玉米秸秆分解过程中细菌群落组成演化特征

【目的】土壤中存在着大量的分解秸秆的微生物。研究秸秆分解过程中细菌群落组成的演化规律,对了解和调控农田微生物群体组成以促进秸秆分解具有重要意义。【方法】试验于2014年10月至2015年10月在河南省农业科学院原阳试验基地进行,将成熟期玉米秸秆(茎和叶)烘干,剪成长1~2 cm、宽0.3~1 cm的碎片,称12 g样品(相当于8 t/hm^2)装入15 cm×10 cm的尼龙网包(孔径0.04 mm)内,于10月5日冬小麦出苗后埋置在小麦垄间。分别于埋置后0、1、2、4、7、10和12个月收集秸秆包和土壤样品。测定秸秆样品干物质量和碳氮含量,选择埋置了0、2、4、7和12个月的秸秆及其土壤样品分析细菌丰度及群落组成。【结果】秸秆埋入土壤后的前2个月内分解最快,然后逐步减慢,在1、2、4、7、10和12个月后分别降解了总生物量的19.2%、32.9%、44.2%、52.2%、66.8%和73.8%。秸秆埋入土壤后,秸秆和土壤中细菌丰度均显著增加,分别于第4和7个月达到最高后开始下降。秸秆细菌的丰度指标OTUs、ACE、Chao1和多样性指标Shannon随试验时间的延长逐步增加,而Simpson指数随试验时间延长逐步降低,而土壤中这些指标在试验过程中没有显著变化。与刚埋置秸秆时相比,埋置2个月后的秸秆细菌Bacteroidetes门相对丰度明显增加,主导细菌群为Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria门。Actinobacteria丰度在埋置2个月后明显降低,然后又随试验时间延长逐步增加。Planctomycetes、Saccharibacteria、Verrucomicrobia、Acidobacteria、Chloroflexi和Gemmatimonadetes丰度在原始秸秆中较低,埋入土壤后随试验时间延长逐步增加。Sphingobacteriia、Gammaproteobacteria、Alphaproteobacteria和Flavobacteriia主导前期细菌纲组成,而Actinobacteria、Anaerolineae和Bacilli纲丰度在后期逐步增加。秸秆分解速率主要受其碳含量影响,秸秆细菌群落组成前期与秸秆碳含量相关,后期与秸秆氮含量相关。随着试验的进展,秸秆细菌群落组成与土壤中的细菌群落组成趋同。【结论】秸秆埋入土壤后前2个月的分解速率最高,随后逐步降低。秸秆分解前期细菌群落由富营养型组分Bacteroidetes和Proteobacteria门和Sphingobacteriia、Gammaproteobacteria、Flavobacteriia和Alphaproteobacteria纲主导,随后被逐步增加的贫营养型组分Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria、Chloroflexi、Saccharibacteria门和Deltaproteobacteria、Actinobacteria纲等代替。秸秆碳氮含量变化是影响秸秆分解及其过程中细菌群落演化的主要原因。     

内蒙古玉米秸秆还田土壤细菌多样性特征

通过内蒙古半干旱冷凉地区玉米秸秆还田定位试验,结合常规分析手段和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术初步研究了玉米秸秆深翻还田后土壤有机质、纤维素酶活性及土壤细菌多样性变化。结果表明,随着玉米生育期的推进,土壤有机质含量呈先增加后下降趋势,拔节期和大喇叭口期含量较高。玉米秸秆深翻还田一年(SF-Ⅰ)和连续两年玉米秸秆深翻还田(SF-Ⅱ)0～20 cm土层有机质含量除了播种期差异显著外,其余生育期均无显著差异,但均与常规旋耕秸秆不还田(CK)有显著差异;20～40 cm土层SF-Ⅰ、SF-Ⅱ和CK有机质含量除了播种期差异显著外,其余生育期均无显著差异;玉米成熟期土壤有机质含量为SF-ⅡSF-ⅠCK;随着土层的下移土壤有机质含量呈逐渐降低的趋势。秸秆深翻还田后土壤纤维素酶活性明显增强,表现为SF-ⅡSF-ⅠCK;拔节期和大喇叭口期土壤纤维素酶活性增幅较高,与CK差异达到显著水平;纤维素酶活性随土层的下移逐渐下降,0～20 cm土层中,播种期至大喇叭口期秸秆还田土壤纤维素酶活性与CK间差异显著,其余时期无显著差异;20～40 cm土层中,仅播种期秸秆还田土壤纤维素酶活性与CK间差异显著。16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE分析可知,秸秆还田后拔节期至灌浆期土壤细菌群落发生较大的变化,拔节期变化最大。SF-Ⅱ、SF-Ⅰ、CK土壤菌属不同,细菌多样性指数SF-ⅡSF-ⅠCK;秸秆深翻还田增加了土壤细菌多样性,尤其是土壤中纤维素分解菌和有机污染物降解菌群。半干旱冷凉地区两年秸秆还田的土壤细菌多样性比一年秸秆还田的效果更为明显。     

不同秸秆还田方式对旱地红壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田方式下土壤细菌群落结构变化特征，以南方典型旱地红壤为研究对象，基于中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站玉米单作系统不同秸秆还田方式的长期试验，利用高通量测序明确了不同秸秆还田方式对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响。结果表明：1）秸秆还田对土壤肥力提升显著，以秸秆猪粪配施（NPKSM）提升效果最佳；2）常规化肥处理（NPK）对细菌多样性无显著影响，但秸秆还田（NPKS）、秸秆猪粪配施（NPKSM）以及生物质炭（NPKB）处理均显著提升土壤细菌多样性；3）速效磷（AP）和土壤有机碳（SOC）变化是影响细菌多样性指数的主要因素，而速效钾（AK）、pH、总磷（TP）以及总氮（TN）均显著驱动细菌群落结构变异。研究结果从培育红壤肥力与微生物多样性的角度，为农业生态系统生物功能和土壤健康的协同提升提供了科学依据。     

芦苇秸秆厌氧联产氢气甲烷过程中细菌群落演替规律

基于PCR-DGGE技术研究芦苇秸秆氢气-甲烷厌氧联产过程中,细菌微生物群落结构特征和演替规律。结果表明,厌氧联产过程中细菌群落结构分布存在明显的阶段性差异。产氢阶段初期,细菌群落相似性较小,随着厌氧联产的进行,细菌种类逐渐增多并在产氢高峰期保持稳定,群落相似性较高,戴斯系数(Cs)为83.6%(第12、24小时,泳道H3和H4)。产甲烷高峰期Cs值达到87.4%(第210、258小时,泳道M6,M7),群落结构稳定,产甲烷末期Cs值降低至51.5%(第210、432小时,泳道M6,M9)。序列分析表明,Enterobacter aerogenes产气肠杆菌是具有高效产氢潜力的兼性厌氧细菌,Sedimentibacter产氢产乙酸菌是产氢阶段的优势微生物。Clostridium thermocellum嗜热纤维素菌是厌氧联产过程的优势微生物,具有降解纤维素功能,对芦苇秸秆的能源化利用起到重要作用。     

煤矿区复垦土壤中秸秆和生物炭的分解特征

[目的]研究煤矿区不同复垦年限土壤中秸秆和生物炭的分解特征及其影响因素,为资源合理利用和矿区土壤培肥提供理论依据.[方法]依托山西煤矿复垦区试验基地,在复垦年限为1年(复垦初期阶段,R1)、10年(复垦中期阶段,R10)和30年(复垦长期阶段,R30)的土壤中进行了有机物料填埋试验.供试有机物料包括:玉米秸秆(MS)、...     

盐沼湿地中植物根围土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的16S rDNA分析

The structure and diversity of the bacterial communities in rhizosphere soils of native Phragmites australis and Scirpus rnariqueter and alien Spartina alterniflora in the Yangtze River Estuary were investigated by constructing 16S ribosomal DNA （rDNA） clone libraries. The bacterial diversity was quantified by placing the clones into operational taxonomic unit （OTU） groups at the level of sequence similarity of 〉 97%. Phylogenetic analysis of the resulting 398 clone sequences indicated a high diversity of bacteria in the rhizosphere soils of these plants. The members of Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria were the most abundant in rhizobacteria. Chao 1 nonpaxametric diversity estimator coupled with the reciprocal of Simpson＇s index （l/D） was applied to sequence data obtained from each library to evaluate total sequence diversity and quantitatively compare the level of dominance. The results showed that Phragmites, Scirpus, and Spartina rhizosphere soils contained 200, 668, and 382 OTUs, respectively. The bacterial communities in the Spartina and Phragraites rhizosphere soils displayed species dominance revealed by 1/D, whereas the bacterial community in Scirpus rhizosphere soil had uniform distributions of species abundance. Overall, analysis of 16S rDNA clone libraries from the rhizosphere soils indicates that the changes in bacterial composition may occur concomitantly with the shift of species composition in plant communities.     

潮土中残留小麦和玉米秸秆养分含量差异及与微生物群落组成的关系

黄淮海平原典型潮土上小麦和玉米收获后的秸秆往往直接还田,但驱动它们在不同质地潮土(砂质、壤质、黏质)中分解的微生物是否与残留秸秆养分含量有关尚不清楚.本研究基于尼龙网袋法,通过10个月的田间培育试验,监测秸秆分解率、残留秸秆养分含量及微生物群落组成,评估各指标在秸秆类型和土壤质地之间的差异,探究残留秸秆养分与微生物群落...     

秸秆添加对土壤有机碳库分解转化和组成的影响

研究秸秆添加量对黄潮土和砂姜黑土有机碳库分解转化和组成的影响规律,为调节土壤碳循环、培肥地力提供科学依据。通过1年的室内培养试验,研究了添加0~400 g·kg-1秸秆时,两种土壤的有机物料分解率、腐殖化系数、C/N及土壤活性有机碳、非活性有机碳、总有机碳和碳库活度(活性有机碳与非活性有机碳的比值)的变化。结果表明:随秸秆用量的增加,有机物料在土壤中的分解率增加,腐殖化系数降低;土壤活性有机碳、非活性有机碳、总有机碳含量和碳库活度均增加,与秸秆添加量呈极显著线性正相关关系;土壤活性有机碳和总有机碳含量间具有极显著线性正相关性关系,腐殖化系数同土壤碳库活度呈极显著线性负相关。与砂姜黑土相比,秸秆在黄潮土中更易分解,但黏粒含量较高的砂姜黑土更有利于土壤碳的储存。试验1年后,黄潮土活性有机碳占总有机碳的比例和碳库活度分别比砂姜黑土平均高7.6个百分点和12.3个百分点,砂姜黑土的腐殖化系数和C/N分别比黄潮土平均高3.2个百分点和2.3。综上,秸秆添加越多,碳库活度便越高,越有利于有机物料分解,降低腐殖化系数;黏粒含量越高,有机物料的分解受阻,腐殖化系数便越高。     

长期秸秆掩埋配施氮肥对土壤细菌群落特征的影响

为揭示典型潮土微生物群落及其生态网络对秸秆还田的响应机制,选择长期小麦-玉米轮作下不同秸秆还田处理的试验地为对象,应用高通量测序和生态网络等方法,阐明秸秆掩埋配施不同氮肥后土壤细菌群落组成、细菌网络共存关系以及与土壤养分的关联。结果表明：（1）与秸秆移除且不施氮肥处理相比,秸秆还田配合常规施肥处理显著降低土壤pH,提高了土壤全氮、有机碳、有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮含量（P < 0.05）。秸秆掩埋配施氮肥有利于增加土壤养分含量。（2）不同秸秆还田方式和氮肥施用量处理的细菌Alpha多样性无显著差异,而细菌群落结构差异显著。pH、SOC和TN等因子驱动了细菌群落结构变异。酸杆菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门是潮土细菌群落的主要优势菌门。（3）共现网络分析得到4个主要的生态集群,均与土壤养分有显著相关性。模块1中物种丰度与SOC、TN、TP、NO3- -N、AP和AK呈极显著负相关（P < 0.001）,与pH呈极显著正相关（P < 0.001）;模块2和模块3中物种丰度与大部分养分含量呈正相关,与pH呈负相关。因此秸秆还田配施氮肥可以通过调节细菌互作关系,从而调控土壤肥力。研究结果可为秸秆的资源化利用和土壤施肥管理提供科学依据。     

全年稻麦秸秆还田对稻田土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为了研究全年尺度下稻麦轮作系统中稻、麦秸秆全量还田对稻田土壤生态环境的影响,设置全年稻和麦秸秆均不还田(CK)、小麦季稻秸秆还田(W-RS)、水稻季麦秸秆还田(R-WS)、全年稻和麦秸秆全量还田(RWS)4个处理,采用 Illumina高通量测序技术比较了这 4种全年秸秆还田模式下稻田土壤细菌群落结构的变化特征,并分析其理化性质。结果表明:与 CK相比,秸秆还田可提高土壤有机质、氮磷钾养分含量,全年稻、麦秸秆全量还田及 0～ 5 cm土层土壤增幅较大。秸秆还田并没有显著提高土壤细菌多样性指数;各处理中前三位优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),分别占总序列的     

不同绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆腐解特征研究

【目的】玉米是中国第一大粮食作物,如何处理大量的玉米秸秆成为玉米种植区面临的关键问题之一,深入研究冬种绿肥对玉米秸秆腐解释放的影响,对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。【方法】采用尼龙网袋法,通过对红壤旱地空闲 (YCK)及紫花苜蓿(YZ)、 黑麦草(YH)、 肥田萝卜(YL)绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆177 d的腐解量和养分释放的监测,分析玉米秸秆腐解速率及碳、 氮、 磷、 钾的释放规律。【结果】四种种植模式下,玉米秸秆腐解及养分释放均呈现前期快后期慢的规律,7 d的腐解和养分释放速率均达到最大。翻压177 d时,四种种植模式下(YCK、 YZ、 YH、 YL)玉米秸秆累积腐解量分别为23.41、 21.22、 20.86和20.95 g,玉米秸秆碳累积释放量分别为12.38、 11.07、 11.18、 11.36 g ,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式秸秆累积腐解量分别显著降低了9.3%、 10.9%、 10.5%,碳累积释放量则分别显著降低了10.6%、 9.7%和8.3%; 各处理氮累积释放量分别为479.46、 513.04、 442.58和530.20 mg,相比YCK种植模式,种植绿肥对玉米秸秆氮累积释放量的影响不显著,而YH种植模式较YZ和YL种植模式则显著降低了13.7%和16.5%。各处理磷累积释放量分别为58.10、 57.91、 58.47和59.47 mg,且YL种植模式较YCK种植模式显著提高了2.35%; 翻压 28 d时,各处理钾累积释放量为487.20、 444.85、 456.94和434.55 mg,分别占加入量的100.0%、 91.3%、 93.8%和89.2%,且三个种植模式均显著低于YCK种植模式,42 d时各处理的钾均全部释放。从玉米秸秆碳与氮、 磷、 钾比来看,翻压177 d时,与YCK种植模式相比,YZ和YL种植模式玉米秸秆碳氮比显著增加了102.8%、 91.6%; YZ、 YH、 YL种植模式碳磷比分别显著增加了48.4%、 72.4%、 147.0%。翻压 28 d时,YH种植模式玉米秸秆碳钾比较YL种植模式显著提高。【结论】玉米秸秆腐解及其养分释放速率均在翻压后第7天达到最大值,之后腐解和养分释放速率减缓。与空闲相比,种植绿肥能显著减缓玉米秸秆腐化和秸秆中碳和钾的释放,而种植紫花苜蓿和肥田萝卜能促进玉米秸秆氮素释放,种植黑麦草则减缓了玉米秸秆氮素释放。种植肥田萝卜能显著促进玉米秸秆磷素释放。冬季种植肥田萝卜既对玉米秸秆还田后氮素释放有一定促进作用,又能增加红壤中磷的有效性,同时还能减缓玉米秸秆钾的释放,使钾释放更为长效,是一种土壤培肥和秸秆养分释放较好的绿肥种植模式。     

少免耕对小麦/玉米农田玉米还田秸秆腐解的影响

为了研究高产灌溉条件下土壤耕作模式对还田玉米秸秆腐解的影响,在山东龙口采用4种土壤耕作模式（常规耕作秸秆还田、旋耕秸秆还田、耙耕秸秆还田、免耕秸秆覆盖）进行了一年两季田间试验,测定了秸秆腐解率、秸秆腐解速率和秸秆的纤维素含量。结果表明：秸秆腐解速率与土壤温度具有显著的相关性。旋耕秸秆还田和耙耕秸秆还田两种少耕模式和常规耕作秸秆还田模式的秸秆腐解率、平均秸秆腐解速率无显著差异,说明少耕模式并不因减少耕作程序而降低作物秸秆在田间的腐解。免耕模式的秸秆腐解率和腐解速度显著低于以上3种耕作模式,经过小麦和玉米两个生长季节后仍有37.78%的玉米秸秆剩余,而且秸秆中纤维素质量分数为20.69%,腐解质量差,会对下年作物的出苗产生 影响。     

Combining conservation tillage with nitrogen fertilization promotes maize straw decomposition by regulating soil microbial community and enzyme activities

Straw return can effectively improve farmland soil microenvironment and fertility. However, excessive straw in the topsoil adversely affects seed germination and crop growth. At present, the characteristics and key driving factors of straw decomposition in dry farmlands are unclear. Based on the interactions between tillage practices including zero tillage (ZT), chisel tillage (CT), and plow tillage (PT) and nitrogen (N) fertilization, i.e., low N (N1, 180 kg ha^-1), normal N (N2, 240 kg ha^-1), and high N (N3, 300 kg ha^-1), quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology and an enzymatic detection kit were used to investigate the effects of key straw C-degrading enzyme activities and microbial abundance in soil on maize straw decomposition during the growth period of winter wheat in the winter wheat/summer maize double cropping system in a dry farmland of the Loess Plateau, China. Between 2018 and 2020, ZT and CT significantly increased winter wheat yield (by 10.94% and 12.79%, respectively) and straw decomposition velocity (by 20% and 26.67%, respectively), compared with PT. Compared to N1 and N3, N2 significantly increased wheat yield (by 4.65% and 5.31%, respectively) and straw decomposition velocity (by 26.33% and 13.21%, respectively). The partial least squares pathway modelling showed significant positive direct effects of soil moisture, NO-₃, NH⁺₄, total N, bacteria, and cellulase, laccase, and xylanase activities on straw decomposition, while soil pH, fungi, and Actinomycetes had significant negative direct effects. Overall, conservation tillage (ZT and CT) combined with N2 was beneficial for straw decomposition in the drylands of the Loess Plateau and improved straw resource utilization and basic soil fertility. The results of the study clarified the key drivers of straw decomposition in dry farmlands and provided new ideas for developing updated soil management practices and adaptive N application strategies to promote the resource utilization of straw and achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.     

理化预处理方式对玉米秸秆腐解与养分释放特征的影响

该文采用尼龙网袋法,研究了长期培养条件下,不同预处理方式(氨化、酸化、微波、无处理)对玉米秸秆腐解与养分释放特征的影响。结果表明,培养100 d后,包括对照在内的各处理秸秆质量累积腐解率均超过50%,其中酸化、氨化处理有利于促进玉米秸秆的快速腐解;培养300 d后,氨化、酸化、微波处理玉米秸秆的累积腐解率分别为89.22%、91.68%和82.26%,其中氨化、酸化处理显著高于对照(80.81%)。与对照相比,在秸秆快速分解期(0~100 d),酸化处理秸秆可多释放23.95%的氮、13.11%的磷、4.27%的钾;氨化处理秸秆可多释放9.69%的氮;微波处理秸秆可多释放4.28%的碳;培养结束时(300 d),酸化处理更有利于钾素、磷素的释放,比对照多释放了7.73%的钾、6.34%的磷;氨化处理更有利于氮素、磷素的释放,比对照多释放了6.16%的氮、5.41%的磷;微波处理可略增加钾素的释放,比对照提高1.61%。综上可见,玉米秸秆还田前进行适当酸化或氨化处理,可促进其腐解,提高养分释放速率,尤其酸化处理效果更好,但具体田间操作及表现仍需进一步研究。     

不同还田方式对玉米秸秆腐解及土壤养分含量的影响

通过土壤耕作和秸秆还田试验,以玉米秸秆为研究对象,探讨东北棕壤土区适宜的秸秆还田方式,为秸秆资源的高效利用提供理论依据。在辽宁沈阳设置连续两年（2014-2015年）的田间定位试验,采用尼龙网袋法研究免耕覆盖（NTS）、旋耕还田（RTS）和翻耕还田（PTS）3种秸秆还田方式下秸秆腐解率和碳氮磷钾养分释放率,分析秸秆还田方式对耕层土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,RTS和PTS秸秆腐解速率均表现为前期快、后期慢,秸秆养分释放率均表现为钾 > 磷 > 碳 > 氮。NTS、RTS和PTS处理秸秆两年平均腐解率分别为38.8%、78.0%、65.9%,两年平均碳释放率分别为56.5%、78.8%、69.4%,氮释放率为16.7%、53.5%、38.8%,磷释放率为81.3%、92.5%、89.8%,钾释放率为92.0%、99.4%、98.9%。NTS处理秸秆腐解率及碳氮释放率与还田时间符合逻辑斯蒂曲线方程,RTS和PTS处理秸秆腐解率、碳氮释放率及3种还田方式秸秆磷钾释放率随还田时间变化符合米氏方程。秸秆还田有助于提高耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量,RTS处理土壤全磷含量显著高于PTS处理（P<0.05）,与NTS处理全磷含量差异不显著,3种还田方式土壤全钾含量差异不显著。综合分析秸秆腐解和耕层土壤培肥效果,东北棕壤土区建议玉米秸秆还田方式为旋耕秸秆还田。     

Changes in soil bacterial community structure and microbial function caused by straw retention in the North China Plain

ABSTRACT

The effects of straw retention on soil bacterial community structure, microbial function, and biochemical properties were assessed. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and community-level physiological profile (CLPP) assays were used to assess the bacteria community structure and microbial function respectively. Treatments included straw removal with conventional tillage (CT), straw retention with conventional tillage (SRCT) and straw retention with no tillage (SRNT). SRCT and SRNT significantly (p < 0.05) increased soil organic carbon by 8.9% and 9.7%, and microbial biomass carbon by 44.7% and 330.8%, respectively, compared with CT. T-RFLP analysis indicated that straw retention had no favourable effect on soil bacterial diversity, and SRCT significantly (p < 0.05) decreased bacterial diversity compared to CT. Among the three treatments, SRNT had the highest activity of urease, invertase, cellulase, and β-glucosidase. SRCT significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activity of invertase and β-glucosidase compared to CT treatment. CLPP analysis showed that microbial functional diversity was significantly (p < 0.05) increased by straw retention. Enzyme activity and microbial functional diversity were not correlated with bacterial diversity. Therefore, according to this study, SRNT is a better farming practice because it improves soil fertility and biological quality.     

接种溶磷真菌对玉米和大豆根际细菌群落结构多样性的影响

Application of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms （PSMs） has been reported to increase P uptake and plant growth. However, no information is available regarding the ecological consequences of the inoculation with PSMs. The effect of inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing fungal （PSF） isolates Aspergillus niger P39 and Penicillium oxalicum P66 on the bacterial communities in the rhizospheres of maize （Zea mays L. ‘Haiyu 6＇） and soybean （Glycine max Merr. ‘Heinong 35＇） was examined using culture-dependent methods as well as a culture-independent method, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE）. Compared with the control, the number of culturable microbes for soybean was significantly greater with P39, whereas for maize, the same was significantly greater with P66. In addition, a greater number of microbes were found in the rhizosphere of maize compared with soybean. The fingerprint of DGGE for 16S rDNA indicated that inoculation with PSF also increased bacterial communities, with the P66 treatment having higher numbers of DGGE bands and a higher Shannon-Weaver diversity index compared with P39; the composition of the microbial community was also more complex with the P66 treatment. Overall, complex interactions between plant species and exotic PSMs affected the structure of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere, but plant species were more important in determining the bacterial community structure than the introduction of exotic microorganisms.     

Community structure of bacteria and fungi responsible for rice straw decomposition in a paddy field estimated by PCR-RFLP analysis

Rice straw including leaf sheaths and blades put in nylon mesh bags was placed in the plow layer of a Japanese paddy field after harvest under upland conditions and after transplanting of rice seedlings under flooded conditions. In addition, rice straw that was decomposed under the upland conditions during the off-crop season in winter was placed again in soil at the time of transplanting. The materials were collected periodically to analyze the community structure of the bacteria and fungi responsible for rice straw decomposition by PCR-RFLP analysis. The PCR products with 27f and 1492r primers designed for bacterial 16S rDNA and with EF3 and EF4 primers designed for fungal 18S rDNA were digested with four restriction endonucleases (Hinf I, Sau3A I, Hae III, EeoR I). Bacterial communities in the decomposing rice straw were different from each other between upland and flooded conditions, between leaf sheaths and blades, and between straw samples with and without decomposition under upland conditions during the off-crop season. Fungal communities in the decomposing rice straw were also different between the leaf sheaths and blades under upland soil conditions. Score plots of bacterial and fungal communities in the principal component analysis were separated from the plot of the straw materials along with the duration of the placement, indicating the succession of bacterial and fungal communities in decomposing rice straw with time.