实时三维超声对胎儿唇腭裂的诊断价值

目的应用实时三维超声成像诊断胎儿唇腭裂,就其诊断价值与二维超声诊断进行比较探讨。方法应用esaote Mylab 90实时三维超声显像仪,三维容积探头和二维腹部探头,对2798例16～40周胎儿唇部进行观察。结果 2798例中,应用实时三维或二维超声能看到胎儿唇部者2644例,显示率为94.5%,看不清胎儿唇部者154例。二维显示率为84.6%(2367/2798),实时三维显示率为89.7%(2510/2798)。应用实时三维或二维超声共发现胎儿唇腭裂畸形11例,与引产或足月产后相符合。二维及实时三维超声产前均检出唇腭裂10例,漏诊1例,检出率90.9%(10/11)。结论实时三维超声在诊断胎儿唇裂中图像逼真直观,对二维图像具有重要的补充作用,二者结合诊断胎儿唇腭裂是更有效的方法。     

二维和三维超声在胎儿唇裂产前诊断中的应用对比分析

选取2013年4月~2014年4月在我院门诊行产前超声检查且年龄超过30周岁的82例孕妇,均行二维及三维超声检查,比较两种超声检查的唇部显示情况。结果 18~23w胎儿唇部的三维超声显示率要显著高于二维超声(P<0.05);对24~35w的胎儿,无论是二维还是三维超声均能够充分查扫出唇部;而处于36~40w时,胎儿唇部的显示率中二维超声则要明显高于三维超声检查,差异显著(P<0.05)。在我们的产检过程中,共发现有3例唇裂胎儿且均被转诊至上级医院确诊,并行人工引产;其余受检孕妇在分娩后未发现有唇裂患儿。三维超声和二维超声作为产前诊断的重要途径,能有效地筛查出胎儿唇裂;但是三维超声能直观地显示图像,补充二维超声欠缺的一些空间结构信息,两者结合使用可以进一步提高诊断唇裂的准确性,对优生优育具有很大的应用价值。     

实时三维超声对胎儿唇腭裂的诊断价值

目的：探讨实时三维超声对胎儿唇腭裂畸形的诊断价值。方法：对妊娠25周以上孕妇行二维超声系统产科检查,对疑诊唇腭裂胎儿行实时三维超声检查。回顾性分析经分娩后证实的24例唇腭裂胎儿声像图表现,并对照分析210例正常胎儿鼻唇部结构。结果：24例唇腭裂胎儿中,单纯唇裂12例,唇裂伴腭裂11例,单纯腭裂1例,无正中裂。二维超声诊断符合率为83.33％,实时三维超声诊断符合率为91.66％,统计学处理,没有明显差异。结论：在胎儿唇腭裂超声诊断中,二维超声与三维超声诊断率基本相同,但三维超声在诊断胎儿唇腭裂中图像逼真、直观,可做为二维超声空间信息的补充。     

超声诊断胎儿唇腭裂的价值

目的：采用二维声像图和彩色多普勒(CDFI)及能量多普勒(CDE)联合筛查胎儿唇腭裂，探讨超声诊断的应用价值。方法：对经超声检查的胎龄为18～41周的1989例胎儿口唇部进行常规筛查。结果：1989例中有1702例胎儿唇部能清晰显示，B超显示率为85．6％；其中9例为胎儿唇裂(腭裂)，检出率5．2‰；漏诊1例。结论：二维声像图诊断唇裂的直接征象为胎儿唇部回声失落，CDFI和CDE显示上唇动脉及下唇动脉分布异常或中断为间接征象。骨性腭部回声中断是完全性腭裂的直接征象。     

三维超声TUI技术在胎儿唇腭裂诊断中的应用

目的分析胎儿唇腭裂在三维超声新技术断层超声成像（TUI）中的图像特征,评价TUI诊断胎儿唇腭裂的价值。方法应用TUI对32例唇腭裂胎儿的三维容积数据进行后处理分析,并将检查结果与二维超声检查结果进行比较。结果TUI对单纯唇裂的显示率为100%（8/8）,对唇裂合并腭裂的显示率为75%（18/24）;二维超声对单纯唇裂的显示率为100%（8/8）,对唇裂合并腭裂的显示率为33.3%（8/24）,二者对胎儿唇裂合并腭裂的显示率差别有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论TUI在胎儿唇腭裂的产前诊断上具有较高的临床应用价值。     

二维超声及三维超声多种成像技术在胎儿唇腭裂畸形诊断中的联合应用

目的研究二维超声及三维超声多种成像技术在胎儿唇腭裂畸形诊断中的图像特征。 方法选取2016年1月至2017年12月在南京医科大学附属苏州医院产科接受中孕期结构畸形筛查发现唇腭部异常的胎儿均行三维超声表面成像、断层成像（TUI）及自由解剖成像（OmniView模式）多种成像技术联合检查,并随访至出生后或引产后。结合产前超声检查图像,研究唇腭裂胎儿颜面部三维超声图像特征。 结果产前超声筛查的19 168例中孕期胎儿中检出唇腭部结构畸形36例（0.19%）。36例唇腭裂胎儿超声征象：单纯唇裂（CL）8例,二维、TUI及OmniView模式均检出胎儿唇裂;三维表面成像漏诊1例唇红裂。二维及三维成像技术均显示胎儿上唇连续性中断,但三维成像显示更直观。唇裂合并上牙槽突裂（CLA）11例,二维超声显示8例,三维表面成像、TUI均诊断9例,漏诊2例,OmniView技术诊断10例,漏诊1例,联合检查诊断10例,漏诊1例。主要超声征像：上唇及上牙槽突连续性中断,二维超声对于牙槽突裂显示较困难,TUI及OmniView可从多角度显示牙槽突裂。唇裂合并腭裂（CLP）17例,二维超声（诊断10例）、三维超声表面成像模式（诊断13例）、TUI（诊断15例）、OmniView模式（诊断16例）均未全部检出;而17例CLP经联合检查全部检出。超声征象为上唇、原发腭及继发腭的连续中断,断层成像及OmniView可从多角度显示原发腭及继发腭,优于二维超声对于原发腭及继发腭的显示。 结论产前二维超声及三维超声能清晰显示胎儿唇裂,但对于腭裂,三维超声多种成像模式图像优于二维超声,产前超声筛查联合三维多成像技术能清晰显示胎儿颜面部异常,减少唇腭裂的漏诊。     

超声在产前常规检查中对胎儿唇裂的诊断价值

目的探讨胎儿唇裂的超声诊断价值。方法分析2665例中、晚期妊娠孕妇超声常规检查口唇，对疑有或确诊唇裂的胎儿进行动态追踪观察。结果本组超声常规检查胎儿口唇部，发现唇裂6例，漏诊1例。发现率为0．23％（6／2665），确诊率为85．7％（6／7），漏诊率14．3％（1／7）。结论产前常规检查中，超声有助于胎儿唇裂的确诊。     

三维超声重建诊断胎儿腭裂的价值

目的 比较二维及三维超声重建对唇裂诊断明确的胎儿是否伴有腭裂的诊断价值.方法 对系统产科超声检查发现的23例唇腭裂胎儿进行回顾性分析,二维超声对鼻唇部进行横切、矢状及冠状切面扫查;同时对唇裂胎儿作三维超声检查并保存原始数据,再利用重建三维图像分析诊断,比较两种方法诊断腭裂的准确性.结果 检查5754例胎儿共发现23例唇腭裂(其中18例伴腭裂),二维超声诊断腭裂13例,三维超声诊断腭裂18例,诊断胎儿唇裂是否伴腭裂二维超声准确率为69.57%,三维超声准确率为95.65%(其中1例单纯唇裂三维超声重建无法确定是否伴腭裂);三维超声横切面及冠状面诊断腭裂准确率为100%,矢状切面诊断腭裂准确率为88.89%.结论 三维超声诊断唇腭裂准确性高,三维超声重建能更清晰、直观、准确、快速地显示胎儿唇腭裂的直接征象;在三维超声诊断腭裂中横切面及冠状面价值最大,矢状切面有辅助诊断价值.     

实时三维超声表面成像在胎儿唇腭裂诊断中的应用

目的:探讨实时三维超声表面成像技术在孕妇子宫内胎儿唇腭裂畸形中的诊断价值及临床应用。方法:回顾性收集本院2018年1月—2019年12月经临床证实为孕妇的胎儿唇腭裂患者45例,总结二维及三维实时表面成像的超声表现特点,并与产后结果对照,分析实时三维超声表面成像技术的诊断正确率。结果:45例胎儿的二维及三维超声图像清晰,满足诊断的要求,均对胎儿鼻唇部的三维成像显示满意;其中20例胎儿有唇裂畸形,10例胎儿有腭裂畸形,15例胎儿有唇腭裂畸形,均经引产或产后证实,三维超声检查的诊断正确率为100%。结论:实时三维超声表面成像技术操作方便、简单、快速,能清晰、直观、准确地显示子宫内胎儿的唇腭部,结合二维超声检查能明显提高胎儿唇腭裂畸形的检出率。     

二维、三维超声联合应用诊断胎儿唇裂

目的探讨二维超声、三维超声诊断胎儿唇裂的价值。方法对我院门诊孕检的18～40周胎儿，常规二维超声观测胎儿鼻唇情况，然后应用三维超声实时动态面部成像。结果三维超声对18～24周胎儿唇裂成像清晰直观逼真，二维超声对18～24周胎儿唇裂，检查费时，检查者须有经验；三维超声对36～40周胎儿实时成像困难，二维超声则可通过非标准切面面部成像；三维超声及二维超声对24～36周胎儿均能有效成像。结论二维、三维超声均能对胎儿唇裂明确诊断。不同孕期二维超声与三维超声各有优势，三维超声在孕早期诊断唇裂有明显优势，二维超声在孕晚期略显优势。     

三维超声成像在产前诊断中的初步临床应用研究

目的：评估三维超声在产前诊断及评价胎儿畸形中的应用价值。方法：对46例中晚期娠的高危发行二维及三维超声检查,并对照其检查结果：结果：在35例正常胎儿中,三维超声可提供更多的诊断信息,排除了畸形的存在,在11例异常胎儿中,有6例（54％）3DUS可对诊断提供帮助。结论：3DUS可对胎儿畸形的诊断提供帮助,可作为二维超声的补充在产前诊断中发挥重要的作用。     

二维超声及彩色多普勒血流显像对胎儿畸形的诊断价值

目的 :探讨二维超声 (B-US)及彩色多普勒血流显像 (CDFI)对胎儿畸形的诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析经二维超声 (B-US)及彩色多普勒血流显像对 2 2 53例 ,孕 18周以上孕妇进行检查 ,诊断为胎儿畸形 62例 ,分别进行 X-线摄片、羊水穿刺作甲胎蛋白浓度测定等对照分析。结果 :62例胎儿畸形 ,超声检出 58例 ,超声检出率为 93 .55% (58/ 62 ) ,漏诊 4例 ,占 6.45% (4/ 62 )。结论 :超声检查可实时观察子宫内胎儿的各部位、各器官的情况 ,并可重复检查 ,能及早诊断出胎儿畸形 ,有助于及时终止妊娠 ,实现优生优育 ,超声检查方法简便、无创伤、无痛苦、迅速、可靠、有重要临床应用价值     

中晚期妊娠胎儿体表结构的三维超声成像

目的 :探讨胎儿体表结构三维超声成像的方法学及其临床应用前景。方法 :采用表面成像方法对 34例中晚期妊娠胎儿的体表结构进行三维超声成像。结果 :三维超声可直观显示胎儿体表结构的表面特征、立体形态及各结构间的位置关系 ,提供的信息较二维超声更为丰富。对 4例有唇 (腭 )裂家族史的病例及 11例二维超声不能准确判定胎儿面部结构的病例 ,三维超声均准确排除了畸形的存在 ;1例疑有手腕畸形的病例通过三维超声检查也排除了畸形的存在 ,提高了操作者的诊断信心。同时 ,三维超声也发现有 1例假阳性。结论 :胎儿体表结构的三维图像可提供更丰富的诊断信息 ,可望作为二维超声的补充提高对胎儿畸形的产前诊断率     

Three‐Dimensional Ultrasonography of the Fetal Vermis at 18 to 26 Weeks' Gestation

Objective. The purpose of this study was to establish the normality of the fetal vermis, ie, the time of appearance of the primary fissure, as well as its measurements between 18 and 26 weeks' gestation, using 3‐dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. Methods. A prospective cross‐sectional study of normal singleton pregnancies was conducted. Examinations were performed with high‐resolution transabdominal ultrasonography using the axial plane in 173 fetuses between 18 and 26 weeks' gestation. Postprocessing measurements of the fetal vermis were done with 4‐dimensional software using static volume contrast imaging and tomographic ultrasound imaging in the C‐plane. Detection of the primary fissure was evaluated in all cases, and the time of appearance was documented. Results. Adequate vermis measurements were obtained in 173 fetuses. Vermian length as a function of gestational age was expressed by regression equations, and the correlation coefficients were found to be highly statistically significant (P < .001). The normal mean ± 2 SD for each gestational week was defined. The primary fissure was observed at 24 weeks' gestation in all cases, at 22 weeks in 94% of cases, and as early as 18 weeks in 40%. Conclusions. This 3D study documents the appearance of the primary fissure and presents the normal range of vermian measurements, confirming normal development of the fetal vermis starting as early as 18 weeks' gestation. It also shows an easy method for visualizing the vermis with 3D ultrasonography at every gestational week regardless of fetal presentation.     

What Does 2‐Dimensional Imaging Add to 3‐ and 4‐Dimensional Obstetric Ultrasonography?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether 2-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography adds diagnostic information to that provided by the examination of 3-dimensional/4-dimensional (3D/4D) volume data sets alone. METHODS: Ninety-nine fetuses were examined by 3D/4D volume ultrasonography. Volume data sets were evaluated by a blinded independent examiner who, after establishing an initial diagnostic impression by 3D/4D ultrasonography, performed a 2D ultrasonographic examination. The frequency of agreement and diagnostic accuracy of each modality to detect congenital anomalies were calculated and compared. RESULTS: Fifty-four fetuses with no abnormalities and 45 fetuses with 82 anomalies diagnosed by 2D ultrasonography were examined. Agreement between 3D/4D and 2D ultrasonography occurred for 90.4% of the findings (123/136; intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.834; 95% confidence interval, 0.774-0.879). Six anomalies were missed by 3D/4D ultrasonography when compared to 2D ultrasonography (ventricular septal defect [n = 2], interrupted inferior vena cava with azygous continuation [n = 1], tetralogy of Fallot [n = 1], horseshoe kidney [n = 1], and cystic adenomatoid malformation [n = 1]). There were 2 discordant diagnoses: transposition of the great arteries diagnosed as a double-outlet right ventricle and pulmonary atresia misinterpreted as tricuspid atresia on 3D/4D ultrasonography. One case of occult spinal dysraphism was suspected on 3D ultrasonography but not confirmed by 2D ultrasonography. When compared to diagnoses performed after delivery (n = 106), the sensitivity and specificity of 3D/4D ultrasonography (92.2% [47/51] and 76.4% [42/55], respectively) and 2D ultrasonography (96.1% [49/51] and 72.7% [40/55]) were not significantly different (P = .233). CONCLUSIONS: Information provided by 2D ultrasonography is consistent, in most cases, with information provided by the examination of 3D/4D volume data sets alone.     

50例胎儿颅后窝异常的超声诊断及预后分析

目的分析胎儿颅后窝异常超声诊断准确性及预后表现。 方法对2015年8月至2018年3月于首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院超声检查提示颅后窝异常50例胎儿的二维和三维超声图像进行分析,总结不同种类颅后窝异常胎儿产前超声声像图特点,与胎儿颅脑磁共振检查、出生后检查及随访结果对照,分析超声诊断胎儿颅后窝异常的准确性。 结果50例颅后窝异常胎儿经三维超声检查最终提示Dandy-Walker畸形8例,小脑蚓部发育不良8例,Blake′s陷窝囊肿6例,小脑发育不良5例,颅后窝蛛网膜囊肿9例,单纯小脑延髓池增宽13例,小脑蚓部形态异常1例。其中26例胎儿颅脑磁共振检查证实23例与产前三维超声提示诊断相符合,2例与产前三维超声提示诊断不符合,1例胎儿颅脑磁共振检查对超声诊断进行了补充。妊娠结局：50例胎儿经超声及颅脑磁共振检查后,24例孕妇选择终止妊娠（5例失访）;26例孕妇继续妊娠（小脑蚓部发育不良和小脑发育不良各1例,Blake′s陷窝囊肿4例,颅后窝蛛网膜囊肿7例,单纯性小脑延髓池增宽13例）。其中1例小脑蚓部发育不良胎儿出生后诊断为Joubert综合征,余25例胎儿预后良好。诊断准确性：与胎儿颅脑磁共振及出生后检查随访结果相比,产前二维超声诊断准确率为62.2%（28/45）,产前三维诊断准确率为88.9%（40/45）。 结论不同种类颅后窝异常（Dandy-Walker畸形、小脑蚓部发育不良、Blake′s陷窝囊肿）产前二维超声图像上表现相似,产前三维超声对颅后窝异常疾病分类及诊断有重要意义。     

2D and 3D Ultrasound in the evaluation of normal and abnormal fetal anatomy in the second and third trimesters in a level III center

Between July 2000 and December 2003, a total number of 3,472 fetuses was evaluated by two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography. All examinations were carried out as part of a detailed level III ultrasound examination for fetal anomalies. The gestational age was between 11 and 35 weeks. A 3D endovaginal probe (5 - 7 MHz) was used for examinations between 11 and 13 weeks, and an abdominal 3D probe (5 MHz) after 13 weeks. Four different 3D image display modes were employed in visualizing fetal malformations: triplanar orthogonal display; surface display; transparent display; and the combined transparent and color display (= glass body-rendering). In 906 of the 3,472 high-risk pregnancies, fetuses with one to five fetal defects were found (mean 1.17). The total number of detected defects was 1,012, exclusive of 48 fetal heart defects. Fetal heart defects were excluded from this study since a reliable demonstration of these defects was not possible by 3D ultrasound. Comparing the 2D and 3D techniques, 3D sonography proved advantageous in 60.8 % of the defects, with the benefit derived from the exact tomographic survey using the multiplanar view in 69.9 % of these cases, from a more precise demonstration of the defect in the surface view in 25.2 %, from a distinct demonstration in the transparent view in 3.9 %, and from a precise demonstration in the combined transparent and color view in 1.0 %. In 42 of the 1,012 malformations (4.2 %), a defect was accurately identified or verified with 3D ultrasound only. 3D ultrasound proves not only a useful tool in appreciating the severity of a fetal defect, but also provides more convincing evidence of a normal fetus than conventional two-dimensional sonograms in cases with increased risk of a recurrent surface malformation.     

Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic analysis of congenital heart disease in the fetus: comparison with cross-sectional (2D) fetal echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: We attempted to assess the ability of Doppler-gated three-dimensional (3D) fetal echocardiography to reconstruct and display specific cardiac structures in fetuses with cardiac anomalies and to determine whether any advantage is offered by 3D sonographic cardiac examination over conventional fetal echocardiography. DESIGN: After 2D fetal echocardiographic examination, 3D cardiac data were collected prospectively in 22 fetuses with various congenital heart defects. Their ages ranged from 19 to 35 weeks' gestation. Basic echocardiographic key views of the venoatrial, atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections were derived from volume data sets and selected for 3D reconstruction and analysis. Comparisons were made with 2D echocardiographic imaging of the fetal hearts and the diagnostic image quality of visualized structural details was evaluated. RESULTS: The underlying cardiac malformation was well or satisfactorily visualized in 20 fetuses using 2D imaging. Gated 3D volume data sets enabled diagnostically acceptable visualization of all affected cardiac structures in 7 of 22 fetuses. High-quality 3D reconstruction of the site and spatial orientation of ventricular septal defects was obtained in 9 of 13 patients. Two-dimensional imaging remained the principal diagnostic modality in all cases with additional structural detail being obtained by 3D imaging in only two fetuses. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional imaging of fetal heart disease is feasible for a wide range of lesions, and may provide additional information of clinical value in a small number of cases when compared with 2D imaging.     

三维能量多普勒超声在胎儿心血管检查中的应用

目的探讨三维能量多普勒超声在胎儿心血管检查中的价值.方法对54例正常的胎儿心脏,在显示胎儿循环的单一的二维切面基础上行三维能量多普勒超声成像.结果54例均可以在多切面显示胎儿心血管连接及其比邻关系,包括下腔静脉-右房连接,脐静脉-下腔静脉连接,动脉弓,肺静脉-左房连接.结论三维能量多普勒超声可以立体直观地显示胎儿心脏及血管连接,能够改善和补充二维胎儿超声心动图.