实时三维超声心动图评价不同部位心肌梗死患者左心室收缩功能与同步性

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）评价前壁和下壁心肌梗死（心梗）患者左室整体和节段收缩功能及同步性,探讨梗死部位对左心室收缩功能及同步性的影响.方法 用RT-3DE对41例心梗患者（其中前壁心梗28例,下壁心梗13例）及30例健康体检者（对照组）进行17节段时间-容积曲线分析,获取心梗组及对照组的左室整体和节段舒张末期容积（EDV、rEDV）、收缩末期容积（ESV、rESV）、射血分数（EF、rEF）,以及16节段从QRS波起点到最小收缩容积时间的标准差和最大差值及其校正值（Tmsv 16-SD、Tmsv 16-Dif、Tmsv 16-SD%、Tmsv 16-Dif%）,其中Tmsv 16-SD%为左室收缩不同步指数（SDI）.结果 心梗组整体EDV、ESV及梗死节段的rEDV、rESV均较正常组增大,EF及rEF均减低,且前壁心梗组的这种改变较下壁心梗组更显著;心梗组SDI较正常组增大,前壁心梗组SDI较下壁心梗组增大,EF与SDI呈良好负相关.结论 前壁心肌梗死对左心室收缩功能及同步性的影响均较下壁心肌梗死大.     

实时三维超声心动图评价陈旧性心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性与收缩功能

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价陈旧性心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性与收缩功能,并探讨左心室收缩同步性对左心室整体及局部收缩功能的影响.方法 对陈旧性心肌梗死组30例(心梗组,其中陈旧性前壁心梗14例)及20名正常人(正常组)行RT-3DE检查,通过脱机软件分析整体及节段容积-时间曲线,获取左心室整体及节段收缩功能参数、左心室收缩同步性参数.结果 心梗组左心室ESV、EDV显著大于正常组(P＜0.01),LVEF显著小于正常组(P＜0.001).心梗组左心室16及12节段收缩同步性参数显著大于正常组(P＜0.001),且均与LVEF呈负相关,其中Tmsv-16-SD%、Tmsv-16-Dif%相关性最高,r值分别为-0.755、-0.747.前壁心梗组梗死节段及邻近节段rEF、rgEF显著减低(P＜0.05),Tmsv%明显延长(P＜0.05),部分未梗死节段Tmsv%出现不同程度缩短,但差异无统计学意义,且前壁心梗组Tmsv% 明显延长的节段与rEF、rg-EF明显减低的节段基本呈对应关系.结论 RT-3DE能定量评价心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性及收缩功能,左心室不同步运动可影响左心室收缩功能.     

实时三维超声心动图定量评价急性前壁心肌梗死患者左室整体和节段心功能

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图（RT3DE）检测急性前壁心肌梗死患者整体和节段心功能的临床价值。方法运用RT3DE对20例急性前壁心肌梗死患者和41例正常人进行检查,脱机软件分析得出左室整体和17节段的容积-时间曲线,比较两组的整体和节段舒张末期容积（EDV、rEDV）、收缩末期容积（ESV、rESV）、射血分数（EF、rEF）及节段-整体射血分数（rgEF）。结果急性前壁心梗组整体EDV、ESV及梗死区域、邻近梗死区域的rEDV、rESV较对照组增大,整体EF值及其rEF、rgEF减小（P〈0.05）,远离梗死区域无差异（P〉0.05）。结论RT3DE能客观评价急性前壁心梗患者左室整体和节段心功能,是一项能运用于临床的准确、可行的新技术。     

CT血管造影对心脏冠状动脉钙化的检测及其临床意义

研究背景 左心室不同节段的血供、解剖结构及收缩功能均不尽相同,因此不同部位心肌梗死对左心室功能的影响可能也不尽相同。利于实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)可在同一心动周期内观察左心室所有节段的运动情况。目的通过RT-3DE定量评价前壁和下壁心肌梗死患者左心室整体和节段收缩功能及同步性,探讨不同部位心肌梗死对左心室收缩功能及同步性的影响。方法 应用RT-3DE对41例心肌梗死患者(心梗组,其中前壁心肌梗死28例,下壁心肌梗死13例)及30名健康志愿者(对照组)进行17节段时间-容积曲线分析,获取心梗组及对照组的整体和节段舒张末期容积(LVEDV、rEDV)、整体和节段收缩末期容积(LVESV、rESV)、整体和节段射血分数(LVEF、rEF)及16节段从QRS波起点至最小收缩容积时间的标准差和最大差值及其校正值[Tmsv-16-SD、Tmsv-16-Dif、Tmsv-16-SD%、Tmsv-16-Dif%,其中Tmsv-16-SD%即为左心室收缩不同步指数(SDI)]。结果 心梗组心腔扩大,LVEDV、LVESV及梗死节段的rEDV、rESV 均较对照组增大,LVEF及梗死节段rEF均较对照组减低,且前壁心肌梗死患者这种改变较下壁心肌梗死患者更明显。对照组17节段容积-时间曲线波谷趋近,起伏一致,波动幅度较大,时间-位移牛眼图呈均一的绿色和蓝色;心梗组17节段容积-时间曲线波谷不一,杂乱无章,部分曲线低平甚至呈反向曲线,时间-位移牛眼图颜色不一。心梗组SDI高于对照组,前壁心肌梗死患者SDI高于下壁心肌梗死患者。LVEF与SDI呈负相关。结论 前壁心肌梗死对左心室收缩功能及同步性的损害高于下壁心肌梗死,RT-3DE可同时提供左心室收缩功能和不同步性的详细信息,通过时间-位移牛眼图可直观显示梗死的部位和范围,是评价心功能的有效手段。     

实时三维超声心动图评价急性心肌梗死患者左心室整体和局部心功能

目的 探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价左室下壁、正后壁、侧壁急性心肌梗死患者整体和节段心功能的临床价值.方法 应用RT-3DE对23例下壁、正后壁、侧壁急性心肌梗死患者和41例正常人进行检查,软件分析得出左室整体和17节段的容积-时间曲线,比较正常组与心肌梗死组的整体和各节段舒张末期容积(EDV、rEDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV、rESV)、射血分数(EF、rEF)及节段-整体射血分数(rgEF)的差异.结果 与正常组比较,下壁、正后壁、侧壁急性心肌梗死组的整体心功能及梗死节段的心功能变化差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),邻近梗死节段中部分节段的心功能变化差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),远离梗死节段的大部分节段的心功能变化差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 RT-3DE可以定量评价急性心肌梗死患者整体和节段心功能.     

超声评价前列地尔治疗糖尿病下肢血管病变疗效

研究背景 正常人左心室自心尖至心底各节段的收缩功能不尽相同,而且左心室各壁的收缩功能也不相同,如前壁、前间壁和侧壁收缩功能明显强于后壁和下壁,因此梗死部位的不同对左心室整体功能的影响也不尽相同。心肌梗死后,左心室重构,左心室容积及功能随时间推移逐渐发生一系列变化,因此准确评估心肌梗死后左心室功能对临床治疗具有重要的意义。目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)技术分节段评估心肌梗死(MI)后左心室梗死节段和非梗死节段心肌功能的改变及其对整体心功能的影响,探讨RT-3DE技术在评估缺血性心肌病左心室功能方面的应用价值。方法将40例心肌梗死患者与40名正常人按照随机化原则一一配对。根据美国心脏协会(AHA)17节段法进行分组,将40例患者心脏节段分为A组(梗死节段组,经心电图定位且经常规二维超声心动图显示室壁运动异常的所有节段)和B组(非梗死节段组,余室壁所有节段),40名正常人心脏对应心肌梗死患者相应梗死节段和非梗死节段位置和数目分为a梗死节段对照节段和b非梗死节段对照节段二个对照组。运用RT-3DE技术进行分析,首先获取心肌梗死组和正常对照组整体舒张末期容积(EDV)、整体收缩末期容积(ESV)和射血分数(EF),并比较两组间差异;其次获取A、B组及其对照组节段舒张末期容积(rEDV)、整体和节段收缩末期容积(rESV)、整体和节段射血分数(rEF)、整体-局部射血分数(rgEF)和节段局部心搏量与左室心搏量的比值(rgSVRatio),然后进行统计学分析。结果 与正常对照组相比,心肌梗死患者的ESV、EDV 值均增大,EF值降低(P<0.01);A组、B组rESV、rEDV均较对照组增大,而A 组、B组rEF、rgEF均减低(P<0.01);A 组rgSVRatio较正常对照组下降(P<0.01),但B组rgSVRatio增大(P<0.01)。结论 心肌梗死患者整体及节段心功能均下降,非梗死区域对整体心功能贡献增强。RT-3DE技术在分节段评估心肌梗死后左心室功能方面更具优势。     

实时三维超声心动图定量评价心肌梗死患者左心室节段收缩功能

目的 探讨应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)定量评价陈旧性心肌梗死患者左心室节段性收缩功能的可行性和临床价值.方法 应用RT-3DE测量28名正常人(对照组)和20例陈旧性心肌梗死患者(心肌梗死组)左心室壁17节段的舒张末期容积(rEDV)、收缩末期容积(rESV),计算节段每搏量(rSV)及节段射血分数(rEF).结果对照组左心室壁17节段局部容积-时间曲线呈集中且规则的抛物线形,心肌梗死组呈运动分散且不规则的曲线;与对照组比较,心肌梗死组运动异常节段的rEDV、rESV显著增大(P<0.05),而REF显著减低(P<0.05);心肌梗死组17节段REF的平均值(rEF′)与整体EF有良好的相关性(r=0.758,P<0.001).结论 RT-3DE技术能够测定心肌梗死代偿节段的数目和分布范围,可用于定量评价左心室节段性收缩功能.     

超声心动图评价肥厚型心肌病和高血压左心室肥厚患者左心房收缩功能

研究背景 心肌梗死后,左心室局部及整体心肌运动障碍,收缩功能降低。准确评价心肌梗死后左心室整体及节段心功能的改变对指导治疗及判断预后具有重要的临床意义。与传统M 型和二维超声技术相比,实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)技术不仅可以客观地显示整个心脏的形状和运动状态,而且可以对各节段心肌的容积及运动状态进行定量分析,具有独特的优势。目的 运用RT-3DE技术定量评价陈旧性前壁心肌梗死患者左心室整体及节段收缩功能改变,初步探讨其临床应用价值。方法 采用PhilipsiE33彩色多普勒超声成像仪,配备X3-1探头(1~3MHz)和Qlab6.0定量分析软件,检查25名正常人与20例陈旧性前壁心肌梗死患者,获取左心室整体和17节段容积-时间曲线及17种不同色彩的“牛眼图”,并将超声图像信息储存于硬盘上脱机分析。获取左室整体及各节段舒张末期容积(EDV、rEDV)和整体及各节段收缩末期容积(ESV、rESV);在由公式:rEF= [(rEDV -rESV)/rEDV]×100%,rgEF= [(rEDV-rESV)/EDV]×100%计算出整体及局部射血分数(EF、rEF)和局部-整体射血分数(rgEF)。然后比较两组整体和节段舒张末期容积(EDV、rEDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV、rESV)、射血分数(EF、rEF)及节段整体射血分数(rgEF)是否具有统计学差异。结果与正常组比较,陈旧性心肌梗死组整体EDV、ESV及梗死节段rEDV、rESV较对照组增大,整体EF和梗死节段rEF、rgEF降低(P<0.05);心尖部rEDV、rESV 增大,rEF、rgEF较对照组降低(P<0.05);非梗死节段中部分节段rEF、rgEF较正常组增大(P<0.05),余节段无明显差异。结论 心肌梗死后,左心室重构,左心室整体舒张末期容积和收缩末期容积增大,左心室整体、梗死节段及心尖部收缩功能下降,部分未梗死节段心功能代偿性增强。RT-3DE可准确定量评价心肌梗死后左心室整体及局部容积及收缩功能的改变。     

应用速度向量成像技术评价缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉斑块长轴力学特征

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价陈旧性心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性及收缩功能,探讨左心室收缩同步性与收缩功能的关系。方法 研究对象分为两组:心梗组为30例陈旧性心肌梗死患者(其中14例为前壁心肌梗死),正常组为20名健康志愿者。对两组均行RT-3DE检查,分析整体及节段容积-时间曲线,获取左心室整体及节段收缩功能参数及左心室收缩同步性参数,将左心室心肌分为基底段、中间段、心尖段水平进行分析。结果 心梗组左心室收缩末期容积(ESV)、舒张末期容积(EDV)大于正常组(P<0.01),左心室射血分数(LVEF)小于正常组(P<0.001)。心梗组左心室收缩同步性参数大于正常组(P<0.001)。左心室收缩同步性参数与LVEF呈负相关,其中16节段达到最小收缩容积时间的标准差(Tmsv-16-SD)与LVEF的相关系数为-0.644(P<0.01)。与正常组相比,前壁心肌梗死患者基底段、中间段、心尖段到达最小收缩末期容积时间的标准差(Tmsv-sel-SD)和最大差值(Tmsv-sel-Dif)增大(P<0.05),节段射血分数(rEF)明显减小(P<0.05);心尖段Tmsv-sel-SD、Tmsv-sel-Dif与心尖段rEF呈负相关(r=-0.656、-0.687,P均<0.05)。结论 通过RT-3DE可定量评价心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性及收缩功能。左心室不同步运动可影响左心室收缩功能,前壁心肌梗死患者心尖段心肌的不同步运动与其节段收缩功能有关。     

实时三维超声心动图评价急性心肌梗死左室整体及节段收缩功能

【目的】探讨实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE ）在冠心病急性心肌梗死患者左心室功能中的诊断价值。【方法】采用RT-3DE测量25名首发左室急性心肌梗死患者和30名正常对照者左房内径（LAD）、左室舒张末容积（LVEDV）、左室收缩末容积（LVESV）、左室整体射血分数（LVEF）、心肌梗死组及对照组节段射血分数（rEF）。【结果】与对照组比较,心肌梗死组LAD、LVEDV、LVESV较对照组增大（ P ＜0．05）,LVEF较对照组减低（ P ＜0．05）;心肌梗死组125个梗死节段rEF较300个非梗死节段和对照组减低（ P ＜0．05）,非梗死节段较对照组减低（ P ＞0．05）;心肌梗死组LVEF与LVEDV呈显著负相关。【结论】实时三维超声心动图能够有效的评价心肌梗死患者左室整体及节段收缩功能。     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.