一株聚丙烯酰胺降解菌降解聚丙烯酰胺及原油性能研究

以聚丙烯酰胺为能源和碳源从油田采出水中分离到一株菌,根据其生理生化特性分析及生长试验,该株菌被鉴定为假单胞菌属PD 1菌株.对该菌的性能进行了评价,证明该菌能够在含原油、聚丙烯酰胺的水环境中生长,并对原油和聚丙烯酰胺具有降解作用.化学分析表明,在细菌的降解下,原油物性发生改变,姥鲛烷 nC17和植烷 nC18以及∑C-22和(C21+21 ∑C+C22)/(C28+C29)的比值明显增加,原油部分分解为丙酸、烯酸、十六烷酸;同时,聚丙烯酰胺的分子结构受到破坏,粘度降低,相对分子量由原来的1×107变为1×105～1×106,分子链上的酰胺基水解成羧基.     

污水处理厂二级出水中四环素抗性菌的生长特性与耐药性

抗生素抗性菌的扩散已成为全世界面临的重要公共卫生安全隐患.本文从某城市污水处理厂二级出水中分离出21株四环素抗性菌,对其种属、生理生化特性、抗生素耐受性进行了研究.结果表明,21株四环素抗性菌均属于肠杆菌科,分别属于气单胞菌属(9株)、埃希氏菌属(5株)、肠杆菌属(3株)、克雷伯氏菌属(2株)、柠檬酸杆菌属(1株)和哈夫尼菌属(1株).这些菌大多属于条件致病菌,且有18株携带质粒.21株四环素抗性菌中,气单胞菌、埃希氏菌的平均最大生长量显著高于肠杆菌,大部分菌株的迟滞时间在2 h以内.抗生素耐受性试验结果表明,四环素抗性菌对氯霉素耐受能力最强,对β-内酰胺酶类抗生素(青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢噻吩)的耐受性次之,对利福平的耐受性最弱.75%以上的四环素抗性菌同时表现出对其它5种抗生素具有抗性.以上结果为我国污水处理厂抗生素抗性菌的风险分析与控制提供了参考数据.     

印染废水中反硝化聚磷菌的筛选及其脱氮除磷特性的研究

为研究反硝化聚磷菌的生物学特性和脱氮除磷能力,从印染废水中分离筛选出3株高效反硝化聚磷菌,经鉴定分别属于克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella）、肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）。将分离出来的反硝化聚磷菌富集培养,在缺磷培养液中厌氧培养24h,然后取少量培养液于4000rpm离心出菌体,投加于富磷培养液中厌氧培养24h,检测培养液中硝酸盐氮和磷的浓度变化。测得克雷伯氏菌A1的脱氮率为86．67％,除磷率为77．01％;肠杆菌A2的脱氮率为91．7％,除磷率为92．98％;链球菌A3的脱氮率为79．32％,除磷率为89．4％。     

北极海洋沉积物石油降解菌的筛选及系统发育分析

从中国第二次北极科学考察采集的海洋沉积物中经富集培养、分离筛选得到了26株石油降解菌.研究表明,分离到的石油降解菌均可在以石油为唯一碳源和能源的无机营养盐培养基中生长,其中菌株P18、P28和P29生长最佳.当培养基中石油含量为2g·L-1时,于5℃下振荡培养14d,3株菌株的石油降解率可分别达到30.96%、34.85%和51.28%.分离到的石油降解菌绝大部分(25/26)能分泌胞外脂肪酶.表明其石油降解能力与产脂肪酶能力有着较强的相关性.分子鉴定与系统发育分析表明,分离到的石油降解菌除P31和P32属于细菌域(Bacteria)拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria)外,其余均属于细菌域(Bacteria)变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)的γ-变形杆菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria),其中包括交替单胞菌目(Aheromonadales)的假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、科尔韦尔氏菌属(Colwellia)、希瓦氏菌属(Shetoanella),弧菌目(Vibrionales)的发光杆菌属(Photobacterium),假单胞菌目(Pscudomonadales)的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和海螺菌目(Oceanospirillales)的盐单胞菌属(Halomonas).分离到的石油降解菌以假交替单胞菌属为优势菌群,其比例可达42%.     

大庆聚驱后油藏内源微生物群落结构解析与分布特征研究

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)技术和主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)解析了大庆油田聚驱后油藏的细菌和古菌群落结构组成及分布特征.结果表明,注水井中的细菌主要以好氧的假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属为主,注水井近井地带以兼性厌氧的肠杆菌属为主,各采油井中的细菌则包括陶厄氏菌属、梭菌纲、假单胞菌属、油杆菌属及大量的未培养细菌;各注水井及注水井近井地带检测到的古菌主要是乙酸型产甲烷的甲烷鬃菌,各采油井中古菌则以甲烷微菌属、甲烷螺菌属及甲烷杆菌属等为主.总体上,该聚驱区块从注水井到采油井,细菌优势菌群依次呈好氧细菌-兼性厌氧细菌-严格厌氧细菌分布;古菌的分布受环境因素及微生物代谢产物影响,注水井和采油井中的优势菌群差异显著.     

A2N双污泥反硝化除磷系统微生物的先间歇后连续培养及快速启动

以实际生活污水为对象,研究了反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)的驯化培养以及A2N双污泥反硝化除磷系统的快速启动.采用先独立培养反硝化聚磷菌和好氧硝化生物膜再连续运行的方式成功地快速启动了A2N系统.采用污水处理厂除磷工艺中的活性污泥为种泥,在SBR系统中以先A/O(厌氧,好氧)后A/A(厌氧,缺氧)的方式运行.32 d成功地使反硝化聚磷菌成为优势菌属.在SBR反应器中,采用硝化效果较好的活性污泥为种泥,好氧硝化生物膜30 d挂膜成功.氨氮去除率稳定在99%以上.然后.A2N系统连续运行,11d后系统反硝化除磷效果进入稳定状态,出水氨氮和正磷酸盐浓度均为O,硝态氮为10.26 mg/L,出水COD为19.56 mg/L,COD、氨氮、总氮和磷去除率分别为91%、100%、77%和100%,说明A:N系统具有很好的脱氮除磷效果,认为系统启动成功.     

基于高通量测序分析的生物修复石油污染土壤菌群结构变化

利用高通量测序技术对微生物修复石油污染土壤过程中的微生物群落结构变化进行研究.结果表明,经修复处理的土壤微生物群落结构及多样性发生明显变化.利用生物强化修复处理(BA)的土壤中,微生物丰富度与均匀度明显降低,土著菌群受到抑制,外加变形菌门(Proteobacteria)成为主要的优势菌门,相对丰度由修复前的37. 44%增加为87. 44%.假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)成为土壤中的优势菌属,丰度由2. 99%增加为76. 37%;进行生物刺激修复处理的土壤(BS)菌群丰富度和均匀度与原污染土壤相比略有降低.菌群结构组成上,原优势菌门变形菌门(Proteobacteria)丰度由37. 44%降低为10. 90%,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)丰度由9. 16%增加为35. 32%,属水平上,原优势菌属微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)和原小单胞菌属(Promicromonospora)丰度由8. 49%和18. 96%分别降低为2. 19%和14. 97%,诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)丰度由5. 56%和0. 29%分别增加至28. 95%和22. 70%,成为主要优势菌属.生物强化修复处理引起土壤菌群多样性和结构发生明显变化,生物刺激修复处理可基本保持土壤菌群结构多样性不被破坏,土壤菌群结构的稳定有利于石油烃的生物降解.     

聚己内酯与聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯的脱氮性能对比

以可生物降解聚合物聚己内酯(PCL)和聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯(PHBV)作为反硝化缓释碳源和微生物载体,利用清水释碳和批式反硝化试验选出适用于再生水反硝化深度脱氮生物滤池的可生物降解碳源滤料,通过比较与分析碳源滤料的表面形态及物质特性和附着微生物的群落特征揭示其性能优越的原因.结果表明,PHBV反硝化启动时间短,反硝化速率高,剩余有机物浓度低,相比PCL具有更稳定持续的反硝化效果.原因是其表面粗糙,且含有大量C—O和CO等亲水性基团,易于微生物附着和降解利用;其表面附着的微生物种类多样,其中发硫菌属(Thiothrix)、假单胞属(Pseudomonas)、菌胶团属(Zoogloea)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)和脱氯菌属(Dechloromonas)等优势菌属均具有异养反硝化功能.因此,PHBV更适合作为再生水反硝化深度脱氮生物滤池的碳源滤料.     

人工湿地污水处理系统春季空气微生物群落结构分析?

通过构建16S/18S rDNA基因文库,分析自由表面流人工湿地污水处理系统春季空气细菌和空气真菌群落结构特征.结果表明,空气细菌分布在变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),主要为β-变形菌纲(71.04%)、γ-变形菌纲(12.03%)、α-变形菌纲(3.83%)、蓝藻纲(4.38%)、芽孢杆菌纲(3.28%)和鞘脂杆菌纲(2.19%),优势菌属是马赛菌属(Massilia 66.66%)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas 4.37%)、蓝丝细菌属(Cyanothece 3.83%)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia 3.28%).空气真菌主要类群为座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes 61.18%),其次是接合菌纲(Zygomycetes 16.47%)、盘菌纲(Discomycetes 14.12%),优势菌属是核腔菌属(Pyrenophora 48.31%)、被孢霉属(Mortierella 15.7%)、缘刺盘菌属(Cheilymenia 12.4%)、Boothiomyces (4.5%).人工湿地空气微生物中未检测出大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella spp.)和产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens),但存在粘质沙雷氏菌(S. marcescens)、恶臭假单胞菌(P. putida)、表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)等致病菌或条件致病菌.     

PCR-DGGE研究青海农村户用沼气池微生物群落结构

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析技术,对青海农村户用沼气池内细菌及古菌群落结构进行分析.结果表明,沼气池含有丰富的细菌及古菌类群,且泥样间的细菌和古菌的群落结构存在差异.4个户用沼气池发酵系统中,细菌分属于5个门,优势类群为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria).在属分类水平上,属于24个类群,最优势类群为理研菌科佩特里单胞菌属(Petrimonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomona)、泰氏菌属(Tissierella)和梭菌属(Clostridium).同时,沼气池发酵系统中古菌主要包括热丝菌属(Thermofilum)、甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)、甲烷囊菌属(Methanoculleus)、产甲烷菌属(Methanogenium),其中,Methanobrevibacter和Methanogenium是沼气池内最优势的产甲烷菌.说明沼气池的产甲烷途径主要是氢营养代谢类型,水解、酸化过程主要由来自动物消化系统内的细菌完成.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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