泡沫铝结构对其拉伸力学性能的影响

研究了开孔与闭孔两种胞孔结构的泡沫铝在不同相对密度下的准静态拉伸力学性能,并与单向压缩性能进行了对比.结果表明：开孔和闭孔泡沫铝的拉伸曲线由线弹性变形段和塑性变形段组成,线弹性变形段很短,塑性屈服中没有出现明显的屈服点;高密度的开孔泡沫铝的杨氏模量、抗拉强度较低密度的闭孔泡沫铝要大;随着相对密度的增大,两种结构泡沫铝的力学性能均明显增强,符合Gibson和Ashby关系式,泡沫铝在准静态下的抗拉强度比抗压强度略低,而拉伸杨氏模量比压缩杨氏模量大得多.     

热障涂层平头压痕蠕变研究

研究典型热障涂层(thermal barrier coating,TBC)系统在圆柱形平头压痕下的蠕变响应。考虑刚性压头、弹性压头和弹性磨损压头作用下,压头压痕深度随时间的变化规律和压头前方的Mises应力分布,分析压头尺寸和外载荷变化对压痕深度和Mises应力分布的影响．可以得出结论,平头压痕下TBC系统的蠕变在较短时间内即达到稳态,压痕深度随外载荷和压头半径的增大而增大;在相同载荷和压头半径下,压痕深度的影响表现为弹性磨损心头大于弹性压头,弹性压头大于刚性压头;对于弹性磨损压头,在相同载荷和压头半径下,压痕深度随磨损圆角半径的增大而增大。     

变形对镍镀层纳米压痕尺寸效应的影响及预测

为了研究拉伸变形对电沉积镍镀层硬度尺寸效应的影响,用纳米压痕仪对变形前后的镍镀层进行了测试,并通过两种模型对其进行了预测.结果表明:对于镀态和经过10%拉伸变形的镍镀层,压痕硬度随着压痕深度的降低而增加;试验结果能够很好地通过GCV模型来拟合,而Nix-Gao模型只有在压痕深度＞100 nm时才能和试验结果相吻合;纳米压痕硬度尺寸效应对于经过拉伸变形10%的试样更加明显.     

中阶梯光栅铝膜的大压深纳米压痕试验

为研究光栅铝膜在机械刻划深度范围内的弹塑性变形特征,通过纳米压痕仪的Berkovich压头对现有79 g/mm中阶梯光栅铝膜进行大压深连续纳米压痕试验测试。按10 s-10 s的加-卸载方式进行压深步0.5μm、最大压深5.0μm、每个压痕步重复6次的连续压痕试验,获得整个压深尺度范围内弹性模量、硬度、最大回弹量、等效回弹锥角和回弹系数随压深的变化规律。光栅镀铝膜层材料的弹性模量、硬度在浅表层体现出较强尺寸效应,同时在镀铬过渡层和玻璃基底综合效应的影响下出现"拐点"极值;残余压痕的最大回弹量随压深近似线性增加,但是相对压深的回弹量、等效回弹锥角和回弹系数均随压深减小,这表明光栅铝膜在机械刻划深度范围内的回弹性能受压入深度的影响较大。这对于认识现有中阶梯光栅镀铝膜层材料的力学性能并改进镀膜工艺具有重要意义。     

氮化硅表面DLC膜压痕过程的分子动力学模拟

对β Si 3 N4基体表面DLC薄膜压痕过程进行分子动力学模拟.压入过程模拟采用刚性球形压头与Tersoff势函数,考虑薄膜密度、膜厚、压入深度和基体属性对压痕过程的影响.模拟结果显示:薄膜抗压变形能力随着薄膜密度增加而变强,随着薄膜厚度增加而变弱;随压入深度增加,接触区内原子平均势能增加并转化为动能,导致温度升高, DLC膜中sp3键比例和配位数为5原子数增加,薄膜硬度增加.β Si 3 N4基体属性对薄膜压痕特性产生影响,高硬度基体表面D L C膜的抗压变形能力更强,但随薄膜厚度增加其影响逐渐减弱.     

基于纳米压痕技术和AFM的单晶铝硬度测试实验研究

利用纳米压痕技术对单晶铝作压痕试验,获得载荷-压深的加载和卸载曲线。根据O liver-Pharr方法求出压头与测试材料之间接触表面的投影面积Ac和硬度值Hop。再利用原子显微镜(atom ic force m icroscopy,AFM)得到压痕的真实三维形貌图。结合M atlab对压痕进行分析,得到压痕的真实残余面积Aresidual,并计算出其硬度Hresidual。通过对两组单晶铝的硬度数据进行比较分析:在微纳米尺度下,两种方法计算得到的压痕硬度都存在压痕尺寸效应,Hresidual的压痕尺寸效应比Hop要更明显。     

氧化锌晶须填充尼龙1010的接触和摩擦学性能研究

用球-平面接触方式,测定ZnOw填充尼龙复合材料的压痕蠕变、球压痕硬度和摩擦磨损性能.试验结果表明,压痕试验中尼龙复合材料的压痕深度和蠕变柔量随试验时间而增加.尼龙复合材料的抗压痕蠕变性能和球压痕硬度均随ZnOw的含量增加而增强.尼龙复合材料的蠕变模型符合典型三参数线性粘弹性模型,模型中弹簧刚度和阻尼系数均随ZnOw含量的增加而增加.对摩擦因数和蠕变模型中的时间常数,磨损率和硬度分别进行相关分析,得出摩擦因数与时间常数之间为正比二次方程曲线关系、磨损率和硬度之间为反比二次方程曲线关系.     

泡沫铝结构的吸能特性影响参数试验分析

闭孔泡沫铝是一种轻质吸能金属材料,在低密度下具有良好的比刚度和比强度、宽而平坦的屈服平台区、良好的抗冲击性和能量吸收特性。在进行了大量试验的基础上,研究了泡沫铝裸材及其填充薄壁管的吸能特性,验证了闭孔泡沫铝结构的各向同性,研究了泡沫铝的孔隙率、孔径等对其力学性能的影响。给出了泡沫铝及其填充结构吸能能力的评价指标,指出了泡沫铝与薄壁管在轴向压缩吸能中的相互作用效应,并得出填充结构能够提高承载能力43%、提高吸能能力87%的结论。     

中阶梯光栅铝膜纳米压痕材料隆起研究

在光栅机械刻划加工过程中,光栅铝膜的隆起对机刻光栅槽形质量影响十分明显。为了研究光栅铝膜的隆起特性,采用了纳米压痕试验的方法,对光栅铝膜的纳米压入过程进行了理论建模和仿真分析,发现在光栅铝膜纳米压痕过程中,材料的隆起高度随着压入深度的增加而呈线性增加,随着摩擦因数的增加而减小;材料的相对隆起量在压入深度范围内基本保持不变。此外,仿真结果与理论计算结果的误差范围随着摩擦因数的增加而增加,当摩擦因数一定时,在最大压深处取得最小值。     

闭孔泡沫铝力学特性及其在汽车碰撞吸能中的应用研究进展

汽车低能耗、安全和轻量化已经成为汽车领域研究的热点问题,闭孔泡沫铝作为一种轻质吸能金属材料,在低密度下具有良好的比刚度和比强度,同时具有良好的抗冲击性和能量吸收性,已逐渐引起汽车产业界地重视。简述泡沫铝单轴压缩试验中弹性模量、抗压强度、屈服强度、平台应力、致密化应变等参数的定义和试验标准;综述闭孔泡沫铝的本构方程的研究现状,重点讨论屈服面模型;总结泡沫铝的微观结构有限元建模方法,比较商业软件中集成的宏观材料模型。归纳吸能材料的特点,分析闭孔泡沫铝的吸能能力和抗冲击能力;综述应变率和冲击速度对泡沫铝吸能特性有无影响的研究进展,并对可能存在的影响进行解释。总结闭孔泡沫铝在汽车轻量化和碰撞安全性领域的应用,具体分析典型的案例。指出当前闭孔泡沫铝的力学特性及其在汽车结构中应用存在的问题与难点,总结并提出本研究领域可以借鉴的研究方向。     

预测铝合金单轴力学性能的复合型双锥压入法

锥形压入作为一种发展较早的压入测试手段,可在一定范围内实现材料单轴力学性能的唯一获取,但目前仍存在稳定性和简便性等方面的缺陷。为避免传统锥形压入需要两个或以上压头分别压入不同位置且压点之间存在匹配性等问题,创新地设计和使用了复合型双锥压头。基于能量等效原理建立了锥形压入的弹塑性加载模型,并通过较大范围的数值计算验证了该模型的准确性。通过关联复合型双锥压入与单锥压入的响应曲线,发展了一种复合型双锥压入方法（Composite dual-conical indentation method,CDIM）。针对3种铝合金,利用复合型压入试验获得了稳定的载荷-深度曲线,并结合CDIM预测了材料的单轴应力-应变曲线。结果表明,复合型压入预测结果与单轴拉伸结果较为一致。     

Dynamic indentation and penetration of aluminium foams

Failure of metal foams caused by dynamic indentation and penetration is very common in practice, such as light-weight structural sandwich panels, packing materials and energy absorbing devices. Rational application of these materials requires a sound understanding of deformation and energy absorption mechanisms of the aluminium foams as well as the effect of impact velocity. In this study, following experimental investigations into compression, tension, sharing and indentation of CYMAT aluminium foams of various densities, a finite element (FE) analysis using ABAQUS is conducted for dynamic indentation process of aluminium foams under a rigid, flat-headed indenter. Two methods of applying impact velocities are considered: the indenter is pushed into the foam at a constant velocity through the whole process or with an initial velocity which then decreases with indentation. Two energy dissipation mechanisms are considered: compression of the foam ahead of the indenter and fracture along the indenter edge. Effect of impact velocity is noted on the size of a localized deformation and the total energy absorbed. A plastic structural shock theory developed by previous researchers is applied to calculate the resistance force with indentation depth during indentation process and fair agreement is obtained between the analytical and numerical results.     

A continuum plasticity model for the constitutive and indentation behaviour of foamed metals

A yield surface is proposed that can be fitted to the plastic flow properties of a broad class of solids exhibiting plastic compressibility and different yield points in tension and compression. The yield surface is proposed to describe cellular solids, including foamed metals, and designed to be fitted to three experimental results: (1) the compressive stress–strain response (including densification), (2) the difference between the tensile and compressive yield points and (3) the degree of compressibility of the foam, as measured by the lateral expansion during a uniaxial stress compression test. The model is implemented using finite elements and used to study the effects of plastic compressibility on two problems: the compression of a doubly notched specimen and indentation by a spherical indenter. The model is then fitted to the properties of a typical closed cell aluminum foam and used to study indentation into a dense aluminum face sheet on a foam foundation. The dependence of the indentation load–displacement curve on the relevant material and geometric parameters is determined, and a single load–displacement relation is presented which approximates the behaviour of a wide range of practical designs. These results can be used to design against indentation failure of sandwich panels.     

S45C钢仪器化压入有限元仿真与实验验证

对基于四棱锥Vickers压头的S45C钢仪器化压入进行了有限元数值仿真,并从载荷-位移曲线和弹性模量识别结果两个方面对S45C钢仪器化压入有限元仿真结果和仪器化压入实验结果进行了比较.结果表明,S45C钢仪器化压入有限元仿真结果与仪器化压入实验结果能够较好吻合.S45C钢弹性模量仿真识别结果和实验识别结果与标准单轴拉伸实验结果之差分别为2.28％和4.21％.     

Some indentation and sliding experiments on single crystal and polycrystalline materials

Indentation and sliding experiments were conducted on some fcc, bcc, and hcp structured, single crystal (copper, aluminum, iron, zinc, and cadmium) and polycrystalline (iron, tin, aluminum oxide and magnesium meta-aluminate) materials. Hard indenters (steel, sapphire, and diamond) were used to investigate the anisotropic behavior of these materials in indentation and sliding. A conventional microhardness tester modified to enable sliding of the specimens past the indenter and to incorporate the means for the measurement of frictional force using strain gages was used in this investigation. Optical microscopy (including interference contrast) was used to characterize the specimens after indentation/sliding. An attempt was made to correlate the gross macroscopic behavior in terms of microscopic events. The results of this study show that indentation and sliding on a microscopic scale, such as with a hard indenter can reveal unique characteristics for both single crystal and polycrystalline materials.     

含不同尺寸菱形压痕EA4T钢车轴的疲劳性能

采用菱形压头挤压的方式在取自EA4T钢车轴的弯曲疲劳试样上预制压痕缺陷,研究了压痕深度对疲劳强度的影响;采用修正Murakami模型预测了疲劳强度,并引入疲劳指示参数构建了疲劳寿命预测模型;采用有限元法对压痕附近的应变进行了分析。结果表明:试样的疲劳强度随压痕深度的增加而降低,与无压痕试样相比,压痕深度为0.052 mm时,疲劳强度略微降低,压痕深度为0.112,0.504 mm时,疲劳强度显著降低;疲劳裂纹萌生于应力集中较大的预制压痕短对角线处,有限元模拟结果较准确;修正的Murakami模型能较准确地预测含压痕缺陷试样的疲劳强度,构建的疲劳寿命预测模型具有较高的精度,实测值与预测值之比均在2倍误差因子范围内。     

钝化压头纳米压入测试硬度的变化及校正

文中通过量纲分析和有限元数值计算，分别对弹塑性材料在Berkovich理想压头和钝化压头作用下的压入响应进行了分析，揭示了理想压头Oliver＆Pharr压入硬度与钝化压头压入硬度的关系，据此，可以把钝化压头作用下的压入硬度校正至理想压头下的测试硬度。     

A constitutive model for transversely isotropic foams, and its application to the indentation of balsa wood

An elastic-plastic constitutive model for transversely isotropic compressible solids (foams) has been developed. A quadratic yield surface with four parameters and one hardening function is proposed. Associated plastic flow is assumed and the yield surface evolves in a self-similar manner calibrated by the uniaxial compressive (or tensile) response of the cellular solid in the axial direction. All material constants in the model (elastic and plastic) can be determined from a combination of a total of four uniaxial and shear tests. The model is used to predict the indentation response of balsa wood to a conical indenter. For the three cone angles considered in this study, very good agreement is found between the experimental measurements and the finite element (FE) predictions of the transversely isotropic cellular solid model. On the other hand, an isotropic foam model is shown to be inadequate to capture the indentation response.     

Transient creep analysis of ball indentation

The effect of transient creep on the indentation behaviour of a creeping solid has been investigated for a strain hardening primary creep law. Numerical analyses have been performed to obtain the full field solution for a frictionless ball indenter. The functional form of the relationship between the uniaxial response of the solid and the indentation behaviour of the material is explored. The implications of the results are discussed with regard to displacement- and load- controlled indentation creep tests, and the time hardening creep law. Experiments on primary creep indentation of lead support the indentation theory.     

Extracting local mechanical properties of steel bars by means of instrumented flat indentation

The evaluation of local mechanical properties of metal parts can be used for the prediction of forming and cutting forces during the following working stages. In order to show the feasibility of using indentation tests for work-piece characterization, C40 steel disks were cut from an extruded bar and machined by facing operation under different conditions. Indentation tests were carried out with 1 mm and 2 mm diameter indenters made of tungsten carbide; yield strength and indentation pressure values were extracted along the diameter of each disk. For the first time, indentation results were used to extract local mechanical properties of steel bars as a function of their process conditions: it was observed that small pins gave information on the effect of the machining process whereas large pins were more suitable to evaluate work-piece bulk properties.