国外孤独症谱系障碍儿童视频游戏干预研究及讨论

视频游戏干预是一种现代辅助技术治疗方法,是通过用户在视频设备上进行游戏互动,并产生视觉反馈的干预方法。归纳和梳理近年来国外对孤独症谱系障碍儿童采用视频游戏干预的实证研究发现：其主要采用严肃游戏和虚拟现实视频游戏的干预方式提升孤独症儿童认知能力、运动能力,促进其社会性发展;在干预效果方面,认知训练的干预效果低于社会性发展和运动技能的干预效果。我国未来应重视对孤独症谱系障碍儿童认知行为的干预,鼓励学校合理使用视频游戏干预法并防止儿童游戏成瘾,同时注重视频游戏技术创新。     

孤独症儿童功能性干预方法综述

孤独症是一种起病于婴幼儿期,以社会交往障碍、刻板行为等为主要特征的神经发育障碍。通过对孤独症儿童功能性干预研究进行梳理,探讨丰富多样的功能性干预方法在干预孤独症儿童社会交往障碍以及情绪认知障碍中的有效性,以期为孤独症儿童的干预实践提供参考。     

“音乐治疗+”模式干预孤独症儿童实证研究的述评

音乐治疗是康复与音乐相结合的治疗方法,对孤独症谱系障碍儿童的康复具有独特的作用。“音乐治疗+”主要体现在音乐治疗与科技手段、教育康复、医疗手段和心理治疗的联合干预上,能够对孤独症谱系障碍儿童的语言、共同注意、社交和情绪行为控制等方面进行有效干预。未来应继续加强对“音乐治疗+”联合干预的实践与研究,注重本土化发展,进一步拓展其对孤独症谱系障碍儿童的干预领域。     

孤独症儿童生活自理能力的干预研究

生活自理能力缺陷在孤独症群体中普遍存在,它会对儿童未来的工作、生活造成负面影响。研究表明,生活自理是孤独症儿童今后能否独立自足的预测性因素。国外研究者多采用单被试实验法对干预策略进行验证,发现视频榜样、自我管理及认知行为疗法对提高孤独症儿童的生活自理能力都有较好的效果。文章从实验设计和干预方法两方面梳理当前国外孤独症儿童生活自理能力的干预研究,总结干预研究的特征及存在的问题,以引起我国对孤独症儿童生活自理的重视,为国内相关研究及实践提供启示和建议。     

自闭症谱系儿童语言干预中的"视觉支持"策略

自闭症谱系障碍儿童的语言理解和运用在很大程度上可能涉及到视觉能力的参与."视觉支持"是根据这一认知加工特点而设计的干预策略.从种类上说,视觉支持工具包括视觉流程表、信息分享栏、组织图等.这些视觉工具既能够单独使用,又能够整合到相关的教育干预方案(如图片兑换沟通系统、结构化教学、社会故事方案)之中.视觉支持策略能够有效提高自闭症谱系障碍的社会交往能力和语言能力,是一种值得提倡和推广的语言干预策略.     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童专业助手干预技能培训的研究进展

专业助手是自闭症谱系障碍儿童接受教育的重要支持人员,对其学业能力的发展以及社会交往技能的提升具有重要意义。本研究梳理了近二十年国外培训专业助手对自闭症谱系障碍儿童实施干预的实证研究,从专业助手的特征,ASD儿童的特征,专业助手对ASD儿童实施干预的目标行为,实验设计,培训内容与程序,培训及干预效果等维度进行分析,在此基础上指出已有研究存在的局限和未来研究方向,以期为日后自闭症谱系障碍儿童专业助手培训的研究提供参考和建议。     

孤独症儿童自我刺激行为干预的个案研究

孤独症儿童通过自我刺激行为满足自身感觉需求,获得感官舒适。高频率发生自我刺激行为会对孤独症儿童的生活、学习造成消极影响,也会阻碍儿童社会交往能力的发展。因此,开展针对自我刺激行为的干预,是学前特殊教育教师需要重视的课题之一。文章通过一名孤独症儿童的个案研究,探索自我刺激行为干预的有效途径。     

多重范例教学应用于孤独症儿童干预的实证研究综述

孤独症儿童的教学中普遍存在泛化困难的问题,实证研究表明,多重范例教学是一种有效提升孤独症儿童泛化能力的教学策略。本文对国外近十年来将多重范例教学应用于孤独症儿童干预的研究进行系统梳理,从干预对象、实验设计、干预情境、干预目标、干预手段、干预结果与泛化类型等方面进行分析,明晰多重范例教学的研究进展,为我国相关实践和研究的开展提供启示。     

自闭症儿童自我刺激行为干预综述

自我刺激行为是自闭症谱系障碍儿童典型发展的问题行为之一,常常表现为啃咬自己、撞击物品或他人、反复摇晃身体等。这些问题行为不仅有可能威胁到他们自身或者其他人的身体安全,同时也会影响他们与其他人保持良好的社会交往关系,阻碍他们学习新的知识和技能,因此,对自闭症谱系障碍儿童的自我刺激行为进行干预十分必要。目前常用的自我刺激行为的干预方法主要有：感觉消退、匹配性刺激替代法、过度矫正、积极行为支持、强化、感觉统合训练和早期预防7种。对自闭症谱系障碍儿童的自我刺激行为进行有效干预,可以帮助自闭症谱系障碍儿童学会用恰当的行为方式表达需求,从而更好地适应学习和生活。     

中重度孤独症儿童交互式语言能力的个案干预研究

交互式语言能力的表现包括发起互动、恰当地回应他人的互动行为、进行双向会话、维持互动等,是提高孤独症儿童社会交往能力的重要技能。语言行为法作为应用行为分析的一个分支干预方法,强调语言的功能性,可以有效提高孤独症儿童的交互式语言能力。文章以一名中重度孤独症儿童交互式语言能力的干预为例,探索提高中重度孤独症儿童交互式语言能力的有效途径。     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童与普通儿童入学成熟水平的比较

从全国幼儿园大班儿童入学成熟水平标准化测量数据库中的四万多个样本中随机抽取100名普通儿童,同时选取47名自闭症谱系障碍儿童入学成熟水平的有效数据,探究自闭症谱系障碍儿童与普通儿童在入学成熟水平方面的差异。结果表明,自闭症谱系障碍儿童在视知觉能力、听知觉能力、运动协调能力、知觉转换能力、数学准备能力、语言沟通能力、社会适应能力、学习品质八个入学成熟水平维度上均显著低于普通儿童。参照本研究结果,可为随班就读的自闭症谱系障碍儿童做好全面科学的入学准备提出合理建议。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童教育干预康复效果探究

孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）儿童是一群存在社交沟通障碍并且行为重复刻板的孩子,在症状和严重程度上存在着连续性特征,其中一部分ASD儿童具有接受普通教育的可能,将其与发育落后儿童一起进行小组教学,互相取长补短,对于两类孩子的生涯发展都大有裨益,这种联合教育的模式就是混合教育模式.另一部分ASD儿童或者属于中重度范畴,或者随着年龄的增长而出现能力的倒退和停滞,针对这些儿童,建议采用传统的教育康复模式.论文作者在证明教育康复对于孤独症谱系障碍儿童社会交往障碍具有明显效果的基础上,验证了教育实践中因材施教,区分使用混合教育和传统教育的必要性.     

Reading comprehension intervention for high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders

Abstract

The prevalence of children with autism spectrum disorders appears to be on the increase and educators are becoming more aware of their educational and social needs. In particular, many students with high-functioning autism have a deficit in reading comprehension. As a consequence, there is now a greater determination by educators to design the most appropriate reading interventions to address their specific learning impairments. This article outlines a balanced instructional framework for reading comprehension intervention that includes a three-levelled structure incorporating language decoding, language comprehension and metacognitive processes. Research suggests that reading comprehension intervention should focus on reading for meaning by incorporating visual and verbal cognitive strategies to enhance the development of local and global inferencing skills. The framework highlights the need to develop language, social and self-regulation abilities in association with dialogic interaction.     

美国循证实践在自闭症谱系障碍儿童干预中的应用及其对我国的启示

国际趋势表明自闭症谱系障碍儿童干预方法的有效性需循证实践来检验。美国自闭症干预方法的循证实践过程经历了研究文献筛选、建立证据强度分类系统、干预次级分类系统三个阶段,循证实践结果将当前的自闭症干预方法划分为已经证实有效的方法、正在形成有效的方法、尚未证实的方法。我国自闭症教育研究者及临床工作者应遵循循证实践,科学选择干预方法。     

Use of superheroes social skills with middle school‐age students with autism spectrum disorder

The current study evaluated use of the Superheroes Social Skills program as a means of increasing social skill accuracy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Participants included four Caucasian male students that were eligible for special education services within the autism category. Social skills training was presented twice weekly for 9 weeks. The results demonstrated that implementation of the intervention improved social skill accuracy within the training setting as indicated by visual analysis and nonoverlap of all pairs. Additionally, improvements in social skill accuracy during probes conducted within the classroom with typically developing peers was observed. Despite improvements in social skill accuracy in both settings, sociometric status of participants demonstrated little change from baseline to postintervention.     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童社会故事干预有效性研究综述

社会故事作为一种应用于自闭症谱系障碍儿童社会能力训练的教学方法,目前得到广泛的推广与应用。本文试图从国外自闭症谱系社会故事干预的研究文献中梳理现有的社会故事干预有效性研究的开展情况,试图总结研究中存在的问题,并为今后社会故事干预的有效性研究提供思路。     

Interventions and Adaptations for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Inclusive Early Childhood Settings

The inclusive education of children with disabilities is considered best practice, yet many early childhood educators feel unprepared to deliver appropriate instruction for children with disabilities and often require supports to successfully meet the children’s unique needs. Young children experiencing autism spectrum disorder are being diagnosed at a young age and they are commonly receiving their education within inclusive early childhood settings. This article presents two methods to meet the needs of children with autism spectrum disorder. First, early childhood educators can provide interventions tailored to the children’s learning needs. Second, educators can adapt the environment, materials, activity, instruction, and assistance they provide so that each child is appropriately supported, while still being encouraged to succeed as independently as possible. This article summarizes research-based interventions and adaptations that early childhood educators can implement within inclusive settings to meet the diverse needs of young children with autism spectrum disorder and presents a case study to describe how these practices can support young children with autism spectrum disorder within inclusive settings.     

Best practices and emerging trends in assessment of trauma in students with autism spectrum disorder

Children and adolescents with autism have a higher likelihood of being exposed to bullying, abuse, and sexual assault which, through repeated exposure, has been demonstrated to impede academic, social, and physical functioning among this population. However, the complexity of unpacking the characteristics of autism and trauma can pose a challenge for school psychologists in using the most appropriate clinical method of intervention. This paper summarizes the co-occurrence of autism and trauma in an effort to better inform practitioners and recommends the need for valid and reliable assessments that measure adverse experiences for children with autism. A practitioner assessment guide of childhood trauma and autism spectrum disorder is also provided to facilitate a comprehensive assessment process. We conclude that there is a pressing need for more research examining the relationship between autism and trauma by better understanding the relationship of these constructs, and for the development of more effective assessments to provide more evidence-based interventions.