若尔盖湿地畜牧业对两栖类食性的影响

比较若尔盖湿地3种两栖类——高原林蛙(Ranaku kunoris)、岷山蟾蜍(Bufo minshanica)和倭蛙(Narorana pleskei)的食物组成,分析畜牧业对其食性的影响.根据猎物的数量、体积比例和出现频率,蜉金龟科、蚁科、毛蚊科、象甲科昆虫和某些昆虫幼虫是3种两栖类食谱的主要组成部分,其中最重要的蜉金龟以藏牦牛粪为主要食物和寄居场所.3种两栖类猎物的出现频率和数量比例存在显著性差异.高原林蛙主要取食蜉金龟,在其食谱中,蜉金龟比例占据绝对优势(相对重要性指数IRI:35.28);而倭蛙的食性生态位宽度较宽,蜉金龟科(IRI:13.41)、蚁科、毛蚊科、昆虫幼虫以及狼蛛科均占有一定比例;岷山蟾蜍最重要的猎物是蚂蚁(IRI:85.54),次之是蜉金龟.结果说明:畜牧业对若尔盖湿地的3种两栖类食性存在不同影响,高原林蛙能从畜牧业发展中获得更多的好处;作为取食的泛化者,倭蛙受畜牧业的影响比高原林蛙小;岷山蟾蜍主要取食蚂蚁,受牧场变化影响也较小.     

汶川地震滑坡体自然植被恢复及影响因子——以龙溪–虹口自然保护区为例

为了解汶川地震后滑坡体的植被恢复状况及驱动因子,于2012年8-9月在都江堰市四川龙溪–虹口国家级自然保护区对地震滑坡体上的植物物种组成、生长状况及环境因子进行了调查,共调查了127个10 m×10 m样方;并利用广义线性模型分析了影响滑坡体自然植被恢复的关键因子.结果显示:(1)滑坡体生长的维管植物有38科67属75种,以菊科(13种)和蔷薇科(7种)物种最为丰富,其余科的种类都较少;(2)物种生活型方面,草本植物种类最多,有47种,占总数的62.67%;其次为木本植物,有25种(包括灌木19种,小乔木6种);藤本植物仅3种;(3)滑坡体植被类型主要为灌丛及灌草丛,进一步可划分为10个群系,主要以灌丛为主,川莓(Rubus setchuenensis)和光滑悬钩子(R.tsangii)为主要的建群种,在滑坡体上常构成单优势片层或混合生长形成共优种;(4)植被总盖度大于30%的样方占62.99%,最高达85%;植被平均高度超过1 m的样方占60.63%,最高达2.5 m;植物物种数超过5种的样方占84.25%,最多的有17种;(5)广义线性模型结果表明,坡度、样方位置、距林缘最近距离以及地表砾石盖度为影响滑坡体自然植被恢复的关键因子:坡度越大,灌木盖度越低,植物物种数也越少(B0,P0.001);砾石盖度越高,植被总盖度、灌木盖度和植被平均高度都越低,植物物种数也越少(B0,P0.05);距林缘最近距离越远,植被总盖度和平均高度都越高(B0,P0.05);残留植被盖度越高,灌木层的盖度也越高(B0,P0.05);位于滑坡体下部样方的植被总盖度显著高于中部和上部(B0,P0.01).研究表明,汶川地震后滑坡体上的植被大多都能够进行自然恢复,并逐渐向灌木和乔木林方向正向演替,但不同区域的恢复速度和建群种会存在差异;次生演替初期,小尺度范围内地形条件及地表基质状况的差异性对植被的恢复状况以及演替进程都有着显著的影响.     

滨海盐田建设对周边土壤及植被的影响

随着滨海盐业的迅猛发展,盐田的急剧扩张已经对周边环境产生了影响。通过调查盐田周边植被分布特征,分析与植被带对应的典型样地土壤理化性质的空间异质性,研究了盐田对周边土壤及植被的影响。结果表明：盐田周边的植被分布存在明显的空间异质性,在盐田周边呈带状分布,且距盐田越近,植被盖度、物种丰富度越低。土壤含盐量的空间分布在宏观上表现为距盐田越近,含盐量越高,土壤盐渍化越重。距离盐田20m处土壤含盐量平均值达8.22g·kg-1,距离盐田1000m处,土壤含盐量平均值为1.84g·kg-1,土壤含盐量显著降低,且表层土壤含盐量与采样地距盐田间的距离之间呈显著相关关系。由此可见,盐田的扩建已经显著加重了周边土壤的盐渍化程度。     

宁夏盐池荒漠化地区人工封育草场的植物生态位特征

运用Levins生态宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,对宁夏盐池人工封育草原2006年和2007年植物生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行计量,以了解干旱半干旱区草原植物生态位格局.结果表明:2007年封育区植物利种的生态位宽度及种间的生态位重叠指数总体上较2006年有所降低;2006年黑沙嵩生态位宽度最大,达0.768,是06年封育区的优势种;2007年封育区的优势种为刺沙蓬和黑沙蒿,其生态位宽度值分别为0.544、0.460;2006年和2007的生态位重叠结果均表明,生态位宽度大的物种不一定和其他物种有大的重叠指数,较高的生态位宽度和较高的生态位重叠之间并不存在直接的线性关系;2006年、2007年较高的Pianka生态位重叠指数都出现在生态位宽度较小的物种之间.这一现象从另外一个角度说明植被恢复过程中环境资源存在着高度的空间异质性.     

云南玉龙雪山两栖动物多样性时空格局的观测

2018年6和8月采用样线法对云南玉龙雪山两栖动物多样性进行2次观测。设置11条样线,共记录到1 143只个体,包括成体、亚成体和幼体,鉴定出2目6科8属8种。个体数量在不同季节相差较大,6和8月分别记录到705和438只。各条观测样线两栖动物物种数和个体数受平均水温、气温和人为干扰强度等因素的影响明显,表现为平均水温和气温越高、人类干扰强度越弱,物种数及个体数越多。不同生境下两栖动物物种数和个体数不同,人工水渠物种数最多,河流物种数最少。这些结果表明,生境类型、水温、气温和人类干扰是影响两栖类物种多样性的重要生态因子。     

高寒草地沙化过程植物群落构成及生态位特征变化

草地沙化是目前面临的重要环境问题,会对草原地区牧草生产与居民生活环境产生影响。目前对沙化草地的研究主要集中在植被与土壤性质的变化,对物种之间关系的变化并未进行深入探究。基于经典的生态位理论,利用空间代替时间序列的方法,通过调查高寒草地沿沙化梯度的植物群落变化特征,分析沙化演替过程中高寒草原植物群落构成、生态位宽度以及生态位重叠(O)的变化,探索沙化过程植物种群的资源利用状况及生态适应能力,以期为青藏高原高寒草原植物多样性维持机制与沙化草地植被恢复提供参考依据。结果发现,随着沙化程度的加重,群落盖度和地上生物量呈现逐渐降低的趋势。不同的是,物种丰富度、辛普森指数和香农-维纳指数的最大值出现在轻度沙化梯度,而后呈显著降低趋势(P0.001),但Pielou指数在各沙化梯度间差异不显著(P=0.634)。通过计算重要值发现,沙化梯度之间群落结构变异较大。相关性分析发现,沙化过程物种生态位宽度与重要值呈饱和曲线关系。随着沙化程度的加重,生态位高度重叠(0.9)和部分重叠(0.5O≤0.9)的植物种对数逐渐降低,而中度重叠以下(≤0.5)的植物种对数则变化不大,这说明沙化程度加深导致的物种数减少会降低种群间资源利用的竞争。沙化程度的加重伴随土壤养分的减少,为降低对有限资源的竞争,植物种群间的资源利用呈现多样化。     

高寒草甸不同类型草地群落特征及优势种植物生态位差异

为了解高寒草甸不同种群利用资源和占据生态空间的能力,结合野外试验和室内分析等手段对青藏高原杂类草草甸、矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸、小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸和藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)沼泽化草甸的群落数量特征及主要优势种植物的生态位进行研究.结果表明,不同群落类型高寒草甸物种组成、Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数均表现出杂类草草甸矮嵩草草甸小嵩草草甸藏嵩草沼泽化草甸;地上生物量为藏嵩草沼泽化草甸矮嵩草草甸杂类草草甸小嵩草草甸;不同群落类型优势种群所占的比例存在差异性.生态位宽度以及主要优势种植物生态位重叠值在不同植被类型差异明显,垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)在杂类草和矮嵩草草甸的生态位宽度最大,小嵩草和藏嵩草分别在小嵩草草甸和藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中最大,且生态位越大与其他植物的生态位重叠程度较高.但同一物种在不同群落类型所占的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值也不同,生态位宽度大的物种间生态位重叠值也越大.说明高寒草甸优势种群在资源利用能力或环境的生态适应能力方面有较大的差异性,环境资源的异质性是导致群落组成不同的关键因子.     

基于地理加权回归模型的能源“金三角”地区植被时空演变及主导因素分析

宁陕蒙接壤地区的能源"金三角"为我国提供了丰富的能源,其地表植被状况与我国的生态恢复与重建密切相关。应用RS和GIS技术,以归一化植被指数产品(MODIS NDVI)为数据源,借助逐像元趋势分析法研究了2005—2015年间的植被动态变化;基于规则网格构建地理加权回归模型(GWR),探索了高程、坡度、土壤黏粒含量、多年平均气温、多年平均降水、距煤矿区距离及距道路距离7个因子对植被变化的影响及其空间非平稳性。结果表明:(1)时间上,2005—2015年研究区平均NDVI整体呈现波动上升趋势,增长率为0.083·(10 a)~(-1)(P0.05);空间上,NDVI呈现由东南向西北递减的分布格局;趋势上,NDVI变化呈增加趋势的区域(27.11%)远大于减少区域(0.64%),显著增加区域主要分布在榆林市东部。(2)与2005—2012年相比,2013—2015年归一化植被指数(NDVI)在全区显著减少,且具有更强的空间聚集性(Moran's I值为0.851),但变化程度具有空间异质性。(3)2个时段全区植被变化受气候等自然因素的影响较大,影响植被变化的主要因素在时间与空间上具有差异性,人类活动对植被变化具有双重作用。     

长白山区公路对路域植物物种组成及多样性的影响

采用样线法对长白山区公路旁天然次生林和原始阔叶林的植物物种组成及多样性进行调查。分别选取具有代表性的两个试验点,在公路两侧且其垂直走向布设3条相互平行的样线,间隔5m。在样线上布设样点,调查的生态因子包括光强、温度及湿度;样方调查分为灌木和草本样方,分别记录种类、高度、盖度、株数。根据公路两侧生态因子、灌草植物组成及多样性变化情况,分析公路建设的生态影响。结果表明：（1）随着离公路距离的增加,光照、温度、湿度等环境因子呈现规律性变化,距离公路10m的位置是生态因子变化从剧烈到缓和的转折点;（2）公路建设对植物组成产生影响,随着离公路距离的增加,呈现从喜光植物到耐阴植物的变化,0～20m之间是优势种变化较剧烈的范围,而10m之内和20m之外样方之间优势种变化不大;（3）受路域环境因子改变的影响,公路建设对沿线植物的多样性影响包括正负两种,既增加了路域植物的多样性,同时也破坏了原生植被群落的稳定性;（4）从长白山区公路对草本、灌木植物组成及生物多样性影响的范围和程度来看,草本的影响范围超过20m,灌木的影响范围达到10m,影响范围：草本灌木。随着与公路距离的增加,公路对植物组成及多样性的影响程度降低。     

江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区两栖动物资源现状及保护对策

近年来我国两栖动物受胁迫物种增多,并且总体数量呈下降趋势,两栖动物及其栖息地保护迫在眉睫。为阐明鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区两栖动物资源现状,于2018年4、6和8月,运用样线法调查该区域两栖动物物种组成、种群数量及栖息地利用状况,以期为鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区两栖动物保护提出针对性建议。该研究共观测到两栖动物8种,隶属于1目4科,其中包括1种国家Ⅱ级保护动物[虎纹蛙(Hoplobatrachus chinensis)]及5种国家"三有"保护动物。泽陆蛙(Fejervarya multistriata)为保护区优势种(共计3 432只,占总个体数的64.93%)。两栖动物物种数、个体数和物种多样性在调查月份间无显著差异。而栖息地类型对两栖动物数量和Pielou均匀度指数具有显著影响。两栖动物对栖息地的偏好及自身生态位宽度是影响该地区两栖动物分布的主要因素。     

滹沱河流域湿地植被优势种群生态位研究

采用Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度指数和Petraitis生态位重叠指数测定了滹沱河流域湿地植被20个优势种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠.结果表明,浮叶眼子菜、莎草、藨草等占据较窄的生态位,生态位发生明显特化.苔草、海乳草、黄花蒿、赖草等占据较宽的生态位,生态位泛化比较明显.根据生态位宽度指数将湿地植物分为4个生态类群.在20个优势种群构成的380个种对中,有71个种对间表现出生态位重叠,占整个种对的18.68%.说明优势种群间生态位重叠现象并不普遍,各种群间生态位明显分离,因此不同种群利用资源的方式具有较为显著的差异性.图1表3参15     

粪斑对结缕草放牧草地根系层土壤氮素的影响

研究了结缕草放牧草地根系层土壤氮素的季节性变化特征．结果表明：结缕草放牧草地根系层土壤的全氮量和C／N比值的变化与草地土壤总的肥力水平有关，同时也受到草地放牧的强度和历史的影响；但无机态氮(硝态氮和铵态氮)却较少受到这些因素的影响；铵态氮在根系层土壤的无机态氮总量中占优势．在所研究的放牧草地上，放牧牛在前一年排泄的粪斑对下一个生长季根系层土壤氮素水平的影响很小，因此，由粪斑引起的结缕草放牧草地根系层土壤氮素的空间异质性持续时间一般可能不会超过两个生长季．表1参10     

牦牛粪便对川西北高寒草甸土壤养分的影响

川西北高寒草甸是我国四大牧区之一,也是"长江上游生态屏障"建设的重要"生态功能区"之一.近年来牦牛粪便被大量出售,显著地改变了生态系统的养分循环.通过模拟牛粪堆积,研究了牦牛粪便养分释放及其对周围土壤养分(NO3--N、NH4--N、速效K、无机P、有机C、全N和全P)在不同时间和距离条件下的影响.结果表明,在研究区域内,牛粪对草地生态系统具有较强的养分(N、P)贡献能力,据初步统计,其值大致为N素699～932 kg hm-2,P素为110～147 kg hm-2;牛粪养分在夏季具有较快的分解速率,在3 mo左右之后基本分解殆尽;粪便在短期内能显著提高粪下土壤养分的含量,其中,对No3--N含量的提高最为明显,在2 mo左右之后其含量达到初始态的8.4倍,在实验后期,粪便对土壤养分的影响作用逐渐消失;粪便在夏季对周围10 cm内土壤的养分(NO3--N、NH4+N、速效K和无机P)含量能产生显著影响(P<0.05),但影响范围难以达到周围30 cm左右.与通常结论不同的是,在整个实验周期内,牦牛粪便并没有显著提高土壤有机C、全N和全P的含量.图4表1参31     

猪粪、木屑混合物蚯蚓堆制处理中蚓体Cu、Zn富集的影响因素

采用室内接种法,以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）构建生物反应器,研究猪粪、木屑混合物的蚯蚓堆制处理中,蚓体的生长状况及影响其Cu、Zn富集的主要因素。结果表明,接种密度为40 mg.g-1、湿度为75%同时有利于蚯蚓生长和基质消耗;温度为15℃对蚓体质量增加最有利,而温度为20℃最利于基质消耗;m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4可同时利于蚓体质量增加和基质消耗。适宜的接种密度（48 mg.g-1）、湿度（70%）、温度（15℃）及较高比例的碳源辅料〔m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4〕有利于蚓体对Cu的吸收和富集;低接种密度和高比例碳源辅料有利于蚓体对Zn的吸收,湿度和温度对蚓体Zn含量无显著影响,但蚓体Zn富集量分别在接种密度48 mg.g-1、m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4、湿度75%和温度15℃条件下达最大。     

Pasture and hayland: Measures of reclamation success

Several characteristics of a reclaimed and two unmined grasslands used for tame pastureland in North Dakota were measured over the past eight years. Characteristics included productivity (vegetation and animal), ground cover and soil loss, species composition and numbers, and seasonality. Each characteristic is discussed as it relates to its value as a measure of reclamation success. In our view, vegetative productivity and ground cover provide an appropriate and adequate measure to document reclamation success for the postmine use of pasture and occasional hay production.     

洞庭湖区退田还湖过程中小型兽类的生态位特征

为了解退田还湖工程实施后的小兽群落状况,2003~2010年对洞庭湖区退田还湖后9种不同类型生境中小型兽类的生态位特征进行了调查.共布放64 432夹日,捕获小型兽3 066只,总的捕获率为4.76%,包括啮齿目10种和食虫目2种.小型兽类各种群的生态位宽度以褐家鼠和黑线姬鼠最高,分别为0.819 8和0.765 6,为广生态位的种类;随后依次是臭鼩、东方田鼠、刺猬、巢鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠、黄毛鼠、针毛鼠,分别为0.689 0、0.573 7、0.527 3、0.482 8、0.394 8、0.289 7、0.265 1、0.098 5;社鼠和大足鼠最低,仅在1种生境中有捕获.从生态位宽度指数的季节变化看,黑线姬鼠、褐家鼠、东方田鼠和臭鼩在四季的生态位宽度指数均较高.从空间生态位宽度和生态位重叠指数看,除黑线姬鼠和褐家鼠利用生境较广外,洞庭湖小兽群落可分为3个类群:栖息于环湖丘岗林地生境的社鼠、针毛鼠和黄毛鼠类群,以湖滩生境为主的东方田鼠、巢鼠和臭鼩类群,以及以村庄周围的农田生态系统为主的家鼠类群.从生态位指标和捕获数量看,黑线姬鼠、东方田鼠和褐家鼠是当地需要重点关注的种类.东方田鼠种群数量高峰年份与低谷年份比,其生态位宽度以及与其它种类的生态位重叠指数均较高,高峰年份东方田鼠冬季在双退垸出现,说明退田还湖已扩大了东方田鼠的繁殖基地,对东方田鼠种群发展有利,在种群暴发年份,易形成更加严重的危害.     

Influence of dung volatiles on the process of resource selection by coprophagous beetles

Summary. Most dung beetles colonize the faeces of several vertebrate species without much discrimination, and are thus often considered as polyphagous. Recent studies have provided evidence for clear feeding preferences in scarab beetles colonizing dung of herbivore species, but little is known about these insects’ abilities to discriminate among odours from faeces of various herbivores. In this study, trophic preferences were examined using blocks of pitfall traps baited with dung from four different herbivore species, i.e., sheep, cattle, horse, and red deer, in a mountainous area of south-central France. 4941 coprophagous scarabs, belonging to 27 species, were captured. Beetles were more attracted to dung of sheep (2257 individuals) than that of cattle (1294 individuals), followed by deer dung (768 individuals) and horse dung (622 individuals). Eleven of the 27 beetle species collected had significant feeding preferences for one of the four dung types. For each insect species, trophic habits did not vary between the two different sites of trapping, an open pasture and a wooded habitat. In laboratory olfactometer bioassays, scarab beetles orientated preferentially towards the dung volatiles from the dung type they preferred in the field. Trypocopris pyrenaeus, Anoplotrupes stercorosus, and Aphodius rufipes were more attracted to volatile compounds from sheep dung, Onthophagus fracticornis significantly preferred horse dung volatiles, and Aphodius haemorrhoidalis responded positively to deer dung odours. The role of dung olfactory cues in the process of resource selection by dung beetles is discussed.     

Dispersal, pair formation and social structure in gibbons (Hylobates lar)

We report observations on reproduction, natal dispersal, pair formation, and group structure based on longitudinal observations of several white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) groups spanning 18 years. Our observations are at odds with the traditional view that gibbons live in nuclear family groups consisting of a pair of adults and their offspring, and that parents exclude young from the family territory when they reach adult size. In the relatively dense Khao Yai study population, dispersing young usually obtain mates by replacing adults in existing territories, which creates non-nuclear families. Six subadults, five males and one female, matured and dispersed at an average age of 10 years, or about 2 years after reaching adult size. Average natal dispersal distance was 710 m, or between one and two territories away. At least two dispersing males replaced adults in neighboring groups. In one case, forcible displacement of the resident male resulted in a group which included a young juvenile presumably fathered by the previous male, two younger juveniles (probably brothers) from the new male's original group, and (later) offspring of the new pair. Social relations within this heterogeneous group remained harmonious: the adults groomed all the young and play occurred between all preadult members. In only two out of a total of seven cases of dispersal seen did two subadults pair and disperse into new territorial space. Nonreproducing subadults which delay dispersal may be tolerated by the adults provided that they contribute benefits to the adults or their offspring. Possible benefits include behaviors such as grooming, social play with juveniles, and support of the adult male in defending the territory. Delayed dispersal is probably advantageous in a saturated environment where there is no room for floaters, but subadults may also gain indirect fitness benefits by aiding siblings and other relatives. Received: 24 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 12 January 1998     

Bromus tectorum invasion alters nitrogen dynamics in an undisturbed arid grassland ecosystem

The nonnative annual grass Bromus tectorum has successfully replaced native vegetation in many arid and semiarid ecosystems. Initial introductions accompanied grazing and agriculture, making it difficult to separate the effects of invasion from physical disturbance. This study examined N dynamics in two recently invaded, undisturbed vegetation associations (C3 and C4). The response of these communities was compared to an invaded/ disturbed grassland. The invaded/disturbed communities had higher surface NH4+ input in spring, whereas there were no differences for surface input of NO3-. Soil inorganic N was dominated by NH4+, but invaded sites had greater subsurface soil NO3-. Invaded sites had greater total soil N at the surface four years post-invasion in undisturbed communities, but total N was lower in the invaded/disturbed communities. Soil delta15N increased with depth in the noninvaded and recently invaded communities, whereas the invaded/disturbed communities exhibited the opposite pattern. Enriched foliar delta15N values suggest that Bromus assimilated subsurface NO3-, whereas the native grasses were restricted to surface N. A Rayleigh distillation model accurately described decomposition patterns in the noninvaded communities where soil N loss is accompanied by increasing soil delta15N; however, the invaded/ disturbed communities exhibited the opposite pattern, suggesting redistribution of N within the soil profile. This study suggests that invasion has altered the mechanisms driving nitrogen dynamics. Bromus litter decomposition and soil NO3- concentrations were greater in the invaded communities during periods of ample precipitation, and NO3- leached from the surface litter, where it was assimilated by Bromus. The primary source of N input in these communities is a biological soil crust that is removed with disturbance, and the lack of N input by the biological soil crust did not balance N loss, resulting in reduced total N in the invaded/disturbed communities. Bromus produced a positive feedback loop by leaching NO3- from decomposing Bromus litter to subsurface soil layers, accessing that deepsoil N pool with deep roots and returning that N to the surface as biomass and subsequent litter. Lack of new inputs combined with continued loss will result in lower total soil N, evidenced by the lower total soil N in the invaded/disturbed communities.