锌离子参与阿尔茨海默病Aβ老年斑形成的形态学证据

目的研究锌离子在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s Disease,AD)患者尸检大脑内的分布,为探讨锌离子参与ADβ-淀粉样蛋白(-βamyloid,Aβ)老年斑形成提供形态学证据。方法应用浸入式锌金属自显影术检测AD患者大脑内的锌离子。结果金属自显影阳性反应产物主要定位于AD患者的大脑皮质的Aβ老年斑内,在神经原纤维缠结(neuro-fibrillary tangles,NFT)和血管壁及其周围也可以见到呈棕黑色的金属自显影阳性反应产物。结论AD患者大脑皮质Aβ老年斑和NFT等处聚集大量锌离子,提示锌离子可能在AD的病理生理过程中起重要作用,即参与Aβ老年斑和NFT的形成。     

凝溶胶蛋白治疗阿尔茨海默症的研究进展

阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的病理学特征之一是患者脑内存在以β-淀粉样肽(Aβ)为主要成分的老年斑。大量的实验证据表明,以Aβ为靶目标,清除老年斑有助于提高患者的认知能力,是防治AD的一个重要研究方向。凝溶胶蛋白在细胞骨架结构重排和细胞运动等过程中都发挥重要作用。目前多个小组的研究成果显示,凝溶胶蛋白与AD的发生、发展密切相关。凝溶胶蛋白能够抑制Aβ积聚形成纤维,也能够引发已形成的Aβ纤维发生解聚。更重要的是,凝溶胶蛋白能够清除转基因AD模型小鼠脑内的老年斑和降低Aβ的水平。未来凝溶胶蛋白有可能被应用于AD的预防和治疗。     

β-淀粉样前体蛋白裂解途径及截断型β-淀粉样蛋白对阿尔茨海默病的影响

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease’s, AD)是以老年斑(senile plaques, SPs)、神经原纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles, NFTs)等为主要病理特征的神经退行性疾病。β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid protein, Aβ)在神经元胞外聚集形成老年斑,是引起AD的关键因素。过量Aβ的产生来源于β-淀粉样前体蛋白(β-amyloid precursor protein, APP)裂解途径的异常。因此,探究APP在AD的发病过程中裂解途径及Aβ的产生机制具有重要意义。目前,很多药物研究以减少和清除老年斑为目的,但是老年斑的形成是由全长Aβ和多种截断型Aβ共同作用的结果,并且其对SPs形成的影响作用机制尚未完全明确。本文就APP裂解途径及截断型Aβ的产生机制进行综述,以期为AD的研究提供理论依据。     

脂筏在阿尔茨海默病发病机制中的作用

Aβ毒性学说在阿尔茨海默病(AD)发病机制中占主导地位。由于淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)的代谢紊乱,产生了过量的Aβ42,后者迅速聚集形成寡聚物,启动了Aβ瀑流效应,造成了Aβ的沉积,形成老年斑。越来越多的实验表明,脂筏在Aβ的产生和异常沉积过程具有重要调节作用。脂筏是富含胆固醇和磷脂的细胞膜特殊区域,本文对脂筏的结构功能及其在AD发病机制中作用进行了概述。     

分子疫苗防治老年性痴呆小鼠模型的研究进展

老年斑是老年性痴呆(Alzheimer's disease, AD)的特征性病理改变,β-淀粉样(β-amyloid,Aβ)是其主要成分.将Aβ作为疫苗对动物进行免疫,有明显抑制转基因小鼠脑内Aβ的沉积,清除原有斑块的作用,从而减少异常Aβ沉积对认知功能的损害.疫苗没有引起针对动物自身抗原的免疫反应,对中枢神经系统的正常功能也没有明显损害.     

人参皂苷Rg1对APP/PS小鼠脑组织内Aβ沉积及行为学的影响

阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer disease, AD)是一种常见神经退行性疾病,它的主要病理学特征为老年斑、基底前脑胆碱能神经元退变及神经纤维缠结。β淀粉样蛋白(amyloidβ-protein, Aβ)是老年斑的主要成分,过量的Aβ的产生和聚集与AD的发病有着密切的关系。而人参皂甙Rg1是人参促智的主要有效成分之一,对Aβ诱导的神经元的损害具有保护作用。本实验研究了人参皂苷Rg1对APP/PS转基因AD模型小鼠脑组织内APP代谢过程中相关蛋白的表达变化、小鼠行为学的影响。实验发现人参皂甙Rg1处理小鼠在Morris水迷宫实验中定位航行实验游泳路程逐日明显递减,且游泳路程较对照组明显缩短;皮质区老年斑数目较对照组显著减少(p0.05),且Aβ沉积面积相比对照组更小;海马齿状回区与皮质区MAP-2着色阳性神经元较对照组明显增多(p0.05),皮质区可见呈束状排列的神经纤维着色。结果提示人参皂苷Rg1能够显著改善AD模型小鼠的学习记忆能力,其作用机制可能与减少Aβ产生或抑制Aβ沉积、促进神经纤维的生长以及修复,从而减轻AD引起的脑组织受损程度有关。     

运动激活AMPK减少海马Aβ沉积的可能机制

淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid,Aβ)沉积形成的老年斑是阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)最主要的病理原因之一,其海马内的异常沉积可诱导AD的发病,这与AD动物海马内腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)活性的降低有关。研究发现,适宜的体育运动能够抑制AD动物海马内Aβ的沉积,但具体机制尚不明确。现综述了近期的研究成果,推测适宜的体育运动可以通过消耗ATP,使AMP水平升高,AMP可激活海马内AMPK,激活了的AMPK可通过上调α-分泌酶表达和下调β-分泌酶表达来减少Aβ的生成,从而起到了预防和缓解AD的作用。     

LXR/RXR及ABCA1跨膜转运胆固醇体系与阿尔茨海默病

胆固醇代谢异常和Aβ沉积与阿尔茨海默病(AD)的发生发展密切相关。肝X受体(LXR)和类视黄醇X受体(RXR)介导的三磷酸腺苷结合盒A1(ABCA1)跨膜转运胆固醇体系在维持细胞内外胆固醇平衡中发挥重要作用,并参与Aβ的转运、沉积和老年斑的形成,其中的关键介导物质有望成为AD治疗的新靶点。     

氧化应激与阿尔茨海默病

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)是一种多病因神经退行性疾病,以β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)聚集沉积引起的老年斑(senile plaque,SP),聚集的磷酸化微管稳定蛋白质(tau)引起的细胞内神经原纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangle,NFT)为主要病理特征。活性氧(ROS)和活性氮(RNS)的增加引起的氧化应激和抗氧化防御酶功能丧失在AD形成中具有重要作用。综述近年来这方面的研究进展,着重总结了AD中的生物大分子(脂质、蛋白质和核酸)氧化以及Aβ和金属离子(铁、铜和锌等)动态平衡紊乱诱导的氧化应激与AD的关系,同时介绍了AD中氧化应激相关的信号转导,旨在对今后这方面的研究及预防和治疗AD提供帮助。     

微小RNA在tau蛋白过度磷酸化中的作用

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s Disease, AD)是一种慢性神经系统退行性疾病,AD的主要病理表现为脑组织中的老年斑和神经纤维缠结,老年斑的主要成分是异常积聚的β-淀粉样蛋白,过度磷酸化的tau蛋白是神经纤维缠结的主要成分。研究发现AD患者脑内微小RNA表达异常,且证据表明微小RNA参与β-淀粉样蛋白过量生成和tau蛋白过度磷酸化等Alzheimer样病理机制,在AD的发病中起着重要作用。本文就微小RNA在tau蛋白过度磷酸化中的作用及机制进行概述。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。