磷酸根和硫离子在纳米铁表面的竞争吸附

通过纳米铁对磷酸根和硫离子的单吸附和竞争吸附的研究，从吸附动力学和吸附等温线两个方面分析并验证了其吸附特性和模式。分析表明，相对于磷酸根，纳米铁对硫离子的吸附能力更强，在竞争条件下居优势地位。采用准一级和准二级吸附动力学方程对实验数据进行模拟分析，结果表明，纳米铁对磷酸根和硫离子的吸附符合二级动力学方程。吸附等温线分析采用Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温线方程模拟分析，分析结果表明，纳米铁颗粒对磷酸根的吸附符合Freundlich吸附模式，而对硫离子的吸附符合Langmuir吸附模式。     

纳米零价铁颗粒去除污染土壤HCl浸提液中的Pb

主要研究了纳米零价铁颗粒对土壤HCl浸提液中重金属Pb的去除效果。通过批实验探讨HCl浓度、纳米零价铁投入量以及处理时间对Pb去除率的影响。实验结果表明,纳米零价铁颗粒对浸提液中Pb的去除反应符合langmuir和freundlich等温吸附方程;反应遵循准一级反应动力学方程,标准化后的反应速率常数KSA=0.018 mL/(m2.min);反应30 min时,0.5 g纳米零价铁对1.0 mol/L的HCl所提取Pb(51.7 mg/L)的去除率达到91.8%。研究结果表明,纳米零价铁对土壤HCl浸提液中Pb具有良好去除效果,但相对于处理水溶液中的Pb,反应速率偏低。     

纳米铁去除水中硝酸盐的动力学研究

实验中采用了液相还原法制备新型吸附剂纳米铁。在纳米铁低投放量的条件下，采用间歇实验，分别从初始硝酸盐浓度、溶液pH值和温度的不同外界条件下研究了纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除情况。实验结果表明，硝酸盐初始浓度对反应速率有影响，但对去除率影响不大；溶液pH值为2.0时纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除效果最好；随着温度的升高，纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除率有所增加。以t时刻已反应掉的硝酸盐浓度为切入点，提出拟二级动力学方程。进而确定不同温度下的反应速率常数k。实验中k在50℃时最大，为0.014 mg/（L·min）。反应活化能Ea为17.18 kJ/mol，该反应以质量传递为控制因素。溶液中性条件下硝酸盐氮的还原产物为氨氮。     

基于绿色合成法的纳米铁/活性炭复合材料降解阿特拉津的动力学

为了综合处理水中的阿特拉津,以绿茶萃取液为还原剂,以活性炭为载体,采用液相还原法绿色合成了纳米铁/活性炭复合材料,研究了活性炭投放量、阿特拉津的初始浓度、溶液初始pH值及反应时间对阿特拉津去除率的影响,探讨了不同影响因素下阿特拉津的降解动力学。结果表明:阿特拉津降解反应近似符合二级反应动力学,反应速率常数0.001 08~0.002 73 L·(mg·min)~(-1)。在纳米铁/活性炭复合材料去除阿特拉津过程中,纳米铁的还原和活性炭的吸附共同作用。     

CMS包覆纳米零价铁去除2,4-二氯酚的条件优化

针对纳米零价铁(Fe~0)去除2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)时易团聚、易氧化、去除效率差等问题,采用环境友好材料羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)对纳米零价铁进行了包覆,制成包覆型纳米零价铁。探究了包覆比例(CMS:Fe0)、pH、包覆型纳米零价铁投加量等单因素对去除率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,以包覆比例、pH、包覆型纳米零价铁的投加量为考察因素,以2,4-DCP的去除率为响应值,采用二次多项式响应面探究多因素交互作用对包覆型纳米零价铁去除2,4-DCP的影响。利用响应面优化模型对包覆型纳米零价铁去除2,4-DCP进行优化。模型优化结果显示:包覆型纳米零价铁去除2,4-DCP的最佳条件为pH 3.0,纳米零价铁包覆比例3.59:1,包覆型纳米零价铁的投加量7.96 g·L~(-1),模型预测2,4-DCP的最高去除率为90.03%,实验值为85.77%,两者相对误差为4.73%,证明了优化模型的可靠性。     

浸渍-碱性微波法载磁活性炭粉对壬基酚的吸附

利用浸渍-碱性微波法制备载磁粉末活性炭,通过等温吸附实验和动力学吸附实验,研究对比了其与原料活性炭、浸渍载铁活性炭对壬基酚的吸附性能。采用氮气吸附仪、FTIR、XRD、国标(GB/T12496.19-1999)邻菲啰啉分光度法及VSM,分别对3种样品进行了物相结构、表面官能团、铁含量及磁性能的分析,并探讨了吸附机理。结果表明,浸渍-碱性微波法载磁活性炭的总孔容及孔隙率均有较大提高;其吸附等温线符合Freundich方程,吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学方程与孔道内扩散模型,相关系数R2均大于0.900。原活性炭经一定浓度的铁盐溶液浸渍后,铁含量由2%提高到8%。在碱性、N2气氛条件下微波后,铁系物主要存在形式为零价铁和Fe3O4,制得的载磁活性炭饱和磁化强度为1.12 emu/g。     

微纳米气泡协同铁碳微电解工艺处理盐酸四环素废水

采用微纳米气泡联合铁碳微电解法处理盐酸四环素废水,用XRD和FT-IR对铁碳材料反应前后的结构进行了表征,研究了不同反应时间、铁碳投加量、pH、微纳米气泡进气量对盐酸四环素去除率的影响和一级反应动力学的特征。结果表明:微纳米气泡对铁碳微电解有显著的协同作用;当反应时间为120 min、铁碳投加量为100 g·L-1、pH=3、微纳米气泡进气量为30 mL·min-1时,浓度为20 mg·L-1的盐酸四环素降解效果达到最佳,降解率为80.84%,TOC去除率为47.89%。通过LC-MS测定分析,盐酸四环素经过分解转化为m/z=194、m/z=181和m/z=174的产物,并最终转化分解为CO2和H2O。以上研究结果可为抗生素废水处理提供有益的参考。     

纳米铁协同超声降解氯苯的研究

报道了纳米铁协同超声波降解一氯代苯 (CB)的研究。探讨了有效声强、pH、CB初始浓度对降解效果的影响。比较了纳米铁协同超声波和单纯超声波对CB的降解效果和降解速率 ,反应 2 0min时 ,纳米铁协同超声波的降解率达到95 % ,而单纯超声波的降解率仅为 1 0 8%。上述两者都符合准一级反应动力学 ,超声波降解CB的准一级速率动力学常数k=6× 1 0 -3 min-1 ,而协同作用降解CB的准一级动力学常数k =1 6 3× 1 0 -1 min-1 ,提高了 2 7倍。     

改性树脂对β-萘磺酸的吸附性能

将D301树脂与FeCl3-NaOH体系反应进行改性,制备一种改性树脂作为吸附剂,吸附去除废水中的β-萘磺酸的研究。通过SEM技术对改性树脂进行了结构表征;考察了pH值、吸附时间和温度因素对改性树脂吸附β-萘磺酸的影响:最佳的实验条件pH值为3、反应时间为7 h、温度为298 K,且最大吸附量达778 mg/g。改性树脂对β-萘磺酸的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程;热力学实验数据:ΔG<0,ΔH<0,该吸附过程为放热、自发过程;吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程。     

有机配体对纳米零价铁还原硝基苯的影响与机理

通过FeSO4·7H2O与NaBH4反应,采用液相还原法制备纳米级零价铁(NZVI),并用XRD,SEM对其性能进行表征。研究了纳米零价铁还原硝基苯(NB)的动力学规律及柠檬酸、草酸、柠檬酸钠、草酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA二钠盐)几种有机小分子对其还原效率的影响,并对其机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,纳米零价铁去除硝基苯反应符合准一级动力学方程,并且当硝基苯浓度一定时,增加NZVI投加量,去除率会显著增大;当NZVI浓度一定时,硝基苯浓度越低,去除率越高;柠檬酸和EDTA二钠盐在较低浓度时抑制还原反应进行,而在3 mmol/L左右时,具有促进还原反应进行的作用,而草酸、柠檬酸钠和草酸钠则为抑制作用。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.