从体育学与法学的视角对球场暴力概念的重构

从体育学的视角看,球场暴力就是在体育活动中,竞技人员与竞技人员之间、竞技人员与非竞技人员之间和单纯的非竞技人员之间所发生的暴力行为;而暴力行为的危害性不甚相同,对其进行层次性划分实有必要。从法学的角度看,竞技人员与竞技人员之间的球场暴力行为,一般由有关的体育社会团体加以处罚;而竞技人员与非竞技人员之间和单纯的非竞技人员之间所发生的暴力行为,则应当由公安机关进行处理,其中竞技人员对非竞技人员进行的暴力行为,应当实行“双罚制”,既要由体育社会团体对其进行处罚,也要求公安机关依法追究其行政责任。     

Football: A Sociology of the Global Game By Richard Giulianotti. Published 1999 by Polity Press, 65 Bridge Street,Cambridge, CB2 1UR,UK. (256 pp., $29.95)

Martial-arts practice is not quite anything else: it is like sport, but is not sport; it constantly refers to and as it were cohabits with violence, but is not violent; it is dance-like but not dance. It shares a common athleticism with sports and dance, yet stands apart from both, especially through its paradoxical commitment to the external value of being an instrument of violence. My discussion seeks to illuminate martial arts practice by systematic contrast to games of sport and works of performance art, especially dance.     

运动心理学在竞技体育领域的研究发展与应用

相比于大众锻炼领域和体育教育领域,竞技体育受到了运动心理学的更多关注.一系列运动心理干预技术已在北京奥运会上使用,如心理对策库、生物反馈技术、心理影片和音乐、心理网站,专为运动员做心理测试和迅速调整的多功能服务车等.心理领域的领先技术如电脑电图(EEG),事件相关电位(ERP)和电脑象限图(EEQG)等被用于诊断运动员运动时的心理状态或训练效果.通过对近3年发表在重要国家和国际期刊及会议里相关文章的分析发现,运动动机、运动认知、自我认知、运动情绪和心理技能是近年来运动心理学在竞技体育领域的主要研究方向.积极心理学的兴起有丰富的理论和应用领域,也丰富了近代运动心理学的理论和应用领域.运动心理学在20世纪出现许多新思潮,流畅体验便是其中之一.在竞技运动领域,心理监控与运动实践的联系是最紧密的.心理监控也正在向着系统化与专业化的方向一步步迈进,现代技术如CAS计算机辅助运动技术、Observer行为观察分析软件、FaceReader软件、Virtual-Reality仿真系统(虚拟现实)等已经在训练或比赛中得以应用.建议对已取得的运动心理学研究成果可以在未来实践中得到更多的应用.     

Effects of sport club activities on adolescent development in Germany

In promotional campaigns, German sport clubs promise to protect adolescents against drugs and addiction, to strengthen social networks, to increase self-confidence, and to reduce violence and hostility. Such rhetoric is partially supported by conclusions from cross-sectional studies, where correlation findings have occasionally been misinterpreted as cause-and-effect relationships. To empirically examine a possible causal relationship between adolescent activity in sport clubs and improvements in motor ability and psychosocial health, we conducted a longitudinal study with 500 adolescents (ages 12 to 18) in three cohorts. Study methods included validated survey instruments, motor tests, and focused interviews, applied over the course of three school years. Results do not show a systematic and universal effect of club membership on adolescent development. Even though adolescents in clubs attain higher beginning performances in speed, strength, endurance and coordination abilities and show more positive results in their self-concept and psycho-social health when compared to their non-member peers and with exceptions succeed in maintaining these performance advantages, our data indicate a self-selection rather than a sport club effect. It is possible that results of greater differentiation and deeper insights could be attained, if future research were to investigate the impact of sports by disciplines, design studies of longer duration, and utilise more elaborate statistical procedures.     

运动竞赛中的运动认知和Choking现象

2005年第11届世界运动心理学大会上出现了大量研究运动竞赛心理学的论文,反映了运动心理学界对解决运动员竞赛心理问题的重视。就运动状态下的运动认知和竞赛中的Choking现象综述国内外的研究现状,认为今后的研究应解决如何在真实的复杂的运动情境下测量运动认知以及Choking的预防、干预方法和效果评价等。     

Anorexia athletica in pre-professional ballet dancers

Abstract

Competitive sport has been under increasing discussion as a possible favourable factor in the development of eating disorders among children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of sport-specific eating disorders, in line with the concept of anorexia athletica. This prospective field study included one experimental group and two control groups (disease and healthy). Fifty-two pre-professional ballet dancers aged 13–20 years were tested for clinical eating disorders, anorexia athletica criteria, eating disorder related psychopathology and self-concept, and were compared with 52 patients with anorexia nervosa and 44 non-athletic controls of the same age. The study was conducted using semi-structured interviews as well as self-report questionnaires. A clinical eating disorder diagnosis was made in 1.9% of the ballet dancers versus 0% of the high school students; anorexia athletica was diagnosed in 5.8% of the dancers versus 2.3% of the students. Ballet dancers scored lower than patients with anorexia nervosa with regard to eating disorder related psychopathology and higher than the patients with regard to self-concept. We conclude that more sensitive tools to differentiate between sport-specific (eating) patterns, anorexia athletica and clinically relevant eating disorders are needed, especially for aesthetic sports such as ballet. It remains an important goal to identify athletes with symptoms of anorexia athletica irrespective of their physique and/or sport.     

Anorexia athletica in pre-professional ballet dancers

Competitive sport has been under increasing discussion as a possible favourable factor in the development of eating disorders among children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of sport-specific eating disorders, in line with the concept of anorexia athletica. This prospective field study included one experimental group and two control groups (disease and healthy). Fifty-two pre-professional ballet dancers aged 13-20 years were tested for clinical eating disorders, anorexia athletica criteria, eating disorder related psychopathology and self-concept, and were compared with 52 patients with anorexia nervosa and 44 non-athletic controls of the same age. The study was conducted using semi-structured interviews as well as self-report questionnaires. A clinical eating disorder diagnosis was made in 1.9% of the ballet dancers versus 0% of the high school students; anorexia athletica was diagnosed in 5.8% of the dancers versus 2.3% of the students. Ballet dancers scored lower than patients with anorexia nervosa with regard to eating disorder related psychopathology and higher than the patients with regard to self-concept. We conclude that more sensitive tools to differentiate between sport-specific (eating) patterns, anorexia athletica and clinically relevant eating disorders are needed, especially for aesthetic sports such as ballet. It remains an important goal to identify athletes with symptoms of anorexia athletica irrespective of their physique and/or sport.     

Entwicklungsförderung im außerschulischen Kinder- und Jugendsport

Extracurricular sport is coupled with many socialization and education potentials for developmental promotion of children and adolescents. The promotion concept “Psychosocial resources in sports” (Sygusch 2007) provides the starting point for the development of capabilities to react and perform in sports as well as for general personality development through sport. This incentive concept is oriented towards training and competitive routine as well as on concrete demands from types of sport. Among others it justifies the methodical measures for promotion of selected resources (e. g. self-concept, cooperative ability). Within the framework of the accompanying study PRimus (psychosocial resources in youth sports) an evaluation of the execution of the programme was realized. Among others it was investigated whether the incentive concept can be implemented in organized child and youth sports. The results indicate that the incentive concept “pedagogically arranged extracurricular youth sports” is implemented by voluntary youth trainers in most instances and is estimated by trainers to be feasible.     

Sport to the Rescue of the Suburbs: Sport to Educate? Sport to Reassure? When Politicians Respond to the Signs of Disturbance of Law and Order

Since the beginning of the 1980s, sport has appeared to be the last recourse against the worsening of living conditions, lack of job security and the ghettoisation of certain boroughs that stand out mostly because of continuing urban riots and juvenile violence. All of this is continually exaggerated by the media and politicians in their continual desire to dramatise and exaggerate. Certain sub-issues immediately emerge: what are the theoretical or ideological foundations on which this concept of making sport a lever for preventive policies is based? And what sport are we talking about? Is it the physical activities and sport (PAS) practised in the schools and institutes, civil sport or sport in the streets? Why do young people increasingly abandon civil/federated sport to practise ‘adventure sports’ or self-organised sports? Can self-organised sports and, more precisely, sport played outside the tower blocks favour the ‘self-control of impulses’? And if they can, under what conditions can they favour socialisation and contribute to preventing vandalism or violent acts? If it must be admitted that the links between sport and education, sport and prevention, sport and insertion, etc., are considered to be self-evident, they are rarely analysed or questioned.     

少儿跳水运动员若干心理因素与专项身体素质关系的初步研究

通过对少儿运动员神经类型、方位知觉、技能迁移、视动协调能力和简单反应速度5项心理指标与跳水专项身体素质关系的研究，表明各种专项身体素质与相应心理素质均呈对应关系。因此，少儿运动员选材应在测量运动生理机能的同时，测量相应的心理素质，以作为预测某项身体素质发展潜力的一种依据。     

青少年体育生活方式的行为特征及其参与体育运动的心理影响因素

为了进一步揭示青少年体育生活方式的养成机制,从体育锻炼心理学的角度,选取体育价值观、身体自尊两方面的因素,运用问卷调查、数理统计等研究方法,以351名大学生作为研究对象,进行深入地研究和探讨。研究结果表明各项心理指标对青少年大学生体育生活方式的形成具有重要的影响作用。其中,青少年的体育生活方式不容乐观;体育价值观对体育生活方式中的体育行为参与具有一定的预测作用,二者也具有显著的正相关关系;身体自尊对形成良好的体育生活方式具有正向的预测作用。     

Understanding sports violence: revisiting foundational explorations

Within this paper, we discuss the importance of attending to definitions of ‘violence’. Through a return to a selection of important foundational works, we attempt to unpack the fundamental meanings of violence in a general sense, and sport violence in particular. With a specific focus on the need for definitional clarity, and particular attention to the ‘ritual’ dimensions of sport violence, we argue that engaging with these concepts is essential when conducting research on ‘violent’ contexts. Based on a critical reading of a small selection of relatively recent scholarship in sports settings, we ultimately argue that without careful consideration of what can constitute ‘violence’, scholars risk misrepresenting the social worlds they investigate. In conclusion, we call for researchers to enter into a dialogue with foundational explorations of violence, and also to attend more closely to the definitions favoured by practitioners who engage with apparent ‘violence’ on a regular basis.     

消费者的决策心理对体育商品广告诉求策略的影响

消费者的“动机-能力-机会”心理指标在消费者根据各自的消费偏好与需求,感知、整合相关商品信息,作出理性的判断,决定并执行购买行为的过程中发挥着重要的作用,并直接影响和制约着商品的广告诉求策略。基于这种消费决策心理,体育商品广告可以采用感性与理性两种基本的诉求方式。其中感性诉求方式强调“典型使用者”的身份、地位、生活方式和价值观念等,以此对体育消费者施加心理暗示;理性诉求方式强调商品的性能优势,满足消费者既存的认知期待。不同体育商品(包括体育有形产品和体育无形产品两种)要根据目标消费群体的消费决策心理机制的差异确定相应的和有效的诉求方式。     

Organisational factors and non-accidental violence in sport: A systematic review

The objective of the current systematic review was to investigate the organisational factors that enable and motivate non-accidental violence towards athletes in the sport context. The authors identified and reviewed 43 qualitative studies investigating psychological, physical, and sexual abuse of athletes, and developed a framework of organisational factors (i.e., structural, social, and stress factors) related to non-accidental violence. Athletes were the key informants, yet some studies included athletes’ entourages. The authors independently coded the findings sections of the primary research, using the developed framework. Organisational tolerance for abuse and conformity to dominant values within sports were related to all three types of non-accidental violence. Power imbalance appeared as a relevant factor in both psychological and sexual abuse, while isolation was also relevant in sexual abuse. Believing that non-accidental violence had instrumental effects appeared related to both psychological and physical abuse, whereas a winner-take-all reward system was related to physical abuse. Based on this systematic review, the authors proposed an integrated perspective of the organisational factors driving non-accidental violence in sport and conclude by proposing a whole-of-system approach to the prevention and management of non-accidental violence.     

运动竞赛语言暴力问题研究

从语言学角度阐述了运动竞赛语言暴力的内涵、实施手段、性质,针对运动竞赛语言暴力现状对其产生原因进行了分析,并提出了消除运动竞赛语言暴力的对策:提倡比赛文明用语,培育良好的竞赛语言环境;制定相应竞赛规则和管理制度,完善奖惩机制;提高运动竞赛参与者素质,提高体育职业道德水准;加强心理健康教育,提高自我控制能力.     

Motivation Profiles in Sport: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective

Abstract

The present study examined the link between motivation profiles among adult sports participants and the consequences of enjoyment, effort, positive and negative affect, attitude toward sport participation, intention to continue sport participation, satisfaction, and frequency of attendance in sport. Two samples of participants (n = 590 and n = 555) completed the Sport Motivation Scale and a range of self-report measures to assess the outcome variables. Exploratory cluster analyses applied to Sample I and confirmatory cluster analysis applied to Sample 2 identified two clusters of sport participants. The first comprised participants with high scores on both nonself-determined and self-determined motives. The second comprised participants with high scores on self-determined motives but low scores on nonself-determined motives. Participants in the first cluster scored higher on all outcome variables. The results are discussed with reference to a more in-depth understanding of the motivation dynamics of sport participation based on Self-Determination Theory.     

浙江省城市农民工体育投入现状调查与研究

采用文献资料调研、调查、数理统计等方法对浙江省城市农民工的参与体育的认知、动机、消费水平、行为内容及影响因素进行调查。研究表明,浙江省农民工的休闲娱乐方式具有花费少、易获得性的特点。浙江省农民工参与体育的行为特征以休闲娱乐为目的的居多;浙江省农民工参与的体育项目主要是以球类项目、健身类和体育欣赏为主。影响农民工参与体育的主观因素是因为农民工文化素质较低和心理因素;客观因素主要是:农民体育教育不足、工作时间长及劳动强度大、居住环境的体育场所与设施较差、组织化程度低、社会保障不健全等。     

Relationship between Self-Concept,Body Build,and Perception of Father's Interest in Sports in Boys

Abstract

This study was designed to assess the relationship between self-concept, body build, and perception of father's interest in sports in grade 6 and grade 9 boys. Subjects were chosen on the criteria of differing body build measured by the ponderal index and perception of high or low father interest in sports. Analysis of variance of the self-concept scores indicated differences in the grade 6 sample associated with both body build and perception of father's interest.

The lack of similar associations in the grade 9 sample suggests that the relationship between the variables changes in the junior high school level.     

赛场暴力的成因、发生机制及控制策略

赛场暴力产生严重的不良后果,应找出其成因和发生机制对其进行约束控制。运用文献资料法、访谈法和问卷调查法,论述了赛场暴力由运动项目特点、竞赛规则不完善、运动伦理的不当导向、运动中的挫折以及对比赛结果的不合理期望所致。参与运动遭遇的挫折是其发生机制的源头,机会、刺激物和社会支持是触媒,只有这几者密切结合才会发生赛场暴力。解决策略是控制观众成分和规模、完善竞赛规则、提高比赛官员的业务素养、切断暴力行为的刺激源、引导运动员挫折体验后的心理定向和宣扬新的运动伦理观。     

New directions in the arts and sport? Critiquing national strategies

Abstract

Taking as its starting point the Fields of Vision initiative’s interest in promoting the potential benefits of bringing sports and arts closer together, this paper reviews how national (English) policy addresses that challenge. Four key strategic documents (the Government’s Sport Strategy and its Culture White Paper as well as the strategies of Arts Council England and Sport England) are examined. That is supplemented by the views of significant individuals from this interface, including the research network funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). Noting the similar social remit ascribed to sport and the arts by the government, shortcomings in the current strategies are identified as barriers to integration. ‘Play’ and ‘movement’ are briefly discussed as integrating concepts alongside our assessment of the potential of the arts/sport nexus, in areas including aesthetic innovation, promoting health and wellbeing, and encouraging wider participation and engagement. Having challenged existing national policies the paper suggests possible future directions.