热管式真空管集热器在我国的发展历程

一引言 真空管太阳能集热器是在平板型太阳能集热器基础上发展起来的新型太阳能集热装置。按照吸热体的材料进行分类,真空管可划分为玻璃吸热体真空管（或称为全玻璃真空管）和金属吸热体真空管（或称为玻璃－金属真空管）两大类。     

10家平板太阳能吸热涂层制造商获行业组织推荐

<正>近年来,随着我国平板太阳能热水器(系统)市场的复苏,平板太阳能集热器核心材料——平板太阳能选择性吸热涂层的生产厂家越来越多,然而众多品牌的涂层质量参差不齐。G B/T 26974-2011《平板型太阳能集热器吸热体技术要求》已经颁布实施多年,标准贯彻实施情况如何?业内人士很关心,国家质检总局也很重视。为此,中国太阳能热利用产业     

分析太阳能平板集热器吸热板芯传热性能的一种简易方法

该文通过对太阳能平板集热器吸热板芯的传热分析。导出了一种能计算集热器吸热板温度场分布的简易方法,通过与有限元数值计算方法得出结果的对比。表明这种方法是可靠的,可以用于分析吸热板结构。气象参数等因素对太阳能集热器传热的影响。以利于优化集热器结构。     

平板型太阳能集热器

平板型太阳能集热器主要有吸热板、透明盖板、隔热层和外壳等几部分组成。用平板型太阳能集热器组成的热水器即平板太阳能热水器。     

平板型太阳能空气集热器有效透过率与吸收率乘积的计算

在分析平板型太阳能空气集热器内部传热原理的基础上，对其有效透过率与吸收率的乘积进行了讨论，导出了计算公式。     

槽式太阳能新型腔式吸热器的热性能研究

提出一种适用于抛物槽集热器的新型太阳能腔式吸热器,该装置具有较高的集热效率,同时连接安装和日常运行维护也相对便利。对其建立一套三维传热模型,并搭建采用新型腔式吸热器的抛物槽集热器实验系统,通过实验测试对比吸热器瞬时效率,验证模型的准确性。此外,定量分析不同环境参数与工作参数对新型腔式吸热器热性能的影响,结果表明:集热效率随着法向直接日射辐照度、环境温度的升高而增加,随着环境风速和吸热器入口传热流体温度的升高而降低,而受传热流体质量流量的影响较小。     

平板型太阳能集热器的研究进展

从热交换方式、传热介质、吸热涂层及管片连接方式等方面,叙述了平板型太阳能集热器的分类和各类的优缺点,提出,对平板型太阳能集热器改进的措施。     

带有间隙的V形肋片对太阳能空气集热器的传热及流动特性的影响

在吸热板上增设带有间隙的V形肋片可以有效地提高平板型太阳能空气集热器的传热性能。运用数值模拟方法在Re为6000~18000内,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型,对带有间隙的V形肋片的相对肋宽比及间隙位置对集热器换热性能的影响进行了计算研究,分析了流场结构对传热的影响。结果表明:采用带有间隙的V形肋片可以引发通过间隙的二次流,从而破坏间隙下游处的热边界层,提高该处的局部Nu数。当间隙位置为d1/(w/2)=0.33,d2/(w/2)=0.33,相对肋宽比为W/w=5时,集热器具有较好的传热性能。     

波纹板太阳能集热器吸热板表面太阳辐照度分布特性研究

采用蒙特卡洛射线追踪法,研究不同季节和安装角度等关键参数对波纹板太阳能集热器与平板太阳能集热器吸热板表面太阳辐照度的影响,并对得到的数据进行分析。模拟结果显示,在相同安装角度下,波纹板太阳能集热器吸热板表面太阳辐照度比平板太阳能集热器大。二者相差的百分比随光线对集热器的入射角而变化,入射角较小时,相差的百分比较大。90°安装时,冬季波纹板太阳能集热器累积辐照度比平板太阳能集热器提升6.2%,夏季二者接近。40°安装时,冬季和夏季波纹板太阳能集热器累积辐照度分别比平板太阳能集热器提升7.1%和6.9%。     

太阳能词汇

8.集热器部件和相关量 Collector components and related quantities8.1 吸热体 absorber 太阳集热器内吸收辐射能并将这能量以热量形式传输给流体(传热流体)的部件8.2 吸热板absorber plate 基本上为平板形状的吸热体8.3 接收器receiver 聚光集热器中最终接收太阳辐射的部件,它由透过辐射的任何附加玻璃窗及吸热体组成     

CFD analysis of the thermal losses on the upper part of a flat solar collector

To investigate the reduction of heat losses on the upper part of a flat solar collector, a two‐dimensional study was carried out by CFD analysis using Fluent. For this purpose, the heat transfer behavior in the air gap over a wide range of thicknesses of the latter (1‐20 mm) and the addition of a second glass cover fixed at midheight of the air gap spacing have been investigated. For small thicknesses of the air gap (1‐8 mm), the heat transfer is essentially conductive. An increase in the thickness leads to the intensification of the natural convection which induces high thermal losses. The simulation results have shown that the addition of a second cover glazing leads to the weakening of the natural convection and thus to an average enhancement of the solar collector temperature over the range of thicknesses studied of approximately 17%. The overall thermal losses coefficient is then reduced by an average of 26% compared with the single‐glazed solar collector. They have also shown that the thickness of the air gaps resulting in the minimum overall heat losses is 8 mm and that the thickness of the second glass cover has no significant effect on these results. In addition, this study has highlighted the importance of taking into account the radiation heat transfer in establishing the thermal balance of a flat solar collector. Indeed, this consideration leads to an average decrease of the absorber temperature of about 30%.     

Theoretical and experimental study of efficiency factor,heat transfer and thermal heat loss coefficients in solar air collectors with selective and nonselective absorbers

The thermal heat performance of a solar air collector depends strongly on the thermal heat loss and the efficiency factor. In order to increase these performances, it is necessary to use a solar air collector which is well insulated and where the fluid flow is fully developed turbulent flow. It needs a high heat transfer between the absorber plate and the fluid to decrease the absorber‐plate temperature and hence the heat loss by radiation from the absorber to the ambient. This increases the efficiency factor. In the present paper, the heat loss and efficiency factor are treated for solar air collectors with selective and nonselective absorber plate. It is shown that the selectivity of the absorber plate cannot play an important role in a well‐insulated solar collector with a fanned system which permits a fully developed turbulent flow and, in consequence, high heat transfer. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study and optimization of the thermal performances of the offset rectangular plate fin absorber plates, with various glazing

The low thermophysical characteristics of air used as a heat transfer fluid in the solar collectors with thermal conversion require a fully developed turbulent flow. This increases the thermal heat transfer between the absorber plate and the fluid, which clearly improves the thermal performances of the solar collector with obstacles arranged into the air channel duct. In the present work, we introduce, in solar collector, the offset rectangular plate fins, which are used in heat exchangers. An experimental investigation carried out showed the generated enhancement of thermal performance. The offset rectangular plate fins, mounted in staggered pattern, are oriented parallel to the fluid flow and are soldered to the underside of absorber plate. They are characterized by high heat transfer area per unit volume. High thermal performances are obtained with low pressure losses and in consequence a low electrical power consumption by the fan in comparison to the flat plate collector. The experimental results are all so compared by using two types of transparent cover; double and triple.     

一种高效平板太阳能集热器试验研究

性能良好的太阳能集热器是太阳能空调的关键设备之一,广东省江门市太阳能空调系统采用了一种高效的平板集热器,其主要技术特垂直 是增加了一块聚碳酸脂（PC）透明隔热板,本研究通过对比试验,确定了一种高交平板太阳能热器的技术方案,并测定了效率曲线,其热损系数仅为2.90W/(m^2.℃）。     

Theoretical approach of a flat-plate solar collector taking into account the absorption and emission within glass cover layer

A rigorous theoretical approach of a flat-plate solar collector with a black absorber considering the glass cover as an absorbing–emitting media is presented. The glass material is analyzed as a non-gray plane-parallel medium subjected to solar and thermal irradiations in one-dimensional case using the Radiation Element Method by Ray Emission Model (REM²). The optical constants of a clear glass window proposed by Rubin have been used. These optical constants, 160 values of real part n and imaginary part k of the complex refractive index of a clear glass, cover the range of interest for calculating the solar and thermal radiative transfer through the glass cover. The computational time for predicting the thermal behavior of solar collector was found to be prohibitively long for the non-gray calculation using 160 values of n and k. Therefore a suitable semi-gray model is proposed for rapid calculation. The profile of the efficiency curve obtained in the present study was found to be not linear in shape. Indeed, the heat loss from the collector is a combination of convection and radiation and highly non linear. The effect of the outside convective heat transfer on the efficiency curve is also studied. In fact, when the convection is the dominant heat transfer mode compared with the radiation one, the profile of the efficiency curve is more or less straight line. Consequently, the heat loss coefficient could be calculated using Klein model. It has been also shown that the effect of the wind speed on the glass cover mean temperature is very important. This effect increases with the increase of the mean absorber temperature.     

Thermal performance of gas-filled flat plate solar collectors

A sealed space between absorber and cover glass in a flat plate solar collector makes it possible to reduce the influence of humidity condensate and dust at the same time as the enclosed space can be filled with a suitable gas for lowering the heat losses. This article describes the influence of different gases on the heat losses in a typical flat plate solar collector. A model of a gas-filled flat plate solar collector was built in Matlab with standard heat transfer formulas. The results show that the overall heat loss can be reduced by up to 20% when changing from air to an inert gas. It is further possible to reduce the distance between absorber and cover in order to reduce the mechanical stresses in the material with similar heat losses.     

Numerically assisted analysis of flat and corrugated plate solar collectors thermal performances

The paper presents the results of experimentally supported numerical analysis performed in order to investigate the possibilities to improve the thermal efficiency of plate solar collectors. Different numerical models were developed in order to asses the influence of design and operating parameters such as bond conductance between absorber plate and tube, tube diameter, glass cover to absorber plate distance, optical properties of absorber and flow rate on thermal efficiency of collectors. Following the results, two designs of collector without tubes, with parallel flat and corrugated absorber plates of chevron type, is further considered and shown to be an effective way to increase the thermal efficiency of solar energy conversion beyond that of commercial glazed and unglazed solar water heaters. Based on the results, the guidelines for design of a new collector prototype consisting of chevron type corrugated plates normally used in plate heat exchangers are provided.     

Experimental studies on solar flat plate collector with internally grooved tubes using aqueous ethylene glycol

In order to cope up with the increase in energy demand and decline in fossil fuels, it has become imperative to use renewable resources efficiently. Among these renewable resources, solar thermal energy is abundant in nature. Solar water heating systems are one of the most important applications of solar thermal energy. Providing internal fins to absorber tube is the technique to improve heat transfer augmentation. Hence in the present study, experiments were performed on solar flat plate collector with different cross section of absorber tubes (plain tube and internally grooved tubes with different helix angles) and by varying the mass flow rates of the working fluids. This study reports the experimental results of flat plate collector, where the working fluid is water and aqueous ethylene glycol (50 : 50). Temperature profile of grooved absorber tube will be compared with plain tube. Since conversion efficiency of solar devices is low, the present study mainly focuses on improving the efficiency of solar flat plate collector.     

A numerical investigation of a photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collector

The photovoltaic thermal collector can provide thermal and heat power at the same time.In this paper, a photovoltaic/thermal sheet and tube collector has been numerically investigated. The paper focuses on the development of a hybrid solar collector PV/T. This model will be applied to optimize the operation of the PVT collector in the semi-arid climate. A mathematical model has been developed to determine the dynamic behavior of the collector, based on the energy balance of six main components namely a transparent cover, a PV module, a plate absorber, a tube, water in the tube and insulation. It has been validated by comparing the obtained simulation results with experimental results available in literature, where good agreement has been noted. Using our developed model, the heat and electrical power of sheet and tube collector has been analyzed for four typical days of year with the meteorological parameters of Monastir, Tunisia. Furthermore, the effect of solar radiation, the inlet water temperature, the number of glazing covers and the conductive heat transfer coefficient between plate absorber and PV module have been involved to identify their influence on the thermal and electrical efficiencies. The monthly thermal and electrical energies is also evaluated.     

Cusp mirror—Heat pipe evacuated tubular solar thermal collector

A solar thermal collector was constructed based on an internal 1.15X cusp concentrator, thermal insulation involving a vacuum and selective absorber, and thermal transfer to a manifold via heat-pipe action. Performance of the collector was compared with that of an evacuated, selectively coated, flat-plate absorber equipped with flow-through heat transfer. It was shown that with single collector tubes, mirror losses lowered the optical efficiency of the cusp, heat-pipe collector below that of the flat plate, while the smaller absorber area of the heat pipe reduced thermal losses at absorber temperatures above ambient. Thus, a crossover in efficiency occurred such that the flat plate was more efficient at low while the cusp-heat pipe was more efficient at high . Testing of modules showed that manifold losses and gains could dominate these collector effects when the collector area approximately equaled the manifold area.