钝性外伤后结肠损伤的外科诊治分析

目的总结钝性外伤后结肠损伤的临床特点,探讨结肠损伤的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性评估62例钝性腹部外伤后结肠损伤患者的临床表现、检查、诊断方法、相关损伤以及手术方法等临床资料。结果62例中41例急诊剖腹探查明确诊断,Ⅰ期肠修补或切除吻合术47例,Ⅱ期肠造瘘术或肠外置术15例,发生肠瘘2例,死亡6例。结论早期诊断、及早手术是结肠损伤治疗的关键。结肠损伤Ⅰ期手术安全可靠,但须掌握其适应证。     

结肠癌急性肠梗阻的治疗

目的探讨结肠癌所致急性肠梗阻的诊断、围手术期的处理及手术方式的选择。方法收集1997-01／2000-12在我院住院手术治疗的52例病人资料。进行总结和分析。结果52例均行手术治疗。其中Ⅰ期切除吻合25例。占48％(25／52)。Ⅰ期切除吻合 近端肠造瘘20例。占38．4％(20／52)。单纯行永久性肠造口7例。占13．4％(7／52)，其中左半结肠占67．3％(35／52)。右半结肠占32．7％(17／52)。全部病例无死亡。无吻合口漏。结论结肠癌并急性梗阻。及时、积极完善围手术期处理及正确的手术方式是提高Ⅰ期切除率和降低术后并发症的关键。     

结直肠损伤治疗的临床分析

目的探讨腹部损伤伴有结直肠损伤的临床治疗经验。方法对46例结直肠损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果46例结直肠损伤均经手术治疗,一期单纯修补或行切除一期吻合术患者31例（67%）,无肠瘘发生。二期肠造瘘患者15例（33%）,住院期间病死率为8%。结论结直肠损伤多以闭合伤为主,一期手术为首选;对结直肠损伤严重、腹腔污染广泛、全身病情严重以及直肠中、下损伤者,应考虑结肠造口术及二期造瘘还纳术。     

外伤性结肠破裂的一期修补

目的观察外伤性结肠破裂的一期修补效果.方法本院1983/1998共收治外伤性结肠破裂60例,其中55例行术中肠腔灌洗,一期修补术,效果良好.本组男40例,女15例,年龄5岁～65岁;单纯性结肠破裂28例,复合性结肠破裂22例,平均受伤到就诊时间为4 h.本组患者入院经诊断确诊后均急诊手术治疗.手术治疗的基本原则为肠腔灌洗,修补破口,切除血循环障碍或挫伤严重的坏死肠段,彻底冲洗腹腔和有效的腹腔引流.由于结肠壁薄、血运差,损伤后周围污染严重,外伤性结肠破裂一期处理可出现肠瘘的危险.既往多选用结肠造瘘或肠袢外置的手术方法.近年来,由于广谱抗生素的应用,对腹腔污染的处理等有了很大进展.采用一期处理,不附加造口者逐渐增多.结果本组55例外伤性结肠破裂行术中肠腔灌洗,一期修补,无一例出现肠瘘.结论作者认为,一期修补术如应用得当,不需二期手术,住院时间短,并发症少,患者易接受,是一种简单安全的方法.     

急症结肠切除术中结肠灌洗联合Ⅰ期肠吻合的应用观察

对27例因急性结肠梗阻行急症结肠切除术的患者行术中结肠灌洗 Ⅰ期吻合.结果手术均顺利,无吻合口漏发生,无死亡者.认为急症结肠切除术中联合行结肠灌洗、Ⅰ期肠吻合术安全、可行.     

老年人大肠癌78例

目的观察老年人大肠癌外科治疗疗效．方法分析13a间外科手术治疗老年人大肠癌78例，采取以手术为主的综合治疗，加强围手术期的治疗完善手术操作，采取Gambee法肠吻合，对合并急性肠梗阻患者宜加强术中结肠减压、灌洗，腹腔冲洗、引流．争取Ⅰ期切除肿瘤，吻合或造瘘或行Hartmanns手术．结果无手术死亡、无吻合口瘘、切口感染3例均为合并急性肠梗阻患者（3／18）．肿瘤均Ⅰ期切除（包括姑媳切除）肠吻合50例，Dixon5例，Miles20例．Ilartmann’s3例．辅助化疗65例83．3％，随访58例．生存5a以上38例65．5％，生存10a以上3例．结论对老年人大肠癌应积极采取以手术为主的综合治疗，加强围手术期治疗，能提高患者生活质量，延长生存期．     

医源性结肠损伤的治疗

耳的探讨医源性结肠损伤的外科治疗。方法回顾性分析20年21例各种医源性结肠损伤。结果治愈20(95．25％)，死亡1例(4．76％)。结论早诊断、早手术、合理的术式是提高外科临床治疗医源性结肠损伤效果的关键。     

手术治疗结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻156例临床分析

目的探讨结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻患者的手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析156例行手术治疗的结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料。结果本组131例行结肠一期切除吻合术,其中21例行左半结肠切除,行横结肠切除8例,行右半结肠切除术61例,行乙状结肠切除26例,Dixon术15例;行分期手术13例;3例行一期造瘘、二期肿瘤切除肠吻合术;因肿瘤无法切除而行单纯造瘘术9例。本组围手术期死亡3例。153例肠梗阻得到缓解。术后发生切口感染9例,吻合口漏8例,肺部感染2例,输尿管损伤1例,经对症处理后痊愈。随访9个月～5年。术后1年生存率为90.1%(136/151),3年生存率为51.7%(78/151),5年生存率为40.4%(61/151)。结论结直肠癌合并急性肠梗阻确诊后应及早手术治疗。应根据患者的具体情况选择术式,在严格掌握适应证的情况下,尽量争取行一期肠切除吻合术。     

先天性巨结肠类缘病的治疗探讨

目的探讨先天性巨结肠类缘病(HAD)的治疗方法。方法分析7例HAD患儿的治疗方案。术前或术中明确诊断的4例HAD患儿中,1例行根治性手术,1例行延期根治性手术,1例根治性手术后继续保守治疗,1例行肠造瘘术后等待根治术时机;3例按先天性巨结肠(HD)行根治术,术后复习病理切片才明确诊断,及时随诊,2例分别在首次术后3个月和8个月再行根治术,1例继续扩肛治疗。结果7例HAD患儿排便情况满意。结论根治手术对HAD治疗至关重要,保守治疗是HAD治疗的必要补充。     

老年非外伤性结肠穿孔52例临床分析

回顾性分析52例老年非外伤性结肠穿孔患者的临床资料。本组52例患者多以急腹症就诊，无特异性临床表现，全部行手术治疗。术后痊愈45例，死亡7例。认为癌性穿孔是老年非外伤性结肠穿孔的主要原因，术前易误诊，应尽早剖腹探查；充分引流，积极加强对围手术期的监护和综合治疗可降低病死率；早期诊断和安全有效的综合治疗是防止并发症发生及救治成功的关键。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.