模拟酸雨对果园土壤主要形态酸变化的影响研究

采用室内淋溶的方法研究了模拟酸雨对果园土壤pH（H2O）、pH（KCl）、交换性酸（EA）、交换性铝（EAl）、可滴定酸度（BNC）等各形态酸的变化影响,并依据淋溶前后各形态酸的含量评价了土壤酸度的变化。试验结果表明：以土壤pH（H2O）值作为供试土壤酸化指标,pH≤4．5的模拟酸雨淋溶促进了土壤酸化,而pH≥5．5的酸雨淋溶缓冲了土壤的酸化;以土壤pH（KCl）值、交换性酸（EA）、交换性铝（EAl）或可滴定酸度（BNC）作为土壤酸化的指标,pH2．5的酸雨淋溶促进了土壤酸化,而pH≥3．5的淋溶处理缓冲了土壤的酸化,土壤酸度减弱。     

施氮对紫色土交换性酸及盐基饱和度的影响

通过土柱淋溶模拟试验研究不同氮肥种类及施用水平对紫色土交换性酸(EA)和盐基饱和度(BS)的影响。结果表明:(1)经施氮淋溶后紫色土pH下降,且与施氮量成反比,同一施氮水平下,土壤pH下降表现为硫铵硝铵尿素。(2)施用不同种类氮肥,土壤交换性H+和交换性Al 3+的含量不同,同一施氮水平下,表现为硫铵硝铵尿素,且与施氮量呈正相关。(3)土壤中交换性H+和交换性Al 3+均随着交换酸总量的增加而增加。在施用尿素和硝铵时,土壤交换性酸主要由交换性Al 3+决定;而施用硫铵时,则由交换性H+和交换性Al 3+共同决定。(4)施氮后土壤交换性盐基总量较原土降低,其含量表现为Ca2+Mg2+K+Na+;盐基饱和度亦下降,且与施氮量呈负相关,在同一施氮水平上,不同氮肥表现为尿素硝铵硫铵。(5)紫色土pH随交换性酸(EA)的升高而降低,随交换性盐基(EB)总量的增加而升高,其中EA对pH的变化起主导作用。     

模拟酸雨对砖红壤盐基离子迁移和释放的影响

对发育于玄武岩的砖红壤进行了室内模拟酸雨淋溶试验,结果表明：（1）酸雨淋溶土壤会引起土壤盐基离子的大量淋失。以土壤中的K＋最易于淋失,Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋的淋失量最大。酸雨pH愈低,Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋的迁移量愈大。酸雨淋溶土壤的时间越长,盐基离子的迁移量越大。（2）土壤经≥5d的酸雨淋溶后,土壤交换性盐基离子的含量均随淋溶时间的增加而减少。酸雨的pH不同,则土壤交换性盐基离子所受的影响不同。（3）与原土壤相比较,短期（≤5d）的酸雨淋溶,可使土壤交换性Ca^2＋、K^＋以及强酸性（pH≤3.0）酸雨淋溶的交换性Mg^2＋增加;土壤被酸雨较长时间（≥10d）淋溶后,则会降低土壤交换性Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋的含量;不同时间的酸雨淋溶,均会降低土壤交换性Na^＋的含量。（4）土壤经酸雨淋溶后,某些矿物会发生风化,释放出盐基离子,也会使部分交换性盐基离子转成非交换态。     

茶叶氟含量与茶园土壤特性的相关性及其影响因素

通过对青岛地区10个典型茶园中的茶叶氟含量和土壤水溶性氟、p H、交换性酸及交换性阳离子等的测定,分析了茶叶氟含量与土壤特性的相关性,并探讨了土壤水溶性氟和交换性酸的主要影响因素。结果表明,茶园土壤水溶性氟和交换性酸含量与茶叶氟含量呈显著正相关性(P0.05),是影响茶叶氟含量的关键因素。土壤交换性H+和交换性Na+与土壤水溶性氟含量呈显著正相关性(P0.05),是影响土壤水溶性氟含量的主要因素。土壤交换性Al3+与交换性酸呈极显著正相关性(P0.01),p H、交换性Ca2+、交换性盐基总量和盐基饱和度与交换性酸含量呈极显著负相关性(P0.01),是土壤交换性酸含量的主要影响因素。研究结果可为茶园土壤改良及降低茶叶氟含量的质量安全风险提供依据。     

广东省酸性硫酸盐水稻土作物产量的主要限制因子分析

【目的】酸性硫酸盐水稻土(ASPS,简称反酸田)因强酸严重限制水稻生长,其产量远低于全国平均水平,是我国南方典型中低产田。为了进一步提高反酸田的水稻产量,需要对反酸田土壤的主要限制因子进行分析,以更好地对症下药,有效合理地改良土壤。本研究调查了不同产量水平下酸性硫酸盐水稻田的理化性状,探讨限制水稻生长的关键土壤化学因子,为反酸田的改良提供理论依据。【方法】 根据前期调查结果,选择3种产量水平(4500、 3000、 1500 kg/hm2)的代表性反酸田为研究对象,并以因强酸而撂荒的水稻田作为对照,于2013年6月28日在不同采样点各采集8个耕作层土壤样品,测定其有机质, 酸度, 氮、 磷、 钾养分以及微量元素含量等化学性状指标,比较不同田块间各种化学性状的差异,并通过相关分析、 主成分分析探讨影响反酸田水稻生长的关键土壤化学因子。【结果】反酸田的酸度水平极高,其pH值在3.0~4.0之间,水溶性酸、 交换性酸和吸持性酸含量分别达到0.6~5.6、 2.7~6.3和1.3~14.1 cmol/kg; 不同调查田块的酸度水平差异显著,高产田块的各种形态酸含量均显著低于低产田块,尤以水溶性酸和吸持性酸的差异更明显。随产量水平的降低,反酸田的有效磷、 速效钾含量显著降低,而水溶性硫、 交换性硫、 交换性锰、 交换性铝含量显著提高,交换性钙、 交换性锌、 交换性铜含量差异不显著,反映出缺磷、 缺钾、 硫酸盐含量过高、 铝毒、 锰毒显著限制了反酸田的水稻产量。相关分析表明,土壤有效磷、 速效钾与各种形态酸含量和硫酸盐含量显著负相关,而交换性钙、 锰、 铜、 锌、 铝与各种形态酸含量和硫酸盐含量显著正相关,表明反酸田水稻产量的主要限制化学因子受土壤酸含量及硫酸盐含量的水平影响。主成分分析表明,水溶性硫、 交换性硫、 交换性铝、 交换性酸、 交换性锰、 水溶性酸、 吸持性酸、 pH值、 有效磷、 速效钾等组成一个相对均质的变量群组,概括了64.99%的不同产量水平下反酸田理化性状的总变异度,为影响反酸田产量的主要土壤化学因子。其中水溶性硫、 交换性硫、 交换性铝、 交换性酸、 交换性锰、 水溶性酸、 吸持性酸为影响反酸田产量水平的负效应变量,而pH值、 有效磷、 速效钾为影响反酸田产量水平的正效应变量。【结论】硫酸根含量过高、 铝毒、 锰毒、 酸毒、 缺磷、 缺钾是限制反酸田产量的主要土壤化学因子。酸、 硫酸盐是反酸田的发育产物,是影响广东省反酸田水稻生长的原生及根本性障碍因素,而铝毒、 锰毒、 缺磷、 缺钾等是因土壤中酸、 硫酸盐含量较高时引起的次生障碍因素。因此,在反酸田的改良过程中需以减缓黄铁矿氧化、 促进黄钾铁矾水解,降低耕层土壤酸、 硫酸盐含量为主要目标。     

落叶松人工林土壤酸度变化与无机磷形态的关系

 为了科学地经营落叶松人工林,持续改善其土壤质量和提高林分生产力,研究东北东部山地不同发育阶段落叶松人工林土壤酸度变化,以及活性酸(pH值)、交换性酸和水解性酸与无机磷形态的关系。结果表明:1)随林龄的增大,根际土壤活性酸(pH值)持续降低,根际土壤的交换性酸、交换性铝明显增加,根际土壤Ca-P和O-P与水解性总酸度的相关系数减小,Fe-P与交换性酸、交换性铝的相关系数增大。2)根际土壤活性酸、水解性总酸度变化对根际土壤Al-P含量的变化影响较大,尤其是在幼龄林、近熟林和成熟林二者之间达到了极显著或显著水平;根际土壤Ca-P含量的变化主要受根际土壤活性酸的影响;各年龄阶段根际土壤Fe-P含量与水解性总酸度关系密切;根际土壤O-P含量随着土壤交换性酸、水解性总酸度的增高而降低。3)非根际土壤酸度与非根际土壤无机磷形态的相关性不明显。     

保护地土壤酸度特征及酸化机制研究

在辽宁省沈阳市于洪地区采集保护地及其相邻露地旱田土壤样品,测定土壤交换性酸、交换性盐基离子组成和土壤pH,研究保护地土壤酸化特征以及土壤pH与潜性酸、交换性盐基的关系。结果表明:（1）建成保护地栽培蔬菜后,保护地土壤酸化趋势明显,土壤交换性酸(交换性H⁺和Al³⁺)呈上升的趋势,土壤pH随着交换性酸的增多而降低;Al³⁺在交换性酸中所占比例随交换性酸总量增加而增大,随有机质含量增加而减小;H+在交换性酸中所占比例则呈相反的变化趋势。（2）保护地各土层土壤交换性盐基总量较露地相应层次土壤均有所增加,其中交换性Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺含量均高于露地,而交换性Ca²⁺含量变化不明显;保护地各土层土壤交换性Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺饱和度较露地相应层次土壤均有所增加,但盐基饱和度、交换性Ca²⁺饱和度下降明显。（3）土壤pH与交换性酸、非交换性酸含量呈极显著负相关,而与盐基饱和度呈极显著正相关,且主要受占优势的交换性Ca²⁺制约。     

模拟氮沉降对红壤阳离子淋溶的影响研究

以中国科学院红壤生态实验站林草生态试验区阔叶林红壤为对象,通过土壤淋溶试验,模拟研究了不同氮输入量对南方红壤阳离子(Ca2 、Mg2 、K 、Na 、H 和A l3 )淋溶的影响。结果表明,无氮(0mgN/月.柱)、低氮(7.8 mg N/月.柱)、中氮(26 mgN/月.柱)和高氮(52 mg N/月.柱)输入处理下,土壤交换态盐基淋溶总量分别占土壤交换性盐基总量的13.6%,18.4%,27.7%,48.1%。不同的盐基离子对氮输入的反应不同,Ca2 和Mg2 淋溶量随氮输入量的增加而增加,对Na 和K 则无明显影响。土壤交换态离子中随淋洗液输出最多的为Ca2 (无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮输入处理的土壤交换态输出量占土壤交换态的比例分别为22.6%,31.4F.7%,82.5%),其次为Na (其比例分别为16.0%,10.7%,17.6%,26.3%),最少的为Mg2 (其比例分别为5.0%,6.9%,11.1%,16.9%),无土壤交换性K 输出。随氮输入的增加,土壤致酸离子H 和Al3 的淋溶量增加。大气氮沉降的增加,将加速南方红壤的养分淋失和相邻水体的酸化。     

模拟酸雨对果园土壤交换性阳离子迁移及其对土壤酸化的影响

采用短期室内淋溶的方法研究了模拟酸雨对供试果园土壤交换性Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、交换性盐基总量（BS）、阳离子交换量（CEC）、电导率（EC）等变化的影响。试验结果表明,土壤交换性Ca^2＋（pH2.5）、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、BS（pH2.5）、CEC（pH≥3.5）含量较酸雨淋溶前增加,且随着剖面深度表现出较好的层次性;淋出液中Ca2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋含量随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强而依次增加,其中pH2.5酸雨处理与其它淋溶处理间淋出液Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋含量差异显著;以土壤交换性Ca^2＋、BS、CEC、盐基饱和度（BSP）与EC为指标衡量土壤的酸化,pH 2.5酸雨处理导致了淋溶土柱表层和中间土层的土壤酸化,其中交换性Ca^2＋、BS、BSP指标表征pH 3.5的酸雨处理引起了表层土壤酸化,而pH≥4.5的酸雨淋溶缓冲了土壤的酸化,土壤的酸度减弱。     

石灰性土壤供氮能力几种化学测定方法的评价研究

以采自于黄土高原差异较大的25个农田耕层石灰性土壤为供试土样,以淋洗和未淋洗土壤起始NO3--N小麦和玉米两季盆栽试验作物累积吸氮量为参比,对8种反映旱地土壤供氮能力的化学方法进行比较研究。结果表明,在一定程度上,可用有密切关系的土壤全氮或有机质,反映有机氮或全氮存在较大差异的土壤供氮能力,但其灵敏性较差。石灰性土壤矿质氮,特别是NO3--N与未淋洗土壤起始NO3--N作物吸氮量之间有较高相关性(r=0.884,P0.01),而与淋洗土壤起始NO3--N作物吸氮量间相关系数仅为0.472(P0.05),说明矿质氮可反映土壤当前供氮水平,而不能反映土壤潜在供氮能力;石灰性土壤起始NO3--N对各化学方法与作物吸氮量之间相关性影响较大。酸性高锰酸钾法既可反映土壤潜在供氮能力,也可反映土壤总供氮能力;酸性高锰酸钾法的修订方法,即硫酸高锰酸钾法提取出的NH4+-N值接近于KCl水浴法提取出的NH4+-N值,该方法在反映土壤总供氮能力方面与酸性高锰酸钾法相当,但在反映土壤潜在供氮能力方面不及酸性高锰酸钾法优越。KCl水浴法在评价石灰性土壤供氮能力方面,与酸性高锰酸钾法的效果基本相同;沸水浸取法和NaHCO3-UV法在评价石灰性土壤供氮能力方面效果较差。总结以上发现,在以盐类溶液提取法中,酸性高锰酸钾法、硫酸高锰酸钾法和KCl水浴法可作为反映石灰性土壤供氮能力的化学方法,其中以酸性高锰酸钾法最优,其次为KCl水浴法和硫酸高锰酸钾法。这3种方法在不包括起始NO3--N时,可反映石灰性土壤潜在供氮能力;包括起始NO3--N后,可反映土壤总供氮能力(当前供氮能力+潜在供氮能力)。     

An evaluation of cation exchange capacity measurements for soils in the tropics

Abstract

Comparisons of CEC and exchange acidity neasurements were made on a group of selected West African soils using three commonly used analytical procedures, namely, neutral‐acetate displacement, BaCl₂‐TEA leaching at pH 8, and unbuffered KCl extraction.

The three methods gave large differences in CEC values which followed the order of BaCl₂‐CEC>>NH₄OAc‐CEC> KCl‐CEC. Results of exchange acidity also followed the same order. The high exchange acidity values obtained by the BaCl₂‐TEA (pH 8) method were mainly due to changes in surface charge characteristics of Fe and Al oxides and hydrous oxides. The effective CEC method is recommended for routine soil analysis for highly weathered soils in the tropics.

Regression analysis of the base saturation values obtained from the three methods indicated the data followed a curvilinear relationship. The acetate method was more highly correlated with the effective CEC method than with the BaCl₂ method.     

Cation exchange capacity measurements

Abstract

Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) measurements are important criteria for soil fertility management, vaste disposal on soils, and soil taxonomy. The objective of this research was to compare CEC values for arable Ultisols from the humid region of the United States as determined by procedures varying widely in their chemical conditions during measurement. Exchangeable cation quantities determined in the course of two of the CEC procedures were also evaluated. The six procedures evaluated were: (1) summation of N NH₄OAc (pH 7.0) exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Na plus BaCl₂ ‐ TEA (pH 8.0) exchangeable acidity; (2) N Ca(OAc)₂ (pH 7.0) saturation with Mg(OAc)₂ (pH 7.0) displacement of Ca²⁺; (3) N NH₄OAc (pH 7.0) saturation with NaCl displacement of NH₄ ⁺; (4) N MgCl₂ saturation with N KCl displacement of Mg²⁺; (5) compulsive exchange of Mg²⁺ for Ba²⁺; and (6) summation of N NH₄OAc (pH 7.0) exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Na plus N KCl exchangeable AJ. The unbuffered procedures reflect the pH dependent CEC component to a greater degree than the buffered methods. The compulsive exchange and the summation of N NH₄OAc exchangeable cations plus N KCl exchangeable Al procedures gave CEC estimates of the same magnitude that reflect differences in soil pH and texture. The buffered procedures, particularly the summation of N NH₄OAc exchangeable cations plus BaCl₂ ‐ TEA (pH 8.0) exchangeable acidity, indicated inflated CEC values for these acid Ultisols that are seldom limed above pH 6.5. Exchangeable soil Ca and Mg levels determined from extraction with 0.1 M BaCl₂ were consistently greater than values for the N NH₄Oac (pH 7.0) extractions. The Ba²⁺ ion is apparently a more efficient displacing agent than the NH₄ ⁺ ion. Also, the potential for dissolving unreacted limestone is greater for the Ba₂ ⁺ procedures than in the NH₄ ⁺ extraction.     

Comparison of indirect methods for the determination of percent exchangeable aluminium in acid soils of Galicia (NW Spain)

Abstract

Ten easily determined soil parameters related to soil acidity were evaluated for their potential to provide simple, indirect estimates of the exchangeable aluminium percentage (PAL). These parameters were correlated with the PAL in 0.6N BaCl₂ extracts of soils collected from lime trials on 4 different parent materials. Six rates of lime (0, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 t/ha) were added 3–4 years prior to collection of the samples. The soil parameters examined were the pH of soil suspensions with SMP, Woodruff and New Woodruff buffer solutions; the pH of 1, 5 and 10mM CaCl₂ and 0.6N BaCl₂ soil extracts, and the aluminium content of 1, 5 and 10mM CaCl₂ soil extracts. The best correlations with the exchangeable aluminium percentage for all soils considered, were those based on the aluminium content of the 5mM CaCl₂ extract (r=0.976, n=24) followed by the pH of the 0.6N BaCl₂ extract (r=0.945, n= 24). Both these methods are suggested as reliable indirect estimates of soil exchangeable alumimium percentage where availability of staff or equipment restrict direct determinations.     

Comparison of five methods to determine the cation exchange capacity of soil

Background

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a routinely measured soil fertility indicator. The standard NH₄OAc (pH 7) extraction procedure is time-consuming and overestimates actual CEC values of variable charge soils. Unbuffered extractants have been developed to measure the effective CEC (eCEC), but they differ in the type of index cation and extraction procedures.

Aim

This study was set up to systematically compare CEC values and exchangeable cation concentrations among different procedures and evaluate their practical aspects.

Methods

Five procedures were compared for (e)CEC, that is, silver thiourea (AgTU), cobalt(III) hexamine (Cohex), compulsive exchange (CE, i.e., BaCl₂/MgSO₄), BaCl₂ (sum of cations in single-extract), and NH₄OAc (pH 7). We applied these methods to a set of 25 samples of clay minerals, peat, or samples from soils with contrasting properties.

Results

The CEC values correlated well among methods (R² = 0.92–0.98). Median ratios of eCEC (AgTU as well as CE) to the corresponding eCEC (Cohex) value were 1.0, showing good agreement between eCEC methods, but NH₄OAc exceeded Cohex values (ratios up to 2.5 in acid soil). For BaCl₂-extracteable cations, the ratio ranged from low (<1.0) in acid soils (acid cations not measured) to high (>1.0) in high-pH soil (dissolution of carbonates). Multiple-extraction methods (CE and NH₄OAc) yielded more variation and increased labor.

Conclusions

The chemical properties of the sample cause method-specific interactions with chemical components of extractants. We found the Cohex method with ICP-MS detection to be the most efficient and cost-effective technique for determination of eCEC and exchangeable cations.     

Release of Al by hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite and hydroxy-interlayered smectite during determination of cation exchange capacity in fine earth and rock fragments fractions

The fine earth (<2 mm) and rock fragments (>2 mm) fractions of two soils derived from Oligocene sandstone have been examined to assess the origin of the discrepancies between cation exchange capacity (CEC) and effective CEC (ECEC). The soils differ in terms of acidity: soil A is more acid than soil B. When the A samples are treated with BaCl₂, the solution became sufficiently acid (pH < 4·5) to dissolve and to maintain Al in solution. From these samples more Al is released than base cations. Aluminium was continuously replenished even after 192 h, so that the ECEC was always larger than the CEC. Samples from soil B contain less H and Al ions, and the BaCl₂ solution could not lower the pH below 5·0. In these samples little Al is released, and the base cations dominate the exchangeable pool of ions. This Al can be considered to be exchangeable, and a good agreement exists between the ECEC and the CEC. The source of non-exchangeable Al in the A samples is the OH-Al polymers of the hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) and hydroxy-interlayered smectite (HIS) that tend to dissolve during the BaCl₂ treatments. In the less acid B samples the Al polymers are not affected by BaCl₂ treatment. Different results were obtained when the clays, extracted from an Na-dispersed suspension, were treated with BaCl₂ solution. Because the clays are no longer acid, no H⁺ is released, and the OH-Al polymers are not dissolved. Therefore, the saturating ions play an important role in the dissolution of the OH-Al polymers and cause differences between the CEC and ECEC. We discount organic matter and specifically Al-organo complexes as a source of non-exchangeable Al. Both A and B soils contain very similar pyrophosphate-extractable Al, but show substantial differences in the amount of exchangeable Al.     

Determination of exchangeable potassium in soil using ion-selective electrodes in soil suspensions

Summary Methods of determining exchangeable K⁺ of soil by mixing extracting solutions and analysing the soil suspension with ion‐selective electrodes were developed and evaluated on 30 samples of soils. From preliminary comparisons of the K⁺ extracted by BaCl₂ and NH₄OAc solutions and by batch and leaching treatments of soils, we established that suspensions of 5 g soil in 100 ml 0.5 m BaCl₂ and single batch treatments of 1 h should be used. The exchangeable K⁺ was determined with a K‐selective, valinomycin‐based PVC membrane electrode and electrochemical cells that did or did not include a liquid junction (the reference electrode being a double‐junction reference electrode assembly with a 10 m LiOAc salt bridge solution or a Cl‐selective electrode, respectively). The Ba‐exchangeable K⁺ values were sensibly the same whether a liquid junction was involved or not, a result that can be attributed to the beneficial effects of the salt bridge and the ionic strength of the extractant. Comparisons of these Ba‐exchangeable results with those obtained by various combinations of batch or leaching treatments, BaCl₂ or NH₄OAc extractants and filtrate analysis by the ion‐selective electrode method or atomic absorption spectrometry showed they were all highly correlated (r≥ 0.996). The selectivity of the K⁺‐selective electrode (k^pot_KNH4 = 0.004) significantly reduced the interference from indigenous soil NH₄⁺ in the BaCl₂ suspensions. Overall, the results show potentiometric measurements of K⁺ in soil suspensions can provide a simple, rapid, and reliable means of determining exchangeable K⁺ in soils.     

Exchangeable cations and CEC determinations of some highly weathered soils

Abstract

Eight methods to determine exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were compared for some highly weathered benchmark soils of Alabama. The methods were: (1) 1N NH₄OAc at pH 7.0 by replacement (for CEC only), (2) 1N NH₄OAc at pH 7.0 (summation of basic cations plus 1N KCl extractable Al), (3) 1N NH₄OAc at pH 7.0 (summation of basic cations plus exchangeable H⁺), (4) 0.1M BaCl₂ (summation of basic cations plus exchangeable Mn, Fe and Al), (5) Mehlich 1 (summation of basic cations plus 1N KCl extractable Al), (6) Mehlich 1 (summation of basic cations plus exchangeable H⁺), (7) Mehlich 3 (summation of basic cations plus 1N KCl extractable Al), and (8) Mehlich 3 (summation of basic cations plus exchangeable H⁺). The 0.1M BaCl₂ was chosen as the standard method for the highly weathered soils and the other methods compared to it. The results indicated that the 1N NH₄OAc replacement method gave significantly higher CEC values compared to the summation methods. This was probably due to the overestimation of the field CEC caused by measurement of pH dependent cation exchange sites in these soils. There was, however, close agreement between the BaCl₂ method and the summation methods that included extractable Al. The generally good agreement between these summation methods suggests that the Mehlich 1 and Mehlich 3 extractants, commonly used to determine available nutrients in the southeastem USA, may also be used to measure effective CEC of some acid‐rich sesquioxide benchmark soils of Alabama. However, 1N KCl extractable Al as opposed to exchangeable H⁺ should be included in the computation.     

Changes in pH,CEC and Exchangeable Acidity of Some Forest Soils in Southern China During the Last 32–35 Years

Soil acidification has been occurred in two locations in southern China. The changes in soil pH during a 35 yr period has been about 1.0 pH ₂O) units, and about 0.58–0.71 pH (KCl) units at Wuming in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Zhurongfeng of Mt. Heng in Hunan Province. A decrease in CEC and BS and an increase in hydrogen and aluminum ion concentrations were found in the acidified soils, and related to the acidification caused by acid deposition. Hydrogen ion concentration increased about 0.1–1.0 × 10^-6 equivalent g^-1 soil yr^-1. Cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) and base saturation (BS) decreased to 53–76 and 30–59% in the acidified soils respectively, and an increase in exchangeable acidity also occurred. Acidification in the topsoil is higher than in the subsoil.     

电渗析与酸淋洗模拟紫色土酸化的效果比较

为了比较电渗析与酸淋洗试验模拟紫色土酸化的效果,在重庆地区采集了不同pH(5.00和7.06)的2个紫色土,分别进行不同天数(1,2,5,7,10天)的电渗析和酸淋洗试验处理,并分析了试验处理前后土壤的酸度特征和交换性盐基成分含量变化。结果表明,在整个10天的淋溶处理过程中,2种紫色土的pH均无显著变化,说明紫色土具有一定的酸缓冲能力,短期的酸雨淋溶不能实现紫色土的严重酸化。而采用电渗析处理10天后,中性紫色土和酸性紫色土的pH分别降低3.4和1.1个单位。在整个电渗析处理过程中,土壤的交换性酸含量显著升高,盐基离子大量淋失。电渗析可以实现对紫色土的快速酸化处理。2种紫色土中,电渗析处理后中性紫色土的酸化程度大于酸性紫色土。这是由于中性紫色土的表面负电荷量更高,导致更多致酸离子吸附在土壤胶体表面,最终造成中性紫色土的酸化程度更加严重。因此,电渗析处理比酸雨淋溶处理对紫色土酸化效果更好,且可用于紫色土的酸化机理研究。进一步结合2种方法的技术可操作性,认为电渗析法是研究紫色土酸化问题的一种有效技术手段。