企业高层青年管理人员应付方式的心理特征及性别差异

目的:探讨不同性别企业高层青年管理人员的应付方式的心理特征,寻找可能的干预方法。方法:采用简要应付方式问卷对250名由企业总经理、副总经理或厂级领导等所组成的高层青年管理人员的应付方式进行调查。结果:高层青年男女管理人员总体应付方式较理性,在经常采取的积极应付方式和消极应付方式上没有显著性差异,男性青年高层管理人员经常采取的积极应付方式分别为“尽量看到事物好的一面”(55%);女性青年高层管理人员首先选择“与人交谈,倾诉内心的烦恼”(64%)。男女青年高层管理人员经常采取的消极应付方式类型大体一致。结论:企业男女青年高层管理人员在应付应激所采取的方式上,大体是相似的。     

企业高层青年管理人员应付方式的心理特征及性别差异

目的：探讨不同性别企业高层青年管理人员的应付方式的心理特征，寻找可能的干预方法。方法：采用简要应付方式问卷对250名由企业总经理、副总经理或厂级领导等所组成的高层青年管理人员的应付方式进行调查。结果：高层青年男女管理人员总体应付方式较理性，在经常采取的积极应付方式和消极应付方式上没有显著性差异，男性青年高层管理人员经常采取的积极应付方式分别为“尽量看到事物好的一面”(55％)；女性青年高层管理人员首先选择“与人交谈，倾诉内心的烦恼”(64％)。男女青年高层管理人员经常采取的消极应付方式类型大体一致。结论：企业男女青年高层管理人员在应付应激所采取的方式上，大体是相似的。     

师范院校大学生心理健康调查及影响因素分析

目的:探讨生活事件、应付方式与大学生焦虑之间的关系。方法:采用分层单阶段抽样于2003-10对河南某师范院校747名全日制大学生进行了问卷调查,用“青少年生活事件量表”、“应付方式问卷”、“状态-特质焦虑问卷”作为心理测量工具,运用SPSS11.0forwindows统计软件对数据进行统计学处理,α=0.01。结果:①师范大学生状态焦虑犤男、女分别为(41.34±8.91),(41.67±9.41)分犦高于大学生常模犤分别为(38.33±9.64),(39.44±9.25)分犦,而特质焦虑犤(42.45±8.96),(43.50±9.67)分犦低于大学生常模犤(44.44±8.02),(46.11±7.90)分犦,且都具有显著差异。②影响大学生心理健康的主要生活事件为“学习压力”和“人际关系”等。③大学生对各种生活应激事件的主要应付方式是“解决问题”和“求助”等。④生活事件可直接影响大学生的心理焦虑,也可通过应付方式间接地影响大学生的心理健康。结论:师范大学生状态焦虑比较突出,其与生活事件、应付方式有密切关系,且均达到显著水平。     

军医大学研究生应付方式及相关因素研究

目的:研究军医大学研究生应付方式及相关因素。方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克成人个性问卷(EPQ)、应付方式问卷,对某军医大学178名研究生进行测试分析。结果:(1)军医大研究生心理问题发生率为10.67%,主要表现在强迫、人际关系敏感、敌对、焦虑等;(2)解决问题应付方式与SCL-90各因子呈负相关,自责、合理化应付方式与SCL-90各因子呈正相关;(3)个性特征与应付方式有密切的联系。结论:成熟的应付方式、良好的个性特征能缓解应激带来的压力和紧张,减少心理问题的发生。     

高三学生应对方式和个性因素分析及对策

[目的]对在校高三学生应对方式、个性因素进行调查,为促进学生的心理健康提供参考资料.[方法]对350名高三学生采用艾森克个性问卷、应对方式问卷对个性因素及应对方式进行调查和分析,并针对其心理健康问题进行健康教育.[结果]神经质人格倾向的学生面对应激时,主要采用自责、幻想、退避等消极不成熟的应付方式;外向型个性倾向学生面对应激时,主要采用解决问题,求助等积极的成熟的应付方式;精神质人格倾向的学生面对应激时,多采用消极不成熟的应付方式.[结论]研究不同个性高中生的应付方式特点,对不良行为的干预,提高高中生心理健康水平有积极的意义.     

本科护理专业学生毕业实习前抑郁与生活事件、应付方式的相关性研究

目的探讨高校学生实习前抑郁与生活事件、应付方式之间的关系,为开展实习前的心理卫生教育提供依据。方法对江西中医学院科技学院112名本科学生,运用抑郁自评量表、青少年生活事件量表和应付方式问卷进行测试调查。结果实习前学生存在一定的抑郁倾向,抑郁与生活事件的应激量及消极应付方式呈正相关(P0.01或0.05);与积极及混合应付方式呈负相关或无相关。结论生活事件及消极应付方式对实习前学生的影响不容忽视,增强耐挫力的培养,矫正其应付方式是帮助其应付抑郁发生的有效策略。     

高三学生应对方式和个性因素分析及对策

[目的]对在校高三学生应对方式、个性因素进行调查,为促进学生的心理健康提供参考资料。[方法]对350名高三学生采用艾森克个性问卷、应对方式问卷对个性因素及应对方式进行调查和分析,并针对其心理健康问题进行健康教育。[结果]神经质人格倾向的学生面对应激时,主要采用自责、幻想、退避等消极不成熟的应付方式;外向型个性倾向学生面对应激时,主要采用解决问题,求助等积极的成熟的应付方式;精神质人格倾向的学生面对应激时,多采用消极不成熟的应付方式。[结论]研究不同个性高中生的应付方式特点,对不良行为的干预,提高高中生心理健康水平有积极的意义。     

社区高血压病患者对精神应激与血压控制相关知识知晓情况的调查分析

目的:了解社区高血压病患者对精神应激与血压控制相关知识知晓情况,为开展更有效的健康教育提供依据。方法:采用自拟的健康教育内容通过一对一询问方式,对本社区100例原发性高血压病患者进行调查。结果:社区高血压病患者对精神应激与血压控制相关知识知晓度为13.40%～78.35%;社区高血压病患者获得精神应激与血压控制效果相关知识的主要途径中书籍占22.68%,与人聊天占24.74%,社区健康讲座占15.46%,宣传手册占16.49%,医护人员宣教占20.63%。结论:社区高血压病患者对精神应激影响血压控制相关知识了解不全面,从社区医务人员处及通过社区健康讲座获得相关知识的比例低。社区医护工作者应采用多种途径,并根据社区居民的文化背景等特点进行精神应激对控制血压影响作用相关知识的健康教育,提高社区居民对精神应激与血压升高相互关系的认识,从而提高社区高血压病的防治效果。     

高一新生心理应激源及其应付方式调查

目的探讨高中一年级学生心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法采用青少年生活事件量表及应付方式问卷对300名高一学生日常生活中的应激源及处理生活事件的应付方式进行调查分析。结果青少年生活事件量表测评:学习压力和人际关系问题是高一学生心理应激的主要来源,87.5%的学生有过考试失败或不理想的经验,75%的学生反映学习负担重。应付方式问卷测评:高一学生对生活的负性事件应付方式依次为积极解决问题、求助、幻想、退避、合理化、自责。不同性别、不同学校,不同出生地学生的心理应激源均无显著性差异(P均>0.05)。男生应付方式自责、合理化因子分显著或极显著高于女生(P<0.05或0.01),重点中学自责、退避因子分显著低于普通中学(P<0.05)。结论学习压力和人际关系问题是高一学生心理应激的主要来源,学校要及时的给予学习和生活方面的指导和支持,科学地开展心理健康教育,保证心理健康教育的针对性和实效性,实现学校和教师的教育与教学理念的根本转变。     

高血压患者血压血脂水平与相关应激应付方式研究

目的探讨高血压患者血压、血脂水平与应激、应付方式的关系。方法对61例高血压病患者采用卡氏身心应激量表、应付方式问卷、焦虑特质量表进行评定，并与血压、血脂水平和生活方式进行相关分析。同时与52例正常健康体检者的应付方式进行对比分析。结果研究组焦虑特质得分与常模比较差异无显著性，问题定性应付、自信心、控制力分低于对照组（P〈0．05或0．01），情绪缓冲应付、支持倾向、顺从回避分高于对照组（P〈0．05或0．01）。相关分析显示，收缩压、脉压差与应付方式中支持倾向呈正相关（P〈0．05），舒张压与饮酒呈正相关（P〈0．05），收缩压与自信心呈负相关（P〈0．05）；血脂中总胆固醇与应付方式中情绪加工呈正相关（P〈0．05）；家庭气氛差、饮酒与生理心理应激及生理心理与焦虑呈正相关（P〈0．05）；吸烟与问题定性应付、自信心呈正相关（P〈0．05）、与支持倾向呈负相关（P〈0．05），文化程度与脉压差、生理应激、焦虑特质呈负相关（P〈0．05），年龄与舒张压、低密度脂蛋白含量呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论高血压患者血压水平、总胆固醇含量与应付方式策略存在一定相关性，生活方式中饮酒、家庭气氛对血压有一定影响。     

Thai Buddhist patients with cancer undergoing radiation therapy: feelings, coping, and satisfaction with nurse-provided education and support.

Ninety male and 89 female Thai Buddhist patients with cancer undergoing radiation therapy at a Bangkok hospital outpatient radiation therapy clinic were subjected to a questionnaire study. The purpose of the study was to (i) describe feelings, coping, and satisfaction with nurse-provided education and support and (ii) identify possible gender differences. The results showed that the most common feelings of both genders at first knowledge about radiation therapy were "acceptance/calmness," and the women more often than the men felt "anxiety" and "fright/fear." The most common ways of coping with radiation therapy for both genders were "rest," "talk with family/friends," "visit doctor," and "meditate," and in this regard there were no significant gender differences. The men expressed their highest satisfaction with "nurse has knowledge about disease/treatment" and "nurse listens to patient's problem," whereas the women expressed their highest satisfaction with "patient dares to ask questions" and "nurse likes to explain information." The satisfaction with different aspects of nurse-provided education and support was commonly higher among the men. When oncology nurses are to provide education to radiation therapy patients, it is essential that they are aware of their patients' characteristics, such as the ones identified here, that are related to cultural values and religious beliefs as well as to gender.     

乳腺癌患者围术期人格特质及医学应对方式的临床研究

目的探讨不同人格特质的乳腺癌患者手术前后采取应对方式的特点,为临床心理护理提供理论依据。方法采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、医学应对方式问卷(MCMQ)分别对84例乳腺癌患者的人格特质和应对方式进行测评和分析。结果本组患者手术前后人格特点表现内向、情绪较稳定,术前以“回避”应对方式为主,术后以“面对”应对方式为主,但“屈服”应对方式分值一直处于中等水平,相关分析发现“面对”与EPQ-E呈正相关,而与EPQ-N无相关性,“回避”与EPQ-E、N均无相关性,“屈服”与EPQ-E呈负相关,与EPQ-N呈正相关。结论乳腺癌患者围术期采取的应对方式受人格因素影响,应根据其特点制定相应护理策略。     

Effects of coping style and relaxation on cancer chemotherapy side effects and emotional responses

This study was designed to determine (a) the relationship of coping style to cancer chemotherapy side effects and (b) whether coping style moderated the impact of a relaxation intervention on anxiety, depression, and nausea associated with chemotherapy. Forty-eight cancer patients were assigned randomly to receive either progressive muscle relaxation training before chemotherapy (experimental group) or standard care (control group). Spearman correlations indicated that a "blunting" or distraction-oriented coping style was associated with less anticipatory anxiety, less depression, and less nausea during and after chemotherapy. Spearman correlations also indicated that a "monitoring" or information-gathering coping style was associated with more anticipatory anxiety, and more nausea before and during chemotherapy. Although there was a significant effect of the relaxation intervention on posttreatment nausea, there were no other between-group differences. The results did suggest, however, that relaxation was effective in reducing anticipatory anxiety among "blunters," but not "monitors," perhaps because relaxation is a distraction strategy and therefore is consistent with a blunting coping style. The effects of coping and relaxation on pretreatment anxiety may have important implications, because anxiety is a key factor in classic conditioning models of anticipatory nausea and vomiting.     

Accepting pain management or seeking pain cure: an exploration of patients' attitudes to chronic pain.

This article explores the differing attitudes of patients toward chronic pain. Because pain is a subjective experience, individuals react to living with chronic pain in varying ways. Some patients successfully manage their chronic pain, whereas others continue to seek a pain cure. A convenience sample (n = 8) was generated from a district general hospital's nurse-led pain clinic. The sample was subdivided by an expert panel rating procedure into two groups: those accepting pain management and those seeking a pain cure. The study used a multimethod approach comprising extended, highly focused interviews coupled with patients' diaries and drawing on a phenomenologic theoretical framework. Initial hermeneutic data analysis provided emerging themes: "rules for living," "pain = life," and "acceptance" for the pain management group, and "pillar to post," "self-fulfilling prophecy," and "mood" for those seeking a cure. Thematic content common to both groups were "family" and "coping strategies." These themes illustrate some differences and similarities between those who manage pain compared with those who seek a pain cure. Phenomenologically based research findings can rarely be generalized, but they enlighten and highlight the need for further research to generate detailed understanding of why some patients with chronic pain can accept pain management and others relentlessly seek a cure that is frequently not possible.     

癌症病人生活质量与应对方式的相关性研究

[目的]了解癌症病人的生活质量与应对方式的关系。[方法]采用问卷调查的方法对87例癌症病人进行调查,对生活质量与应对方式的关系进行相关性分析。[结果]癌症病人生活质量中的“生活满意度”得分最高,“社会经济状况”得分最低;在应对方式的采用和效果上得分最高的均是“乐观”应对方式,得分最低的是“情感”应对方式;从癌症病人的生活质量与应对方式的关系上看,生活质量与应对方式的采用无关,而与所用应对方式的效果有一定的关系。[结论]积极的应对方式和应对策略有助于提高癌症病人的生活质量,护理中应鼓励癌症病人选择积极的应对策略。     

Major depression in a family: what happens and how to manage - a case study

Major depression challenges the ways of living for both individuals and families. The aim of this study was to describe what happens and how to manage major depression in a family. The case in this paper is a family with a mother who is suffering major depression and her son and daughter. Narrative interviews and qualitative content analysis were conducted. The findings revealed six themes: "a stealthy intruder," "moving slowly to helplessness," "saving the situation," "protecting oneself and others," "conveying things that are beyond words," and the "dispersal of shadows." These themes elucidated the family members' varying views of depression and the unique ways they managed the situation.     

Changes in body image experienced by adolescents with cancer.

Cancer and its treatments affect adolescents' body image. However, it is not known what factors impinge on adolescents' perception of their body image. This multiple case study explored how 5 adolescents with cancer perceived their body image and the impact of this perception on their daily life. Adolescents described their body image as "I don't look normal," a theme that comprised 2 dimensions: "I look ugly" and "I look sick." For the adolescent with cancer, these 2 dimensions evoked feelings of being vulnerably exposed: "People look at me." Consequently, adolescents adopted a new set of coping strategies to help them manage their physical appearance and social interactions: "avoiding," "maintaining normality," "testing the waters," and "peer-shield" themes. Although the adolescents perceived their body image as altered, coping mechanisms enabled adolescents to think of themselves as normal and re-establish their social lives. The results of this small study suggest 2 potential nursing approaches to facilitate adolescents' adaptation to their new body image.     

Student narratives of faculty incivility

Academic incivility remains a problem on college campuses. Nursing research has refocused from student impropriety to aberrant faculty behaviors. Our original study using the Nursing Education Environment Survey showed that 133 of 152 student participants experienced uncivil treatment. Latent, inductive content analysis was undertaken to analyze narratives about their "worst experience" of negative faculty behavior. Four categories were identified: "In front of someone," "Talked to others about me," "Made me feel stupid," and "I felt belittled." Incivility had a profound effect on students and is problematic because it increases already significant academic pressure; it interferes with learning and safe clinical performance; it is contrary to caring, a central nursing concept; and it decreases program satisfaction and retention. Few nursing schools have civility policies for faculty behavior. Formal procedures that promote professional interaction should be crafted and implemented. Equally important is creating ways for nursing students to document incivility without fear of retaliation.     

Exploring the association between body weight,stigma of obesity,and health care avoidance

PURPOSE: To explore the stigma of obesity and its effect on health care utilization, associations between self-esteem, attribution for weight, body mass index (BMI), satisfaction with medical care and the behavior of delaying/avoiding health care were examined. DATA SOURCES: A convenience sample of 216 women recruited from church sites in Las Vegas completed self-administered questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show an increase in BMI is associated with an increase in the delay/avoidance of health care. Weight-related reasons for delaying/avoiding health care included having "gained weight since last health care visit," not wanting to "get weighted on the provider's scale," and knowing they would be told to "lose weight." IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The obese are a stigmatized and vulnerable population. Nurse practitioners are challenged to be aware of attitudes towards obesity and to identify ways to promote continuity of care and regular health maintenance. The goals of Healthy People 2010 to reduce obesity-related morbidity cannot be met if health care is delayed/avoided.