advantage mainly due to weak system robustness and unfavourable market characteristics and conditions. However, institutionalisation is an ongoing process and the future outlook for the Clean Shipping Project remains promising. The Clean Shipping Project is certainly a relevant supplement to existing regulations and there is a basic level of commitment and cohesion within the partnership, so it is not unlikely that in the future this initiative may help to uncouple growth in shipping activities from environmental harm.     

洋山深水港区工程海上勘探关键技术实施

洋山深水港区是上海国际航运中心的核心港区,海上勘探处于开敞海域,远离大陆30多公里,海况恶劣、自然条件复杂、工程量大、工期短,技术难度之高在我国乃至世界沿海勘探史上实属罕见。围绕一系列关键技术进行研究,所取得的技术成果可供我国各行业水上工程勘探时参考。     

Ecological performance indicators in the North Sea: development and application

Different signals of distress from the North Sea ecosystems started a discussion on the protection of the ecosystem at the third North Sea Ministers Conference in 1990. This was followed by a number of workshops on ecological indicators under the auspices of the North Sea Task Force and the Oslo and Paris Commissions (OSPAR). In 1997 the member countries around the North Sea agreed to develop and apply an ecosystem's approach in the management programs for both the North Sea fisheries and the marine environment. Following this agreement the identification of the ecological qualities objectives for the North Sea ecosystem started. Further work in this direction has lead to the setting up of various national projects geared towards creating a better understanding of the North Sea ecosystem.In the Netherlands, two departments (Water management and Nature and fisheries management) from the Ministry of Transport, Public works and Water Management (V&W) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries Management (LNV) agreed to integrate their policies for the management of the Netherlands section of the North Sea. The results from these projects (started in 1996) should enable the policy makers and managers to formulate policies that could lead to the creation of a balance between the effects of human activities and the preservation of the natural qualities of the North Sea ecosystem.One of the projects is strictly designed to develop ecological indicators for the Dutch part of the North Sea. These indicators are based on various monitoring data and related in one way or another with human activities. In this way it is possible to evaluate the effects of human impacts on the ecosystem. Long-term changes in the ecological performance of the ecosystem can be elucidated by the use of the ecological indicators. Thereby making it possible for the policy makers and the managers of the NCP to evaluate the effects of their policies and management recommendations on the quality of the ecosystem.This paper describes the process and the steps taken by the authorities in the countries around the North Sea to develop a set of ecological indicators for the management of the North Sea ecosystem. Focus will be made on the efforts made in the Netherlands to develop indicators that did provide the basis for the development of Water and Nature conservation policies and new management strategies for maintaining the sustainable use of the Dutch section of the North Sea.     

International legal options for the control of biofouling on international vessels

Shipping represents a threat as a vector for the transfer of non-indigenous marine species through the discharge of ballast water and biofouling of vessels’ external structures and internal piping. While considerable attention has been given to the management of ballast water, there currently exists no international legal instrument with which to control biofouling.A number of existing legal mechanisms may be applicable in the context of coastal States’ rights under international law. However, existing mechanisms are insufficient to regulate all aspects of the biofouling problem to ensure comprehensive management of the issue. There is, therefore, a need for the development of a comprehensive international agreement to address this gap. The issue of biofouling on international vessels has now been included on the work programme of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). As a contribution to discussions on how to address this particular issue at an international level, this article provides an analysis of the options available through the IMO to address this issue.Having defined the specific “threat scenario” with regard to hull fouling, the article will consider: (i) the international legal framework that has been established to regulate the harmful impacts of international shipping; (ii) the range of practical measures that are available to manage biofouling on vessels; and (iii) international legal options available to States to address the threat of biofouling posed by international shipping.     

Subsistence in coastal fisheries policy: What's in a word?

Consideration of subsistence fishing activities seems particularly relevant to coastal fisheries policy, yet formal recognition of subsistence fishing is often absent from associated policy frameworks. A critical problem is the very meaning of the term “subsistence.” A review of the literature on subsistence, dominated until recently by North American research, reveals a schism between interpretations emphasizing material aspects of subsistence and interpretations highlighting cultural aspects. The North American literature on the subject is heavily influenced by a focus on Arctic indigenous populations emphasizing cultural survival. Ultimately, subsistence can be a matter of survival in the belly, the soul, or both. International case studies suggest that different interpretations of subsistence are appropriate in different circumstances, and that appropriate policy can be fashioned only after the local context of subsistence is understood.     

Rethinking the principle of abstention: the North Pacific and beyond

While the principle of abstention was established as part of the International North Pacific Fishery Convention in 1952, it was generally overlooked for several decades afterwards. The 1995 Straddling Stocks Agreement says that states parties to the Agreement enjoy a right to access to high seas fishery resources, but on the condition that they respect existing regional conservation and management measures. This Agreement also introduces the concept of a precautionary approach. The end result is that the 1995 Agreement fulfilled the same intent of the original 1952 principle of abstention—that is, it places some kinds of restrictions on high seas fishing. The degree of restrictions depends on the activities and policies of new regional fishery organizations like WCPFC and so on. Even if the new version of the principle of abstention succeeds in excluding distant fishing states from high seas, it will do little to solve the larger problems facing today's ocean fishery resources.     

我国海洋捕捞业政策变迁、结构特征及优化研究——基于政策文本的量化分析

自20世纪80年代以来,我国出台了众多海洋捕捞相关政策,厘清这些政策变迁规律对海洋捕捞业的健康发展具有重要意义。本文对1986年以来我国海洋捕捞业的政策文本展开量化分析,构建政策时间维度、政策工具维度、政策价值维度三维政策文本分析框架,梳理当前捕捞业政策变迁和结构特征,并深入分析了捕捞业政策与现实的匹配性。研究发现,海洋捕捞业的部分政策目标之间存在一定的冲突和矛盾;政策工具体系全面,但不同政策工具数量分布不均衡;早期政策的经济价值取向突出,社会、生态价值相对不足,需要适时调整政策价值取向。未来应明确政策目标,推动海洋捕捞管理范式由投入控制向产出控制的转变;优化政策工具组合,引导渔民自觉养护海洋渔业资源,提高海洋捕捞业政策的有效性;整合政策价值取向,协调产业发展、资源养护和渔民利益的关系,推动海洋捕捞可持续发展。     

Purpose,policy, and practice: Intent and reality for on-ground management and outcomes of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

Notwithstanding a complex array of international, national, and local policies designed to protect biodiversity and manage human activities, the condition of Australia's Great Barrier Reef has been deteriorating. This trend indicates that policy settings are inadequate or the right policies have been prescribed but not effectively implemented. This study aimed to determine which policies influenced on-ground management of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and Marine Park, how they were implemented, and the challenges encountered by practitioners in applying policies. The research required content analysis of policy instruments relevant to various jurisdictional levels, and surveys and interviews with 19 key informants across jurisdictions and agencies. This study found that policy intent is not automatically translated into practice: international agreements are interpreted and reinterpreted along the policy pathway to on-ground management and, consequently, the aspirations of these agreements can be frustrated and their effectiveness diluted. Due to limits of jurisdictional responsibility, practitioners within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority are constrained in influencing key factors that impact on their capacity to address threats and manage outcomes. The major policy gap affecting management outcomes was the absence of a mechanism with which to manage cumulative impacts responsible for deterioration of key ecosystem processes and biodiversity. These findings highlight that effective policy implementation is a challenging task, limited by gaps between intentions and outcomes, inconsistencies, and conflicting agendas. An improved understanding of the policy implementation process and the policy-practitioner relationship is essential to enhancing links between policy and on-ground management.     

Comparing stakeholder perceptions with empirical outcomes from negotiated rulemaking policies: Is participant satisfaction a proxy for policy success?

Evaluation of natural resource management policies often is made difficult by lack of robust or long-term data on the resource. In the absence of empirical data, natural resource policy evaluation may rely on expert or stakeholder perception of success as a proxy, particularly in the context of policies that depend on multi-stakeholder engagement or negotiated rulemaking. However, few formal evaluations have compared empirical ecological outcomes with stakeholder perception. This study compares stakeholder perceptions of policy outcomes with ecological outcomes from a long-term, ecological dataset as part of the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act's Take Reduction Planning process. Structural Equation Models revealed that stakeholder perceptions were significantly and positively related to positive ecological outcomes. Also, perceived success and ecological performance rankings of the Take Reduction Plans were comparable for three of the five plans examined. This analysis suggests that for this particular policy instrument, stakeholder perception aligns well with ecological outcomes, and this positive relationship is likely the result of a commitment and support for stakeholder education and engagement. However, even within a single policy analysis, there was variability suggesting that the relationship between stakeholder perceptions and policy outcomes must continue to be evaluated. This study suggests that stakeholder perception can be an accurate reflection of ecological outcomes, but not necessarily a predictor of them.     

An historical account of Brazilian public policy on fisheries subsidies

This paper presents a historical account of Brazilian public policy on fisheries subsidies, and a discussion of problems and limitations resulting from such policy. From the 1960s to the mid-1980s, public policies led to a great increase in fisheries catch without appropriate consideration for the long-term sustainability of the resources, resulting in declining catches over the years. The goals of current Brazilian public policy on fisheries will not help in reducing overexploitation. This is because these policies are too optimistic about the abundance of fish in Brazil's EEZ, and are not accompanied by a fisheries management plan that is likely to work.