轮胎中橡胶材料断口形貌及破坏机理分析

采用透射电镜及扫描显微镜,观察了橡胶中微观组织结构,研究了轮胎中橡胶在疲劳情况下的断口形貌,分析其微观破坏机理,说明了材料微观损伤断裂的力学和物理过程。其目的是为轮胎的结构设计和制造提供依据。实验结果表明疲劳载荷下的橡胶裂纹首先沿片晶结合面萌生,然后穿晶扩展破坏,且存在次生裂纹。轮胎橡胶增韧的关键是要增强晶界之间的强度。     

冲击压缩下准脆性材料含微裂纹损伤的本构模型

基于准脆性材料中翼型拉伸裂纹的成核准则,运用细观损伤理论推导了翼型裂纹损伤对材料弹性模量的弱化作用.考虑裂纹扩展对材料动态断裂的滞后效应,建立了动态裂纹扩展准则,并给出损伤演化方程,在此基础上建立了准脆性材料单轴冲击压缩下的动态损伤本构模型.结合氧化铝陶瓷材料独特的力学响应和破坏特性,讨论了模型中微裂纹成核参数、微裂纹尺寸对动态断裂强度的影响,并用该模型计算了单轴压缩下氧化铝陶瓷的应力应变曲线,数值结果与实验结果吻合良好.     

显微结构对Sialon陶瓷室温疲劳短裂纹扩展行为的影响

本文采用不同相组成和不同显微结构的。α-β-Sialon复相陶瓷作为对比试样,以压痕裂纹模拟陶瓷材料本身固有的微小裂纹,通过四点弯曲试样,在相同力学参数条件下,结合扫描电子显微镜对疲劳断口的观察,研究了α-β-Sialon复相陶瓷的室温疲劳短裂纹扩展现象和微观机理．研究发现,长柱状β-Sialon晶粒含量多、长径比大的材料具有较高抵抗疲劳失效的能力·此外,疲劳断口表明,α-β-Sialon复相陶瓷疲劳短裂纹扩展的机制主要有：应力腐蚀、摩擦造成的晶粒桥接弱化和接触损伤．     

烧结NdFeB永磁材料的沿晶断裂分析

测试了烧结NdFeB永磁材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧性,分别为399.2MPa和4.72MPa·m1/2。抗弯测试结果显示NdFeB合金为脆性断裂。对弯曲断口进行宏观观察与SEM观察,对压痕裂纹源处的晶间破坏区域进行场发射扫描电镜观察。研究结果表明,试样断裂的微观机制主要为由试样原始晶体缺陷的长大和扩展引起的沿晶断裂。烧结NdFeB永磁材料的断裂机制可分为两个阶段———损伤积聚阶段和裂纹扩展阶段。     

基于平台巴西劈裂试验下WC-Co硬质合金的动态响应与失效特性

为获取WC-Co硬质合金在动态拉伸加载下的力学性能和失效机制,设计了动态平台巴西劈裂试验。结果发现,WC-Co硬质合金具有典型的弹脆性特征,且断裂应变随着加载应变率的增加而略有增加。在一维应力波加载下,WC-Co硬质合金的动态抗拉强度随应变率的增加而增加,表明其应变率效应具有明显的正相关性,该效应的产生机制与典型陶瓷类材料是一致的,即由I型裂纹的亚临界扩展决定。对回收破碎试样进行微观形貌观察,发现平台圆盘中间位置处微观断裂模式主要为沿晶断裂,且在拉应力作用下形成韧窝断裂形貌;在靠近加载点位置区域,受多向应力作用,材料不仅存在韧窝断裂,在单个晶粒的局部劈裂表面还存在河流花样的解理断裂。宏观角度上,WC-Co硬质合金表现出明显的脆性特征,但微观角度却发现有局部塑性变形特征。     

锂云母型微晶玻璃可切削机理的探讨

一、前言云母微晶玻璃以其卓越的性能在仪表部件制造以及其他各种技术上得到应用以来,对于它的可切削性,人们虽然有了一定的认识,但从理论上如何对可切削机理作进一步的解释,一般还不太清楚。为了让使用者对锂云母型可切削微晶玻璃更好地掌握切削性能,取得更好的加工效果,于是通过测试样品断口形貌的观察,与显微结构相对照,从断裂力学角度分析,对可切削机理获得了比较明确的概念。现将研究结果报告于后。二、锂云母型可切削微晶玻璃的力学性能测定和可切削性的评价云母微晶玻璃材料的力学性能是同它的可切削性紧密联系在一起的,一般的玻璃和陶瓷,由于它们的脆性,在试样中裂纹一经萌生就很容易扩展,造成脆断的特性。锂云母型微     

三维机织陶瓷基复合材料的面内剪切性能及损伤研究

采用IOSIPESCU纯剪切试件, 考虑纤维的编织结构和失效机理, 研究了三维机织碳/碳化硅(C/SiC)复合材料在面内剪切载荷作用下的力学性能和损伤过程. 材料具有明显的非线性应力-应变行为和残余变形等特性. 材料主要的损伤机制为基体微裂纹开裂, 界面脱粘和纤维断裂, 其中界面裂纹是材料应力-应变等力学行为的主要影响因素. 基于连续介质损伤力学分析方法, 提出了简单的损伤演化模型并对损伤演化过程进行了描述.     

激光立体成形TC4钛合金的力学特性与破坏机理

对激光立体成形TC4钛合金在较宽温度(173～1173K)和应变率(0.001～10~5s~(-1))范围内,分别进行压缩、拉伸和剪切试验。结果表明:该合金无明显的力学各向异性;静态和动态加载时均存在明显的拉伸-压缩力学不对称性;其强度低于锻造和挤压成形TC4钛合金。微观分析表明:动态压缩和剪切加载时该合金易出现绝热剪切变形,但试验温度的升高会抑制绝热剪切带的产生;静态拉伸时断口为含韧窝和准解理台阶的混合性形貌,而动态拉伸时则有韧窝而没有解理台阶。动态压缩断裂机理是剪切带内形成空位和裂纹,裂纹沿α/β界面扩展形成断面。     

P92钢等离子弧焊接接头原位拉伸的SEM观察研究

针对6 mm厚P92钢等离子弧焊接接头,利用带动态拉伸台的高分辨扫描电镜对接头的不同区域进行原位拉伸实验,通过试样动态断裂过程观察并结合断口分析研究了P92钢等离子弧焊接接头各区的微观断裂机理.结果表明:接头焊缝区在拉伸过程中经历了前期的钝化伸张区之后,裂纹起裂于中间相M23 C6处,而焊缝区的裂纹扩展路径沿着中间相M23 C6前进,并在断面上形成了撕裂脊,属于穿层断裂;热影响区是P92焊接接头的最薄弱环节,裂纹起裂于中间相M23 C6处,其断口起裂的孕育阶段基本没有前期的钝化,即前期的塑性裂纹的扩展长度Xf=0,裂纹以沿层断裂模式进行扩展,在断口处有分层现象,最终断面呈现出裂纹以解理断裂模式进行扩展;母材区的拉伸试样在经历了钝化伸张区之后,前期的裂纹以塑性断裂模式进行扩展,裂纹在扩展过程中遇到较多的中间相M23 C6时形成应力集中,同时在其附近出现空洞,此时裂纹以解理断裂模式进行扩展,属于沿层断裂.     

陶瓷刀具材料断口形貌及裂纹扩展的分形特征

通过热压烧结工艺,制备了一种高性能的Si3N4基陶瓷刀具材料。利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜分别对材料物相组成、微观形貌及裂纹扩展路径进行了分析。借助图像处理技术和分形理论,计算了断口形貌及裂纹扩展路径的分形维数,并揭示材料断裂机制。研究表明,Si3N4基陶瓷刀具材料表现为穿晶/沿晶的混合断裂模式,其裂纹扩展方式主要是偏转和桥联,断口形貌及裂纹扩展均具有明显的分形特征。当材料断口形貌越粗糙,裂纹扩展路线越不规则,分形维数值增大,表明断口微观结构的粗糙程度、裂纹扩展路线的不规则程度可用分形维数来刻画。     

二维C/SiC复合材料准静态和动态拉伸力学性能

采用分离式Hopkinson拉杆装置和电子万能试验机研究了二维C/SiC复合材料在4种应变率（0.001、0.010、90.000和350.000 s-1）下的拉伸力学性能,计算并验证了动态试验中的应力平衡状态;采用SEM分析了复合材料在不同应变率下的破坏断口和失效机制;建立了复合材料包含损伤和应变率相关的本构方程。结果表明:二维C/SiC复合材料的应力-应变曲线都表现出非线性的特征。随着应变率的增加,二维C/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度从204 MPa增加到270 MPa,增加了33%,这表明复合材料的拉伸强度具有较强的应变率敏感性。复合材料在准静态和动态加载下表现出不同的破坏模式是由材料内部界面行为的应变率效应造成的。      

Fracture Characteristics of Frit Bonding through In-Situ Nano-Indentation Testing

Because frit bonding material is brittle, sudden impacts such as dropping may damage the bonding significantly. Strain-rate-controlled in-situ nano-indentation testing, which can determine localized material properties, was carried out on the frit-bonded specimen, especially on the frit bonding matrix and the filler. The results were compared with the drop-impact fracture behavior to understand the fracture characteristics. Mechanical properties at static condition or low strain rate did not show proper relationship with the fracture tendency of the drop tested result of the frit bonding. From the relationship between fracture toughness and the ratio of modulus/hardness, fracture characteristics at the drop impact situation could be estimated by the values at the high strain rate nano-indentation. The ratio between modulus and hardness on frit matrix showed close relationship with drop impact fracture. Though crack propagation path deflected at filler interface, filler property gave less influence on fracture tendency of drop impact fracture due to its small volume fraction. The properties of frit matrix were crucial to the fracture characteristics of the frit bonding.     

Fracture Behaviour Investigation into a Polymer‐Bonded Explosive

Abstract: Polymer‐bonded explosive (PBX) is used widely in weapon systems. Failure of PBX caused by mechanical damage is one of the sources of accidental ignitions. A brittle crack of PBX produces local heating, creating a ‘hot spot’ finally. Investigation into the tensile fracture behaviour of PBX is one of the main works to determine the failure mechanism. Although many researchers have carried out the quasi‐static Brazilian test to understand the damage evolution of PBX, the fracture feature of PBX under dynamic impact is rarely reported. In this article, dynamic Brazilian tests were conducted. A single‐pulse loading apparatus was used to ensure that specimen was loaded only once during a dynamic Brazilian test. High‐speed camera, digital image correlation and micro‐observation techniques were adopted for strain measurement and microfracture observation. All the dynamic tensile crack exhibits transgranular fracture, which indicates more heat would released by the propagation of crack and more friction between fractured crystal surfaces. On the basis of the theories of interface debonding and transgranular fracture, larger crystals are more prone to crack, whereas smaller crystals simply debond with neighbouring binders. Discrete element method simulation results show that specimen with interface debonding microcracks was able to sustain additional load until transgranular fracture begins.     

Study on fracture behavior of particulate reinforced magnesium matrix composite using in situ SEM

The fracture behavior of SiCp/AZ91 magnesium matrix composite fabricated by stir casting is investigated using the in situ SEM technique. Experimental results show that (1) the dominant microcrack nucleation mode is interface decohesion in particle-dense regions because of the weak interface formed during the solidification process of the composite and large stress concentrations caused by particle segregation, (2) microcracks coalesce by the failure of matrix ligaments between microcracks while additional microcracks are initiated in the particle-dense region ahead of the coalesced microcracks, and (3) cracks propagate by coalescence of microcracks or along the particle/matrix interface. And so we come to the conclusion that the fracture mechanism of SiCp/AZ91 composite is interface-controlled. The in situ SEM observations are verified by complementary SEM studies of the fractured specimens of conventional tensile tests. And so, the in situ SEM observations can be qualitative representation on the fracture behavior of bulk SiCp/AZ91 composite.     

WC_p含量对粉末冶金Cu/WC_p复合材料疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

通过粉末冶金热压烧结法制备高压电触头Cu/WC_p颗粒增强复合材料,研究WC_p颗粒含量(15%和3%,体积分数,下同)对Cu/WC_p复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,并结合SEM进行断口分析;利用原位SEM疲劳裂纹观测系统原位观察微裂纹萌生,分析颗粒对裂纹扩展路径的影响机制。结果表明:在相同应力强度因子幅(△K)下WC_p含量为15%的Cu/WC_p的疲劳裂纹扩展速率大于WC_p含量为3%的复合材料;颗粒含量的增加并没有提高复合材料的裂纹扩展门槛值△K_(th),这主要是因为颗粒和基体的界面属于弱界面;在疲劳过程中颗粒脱粘形成裂纹源,不同脱牯微裂纹连接长大形成主裂纹是Cu/WC_p颗粒增强复合材料的疲劳损伤形式;当主裂纹尖端和颗粒WC_p相互作用时裂纹基本沿着颗粒界面往前扩展;复合材料的断裂模式从WC_p低含量3%时的颗粒脱粘-裂纹在基体里穿晶断裂,过渡为WC_p高含量15%时颗粒脱粘-基体被撕裂为主。     

Numerical study of dynamic behavior of concrete by meso-scale particle element modeling

Based on the Particle Element Method, a meso-scale dynamic model is developed for numerical study of the dynamic failure behavior of three-phase concrete i.e., aggregate, mortar, and interface, under different strain rates. First, a pre-processing approach based on the background grid search method proposed in our previous work is applied to generate the three-phase concrete specimen in meso-scale; second, the meso-mechanical parameters of three phases of concrete are determined by inverse method; and third, using the meso-scale dynamic model, the complete force-deformation relationship and the corresponding dynamic increase factors (DIF) at different strain rates are obtained for dynamic splitting tensile and uniaxial compression tests of concrete. The results match satisfactorily with the preceding experiments in related literatures. Different fracture patterns, consumed energy curves and force chain distributions are discussed under different strain rates, explaining the mechanism of strain rate effects in concrete. The numerical simulations show that the higher the strain rates, the more reticular meso-cracks occur, the kinetic and frictional energies become more important, and the force chains in the specimen exhibit more bifurcation, implying that the fracture process at high strain rates requires more energy demand to reach failure.     

Determination of Fracture Toughness of Bone Cement by Nano-Indentation Test

The nano-indentation test was used to measure fracture toughness of the bone cement. The cement sample was prepared using two different mixing methods i.e., hand mixing and vacuum mixing. For this purpose, some cubic specimens, each of the size 10×10×5?mm³ were produced and then the nano-indentation test was performed on both the hand-mixed and the vacuum-mixed specimens by nano-indenter setup and atomic force microscopy observation. The fracture toughness values obtained from the hand-mixed and vacuum-mixed cements were compared. The results indicate that the vacuum-mixed cement has significantly higher fracture toughness compared with the hand-mixed ones. Since the nano-indentation test method needs less sample material, decreases costs and obtains reliable results, it can be considered as a suitable technique for determination of the mechanical properties of bone cements instead of the macroscale test methods.     

Interfacial damage in biopolymer composites reinforced using hemp fibres: Finite element simulation and experimental investigation

The present study aims at considering the effect of interfacial damage on the mechanical performance of a starchy composite reinforced using hemp fibres. Mechanical behaviour is approached experimentally using tensile testing coupled to digital image acquisition. Thermomoulded samples with single fibres are designed to allow sample testing perpendicularly to the direction of fibre alignment. Experimental evidence of localised damage is then highlighted in the elasticity stage. Finite element computation is attempted to explain the observed damage using an adequate mechanical model that considers weak adhesion between phases and dynamic evolution of damage. Predicted results show that the FE model is able to reproduce the observed behaviour suggesting that local damage evolution is a serious mechanism affecting the performance of the studied composite.     

Influence of residual fatigue damage on the fracture toughness parameters of an AA6082-T6 aluminium alloy

The present investigation has been carried out in order to study the influence of the previous accumulated fatigue damage induced during high cycle fatigue (HCF), on the fracture toughness parameters of an AA6082-T6 aluminium alloy. The results show that previous fatigue damage accumulated in HCF does not affect the tensile static mechanical properties of the material, but gives rise to a significant debit of the toughness properties on this aluminium alloy. The fracture toughness results have shown that the crack opening displacement at a crack extension of 0.2 mm (COD_0.2) decreases in the range of ∼18 to 36% whereas the value of the non-linear fracture mechanics parameter  J _0.2, decreases in the range of ∼11 to 25% at applied maximum stresses of 200 and 275 MPa, respectively. Optical microscopy observations conducted on the surface of the specimens subjected to HCF damage indicate the existence of microcracks ∼15 to 25 μm long nucleated along the grain boundaries of the material. Also, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of the fracture surfaces after the tearing tests show the predominance of a ductile fracture mechanism for the material prior to residual fatigue damage, whereas a mixed ductile–brittle fracture mechanism and the presence of flat facets were observed on the fracture surfaces of the specimens with a fatigue damage of 0.70.     

Influence of stress state and strain rate on the behaviour of a rubber-particle reinforced polypropylene

This article presents an experimental investigation of a ductile rubber-modified polypropylene. The behaviour of the material is investigated by performing tension, shear and compression tests at quasi-static and dynamic strain rates. Subsequently, scanning electron microscopy is used to analyse the fracture surfaces of the tension test samples, and to relate the observed mechanical response to the evolution of the microstructure. The experimental study shows that the material is highly pressure and strain-rate sensitive. It also exhibits significant volume change, which is mainly ascribed to a cavitation process which appears during tensile deformation. Assuming matrix-particle debonding immediately after yielding, the rubber particles might play the role of initial cavities. It is further found that the flow stress level is highly dependent on the strain rate, and that the rate sensitivity seems to be slightly more pronounced in shear than in tension and compression. From the study of the fracture surfaces it appears that the fracture process is less ductile at high strain rates than under quasi-static conditions.