低分子量有机酸对二氯喹啉酸在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

采用高效液相色谱仪及批量平衡试验方法,研究了乙酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、草酸、丁二酸和柠檬酸6种低分子量有机酸对麻沙泥和第四纪红土红壤吸附-解吸二氯喹啉酸的影响。结果表明:低分子量有机酸可推迟二氯喹啉酸在土壤中的吸附平衡时间,其吸附动力学过程可用准二级动力学方程描述。Linear和Freundlich方程能较好地拟合二氯喹啉酸在供试两种土壤中的吸附等温线;二氯喹啉酸在麻沙泥中的吸附能力(lg Kf值)从大到小依次为苹果酸柠檬酸草酸=乙酸丁二酸酒石酸,在第四纪红土红壤中为苹果酸丁二酸乙酸草酸柠檬酸酒石酸;低分子量有机酸浓度对二氯喹啉酸解吸的影响因有机酸种类和供试土壤的不同而差异较大,6种供试有机酸均促进了第四纪红土红壤对二氯喹啉酸的解吸,且其解吸率均明显高于麻沙泥对二氯喹啉酸的解吸率,但在麻沙泥中呈现不同的影响模式。     

低分子量有机酸对粘土矿物吸附二氯喹啉酸的影响

采用批量平衡法,研究了6种低分子量有机酸(柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酸、草酸和丁二酸)对3种粘土矿物(高岭土、蒙脱石、凹凸棒石)吸附二氯喹啉酸的影响。结果表明:当低分子量有机酸存在时,供试3种粘土矿物对二氯喹啉酸的吸附过程可用Linear和Freundlich吸附等温方程描述,且Freundlich方程的拟合效果更好。供试6种有机酸对二氯喹啉酸在高岭土中吸附量的影响程度从低到高依次为苹果酸<柠檬酸<草酸<乙酸<酒石酸<丁二酸,在蒙脱石中的顺序为乙酸<草酸<苹果酸<丁二酸<酒石酸<柠檬酸,在凹凸棒石中的顺序为乙酸<丁二酸<草酸<苹果酸<酒石酸<柠檬酸。不同浓度低分子量有机酸对3种供试粘土矿物吸附二氯喹啉酸均能产生显著的影响,但影响程度因粘土矿物和有机酸种类的不同而有较大差异。     

作物根际土壤有机酸含量动态变化研究

采用高效液相色谱法,测定了不同培养天数下,小麦、玉米根际土壤和非根际土壤中草酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸4种有机酸含量。结果表明:4种有机酸在小麦和玉米根际土壤中的含量均大于其非根际土壤。在小麦根际土壤与非根际土壤中,草酸含量最高,柠檬酸含量最低,根际土壤与非根际土壤中草酸平均含量分别达到6.78mg/kg、4.09mg/kg;柠檬酸平均含量仅为1.80mg/kg、1.33mg/kg,4种有机酸在小麦根际与非根际土壤中含量高低顺序依次是:草酸>乙酸>苹果酸>柠檬酸。而在玉米根际与非根际土壤中,苹果酸含量最高,乙酸次之,草酸含量最低,草酸最低含量仅为0.01mg/kg。4种有机酸在玉米根际与非根际土壤中含量高低顺序依次是:苹果酸>乙酸>柠檬酸>草酸。此外,随着培养天数的增加,小麦和玉米根际与非根际土壤中,4种有机酸的含量动态变化趋势也不尽相同。     

不同肥力土的土壤颗粒分布及其磷素吸附—解析规律

采用干筛法和培养实验,研究了不同肥力土的颗粒分布以及不同颗粒对磷素的吸附、解析规律。结果表明,在所筛分的5个粒径中,土以>5 mm、2～5 mm和0.25～1 mm 3个颗粒为主,随着土壤肥力提高,0.25～1 mm和1～2 mm两个粒径的土壤颗粒有明显增加。土壤颗粒由小到大变化,颗粒中磷素含量呈现由高到低的变化趋势。高肥力土壤和低肥力土壤相比,0.25～1 mm和1～2 mm两个粒径中的磷素含量分别增加40%和43%,差异达显著水平。土壤颗粒愈小对磷的吸附量越高。与土壤原样相比,<0.25 mm和0.25～1 mm两个粒径的颗粒对磷的吸附量高于土壤原样的,而1～2 mm、2～5 mm和>5 mm土壤颗粒对磷的吸附则小于土壤原样的。随着土壤颗粒径变大,磷的解析率增加。总体看来,高肥力土使中等大小土壤颗粒增多,对磷的吸附量有所减少,但对磷的解析量增大,这有助于提高磷肥的有效性,但也增加了磷素径流损失的风险。     

不同土地利用方式对农田黑土 剖面磷形态分布的影响

不同土地利用方式影响土壤磷形态分布,从而决定土壤潜在供磷能力。本文对4种土地利用方式下（裸地、自然草地、苜蓿地、农田）的黑土土壤剖面磷素分布进行测定分析,结果表明,不同利用方式持续12 a对黑土剖面磷形态分布影响较大,黑土中有机磷含量随土层深度增加而降低,而无机磷、有效磷含量及磷素活化系数随土层深度增加而呈增加趋势,在同一土层磷素活化系数表现为自然草地＞裸地＞苜蓿地＞农田。农田不施肥处理经过12 a玉米种植后,土壤中全磷、有效磷含量均低于其他利用方式,玉米植株主要吸收土壤中无机磷,与裸地相比,农田土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca₁₀-P含量依次降低了29.4%~75.3%、45.7%~59.5%、72.1%~83.3%、13.3%~36.1%、7.0%~33.2%、19.3%~41.6%。自然草地和苜蓿地比裸地无机磷含量分别降低11.5%~28.5%、2.2%~31.0%;与裸地相比,农田、自然草地和苜蓿地有机磷所占比例分别增加7.0~16.4、1.5~9.0、0.8~13.9个百分点。总之,不施肥农田作物吸收消耗了土壤中无机磷,使有机磷所占比例有所增加;自然草地和苜蓿地可使土壤中无机磷向有机磷转化,使有机磷比例有所增加。     

冬麦不同施磷水平下土壤磷素淋溶试验

盆栽冬小麦条件下设置常规施磷,2倍施磷,4倍施磷三个施磷水平,观测不同磷肥施用量及施用方式对土壤磷素淋溶的影响,结果表明:①随着磷肥施用量的增加,淋出液中总磷(TP)浓度也随之提高,可溶性无机磷(MRP)占TP的比例也明显增加,而可溶性有机磷(DOP)占TP的比例却明显降低.②施肥方式不同,磷素淋失的特征也不同,集中施肥(磷肥施在表层3 cm内或与一半土壤混合)能明显地减少磷素淋溶出土体,而与土壤混合均匀施用磷肥会增加磷素的淋溶量,且与土壤混合施用磷肥也会增加可溶态磷的淋溶量.③淋溶发生的时间对磷素的淋溶也有影响,最先淋溶出土壤的磷是附着在细小土壤颗粒上的(PP),它们随着土壤中的优先流流出;其次是有机磷(DOP),与土壤的吸附较弱.随着水分的增加以及淋溶的延续,更多的可溶性磷被溶解而随水流出土壤(MRP).④土壤磷素含量较低时,主要是可溶性有机磷(DOP)淋溶出来,当土壤含磷水平高或施磷(无机磷肥)量大时,可溶性无机磷(MRP)就成为淋溶的主要形态.     

羧甲基纤维素钠与土壤复合后对吸附磷素的影响

用不同浓度的羧甲基纤维素钠处理土壤(土),研究土被处理前后对磷素的吸附特性特征。结果表明:土壤经0.1%、0.2%CMC处理后,与对照相比,在低加入磷浓度(小于50μg/ml)时,增加了磷的吸附量,在高加入磷浓度(大于50μg/ml)时,减小了磷的吸附量;0.4%CMC处理土样,总体增加了磷的吸附量。吸附热力学参数显示,CMC处理土壤后(0.4%CMC处理除外),土壤对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)降低,但吸附强度和最大缓冲容量(MBC)呈增大趋势。     

玉米/鹰嘴豆间作条件下不同施磷量对灌耕灰钙土无机磷组分的影响

在甘肃引黄灌区的灌耕灰钙土区域,通过玉米／鹰嘴豆间作种植,采用蒋柏藩、顾益初石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法研究了施磷水平和间作种植方式对玉米、鹰嘴豆土壤无机磷素形态的影响。结果表明：研究区各无机磷形态含量顺序为O－P＞Ca10－P＞Ca8－P＞Al－P＞Fe－P＞Ca2－P ,施磷能够显著提高玉米和鹰嘴豆土壤中Ca2－P、Ca8－P、Al－P和Fe－P的含量,O－P和Ca10－P的含量不随施磷量增加发生显著性变化;与单作相比,间作种植对鹰嘴豆土壤带各无机磷组分含量没有显著影响,但间作玉米种植带土壤各组分无机磷含量均低于单作土壤,其中不施磷肥处理下Fe－P、施纯磷40 kg·hm－2处理下Al－P及施纯磷80 kg·hm－2处理下Ca10－P的含量显著低于单作土壤。     

磷细菌对复垦土壤磷素流失风险的影响

以实验室筛选的溶磷能力最强的磷细菌W37为试验菌株,采煤沉陷区复垦土壤为供试土样,通过盆栽试验研究施用磷细菌对复垦土壤磷素养分、油菜产量、磷吸附特性及流失风险的影响。结果表明:磷细菌可以提高复垦土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)含量和油菜产量;施用磷细菌后复垦土壤最大吸磷量(Xm),吸附常数(k)都减小;磷细菌处理易解吸磷(RDP)、磷零点吸持平衡浓度(EPC0)及磷素饱和度(DPS)呈增加的趋势,分别比M处理增加0.014mg·L~(-1),6.54ug·L~(-1),0.80%;通过估算复垦土壤Olsen-P、EPC0、DPS的环境风险值为28.52mg·kg~(-1),129.78ug·L~(-1),5.18%,本试验中磷细菌处理土壤Olsen-P、EPC0、DPS远小于风险值,因此复垦土壤上施用磷细菌对磷素流失风险影响较小。     

柠檬酸对石灰性土壤磷的释放效应

在盆栽条件下,以不施磷肥和不施柠檬酸为对照(CK1),研究了在不施磷和施磷情况下施用柠檬酸对土壤有效磷、小麦地上部和根部吸磷状况以及生物学产量的影响。结果表明,施用柠檬酸明显降低了土壤pH,增加了土壤中的有效磷的含量;在施用磷肥条件下,随着柠檬酸施用量的增加,土壤pH值逐步降低,土壤有效磷逐步提高,小麦地上部,尤其根部吸磷量增加,生物学产量显著增加。     

Artificial root exudates and soil organic carbon mineralization in a degraded sandy grassland in northern China

Plant root exudates contain various organic and inorganic components that include glucose, citric and oxalic acid. These components affect rhizosphere microbial and microfaunal activities, but the mechanisms are not fully known. Studies concerned from degraded grassland ecosystems with low soil carbon（C） contents are rare, in spite of the global distribution of grasslands in need of restoration. All these have a high potential for carbon sequestration, with a reduced carbon content due to overutilization. An exudate component that rapidly decomposes will increase soil respiration and CO2 emission, while a component that reduces decomposition of native soil carbon can reduce CO2 emission and actually help sequestering carbon in soil. Therefore, to investigate root exudate effects on rhizosphere activity, citric acid, glucose and oxalic acid（0.6 g C/kg dry soil） were added to soils from three biotopes（grassland, fixed dune and mobile dune） located in Naiman, Horqin Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia, China） and subjected to a 24-day incubation experiment together with a control. The soils were also analyzed for general soil properties. The results show that total respiration without exudate addition was highest in grassland soil, intermediate in fixed dune and lowest in mobile dune soil. However, the proportion of native soil carbon mineralized was highest in mobile dune soil, reflecting the low C/N ratio found there. The exudate effects on CO2-C emissions and other variables differed somewhat between biotopes, but total respiration（including that from the added substrates） was significantly increased in all combinations compared with the control, except for oxalic acid addition to mobile dune soil, which reduced CO2-C emissions from native soil carbon. A small but statistically significant increase in pH by the exudate additions in grassland and fixed dune soil was observed, but there was a major decrease from acid additions to mobile dune soil. In contrast, electrical conductivity decreased in grassland     

Soil Fertility Variability and Constraints on Village Scale Transects in Northern Burkina Faso

Soil variability has a profound impact on crop yields in low-input agriculture. The objectives of this study were to examine soil fertility variability and to identify potential soil constraints relating to farmers' conditions for agricultural production in the Sahelian zone of northern Burkina Faso. Surface soil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-100 cm) were sampled from 25 pedons on village-scale transects embracing three genetic soil units: two generations of sandy dune soils showing incipient development; a complex unit of clayey pediplain soils with duplex properties showing both alkaline and acid subsoil reaction; and hydromorphic, clayey valley bottom soils. Particle size distribution, pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable base cations and acidity, soluble base cations, organic carbon, nitrogen, total and available phosphorus, moisture constants, and bulk density were determined. Contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, total and available phosphorus,and exchangeable potassium are low in all soils and are presumably major constraints.The sodium influenced clayey soils show high absolute variability; properties that vary are subsoil clay (5.8-38.5%), pH (5.8-10.0), cation exchange capacity (4.49-24.81 cmolc kg1), exchangeable sodium percentage (0-26), as well as electrical conductivity, structure, consistency, and available water holding capacity. The sandy soils are homogeneous and not as acid as elsewhere in the Sahel, presumably due to a dust influx. The soil fertility is generally low but highly variable, implying that constraints within production units may consist of multiple com binations of adverse chemical and physical properties, conceptually consistent with the low and variable millet yields. The variability also implies that soil character ization depends on the design of soil sampling, that average values are of doubtful use, that application of chemical fertilizers will produce very different results, and that there is no general scheme for correcting soil fertility. The application of lives tock manure will continue to be the best strategy for sustaining soil productivity.     

Sorption of ionisable organic compounds by field soils. Part 1: Acids

Sorption of different classes of weak organic acids was measured using soils with a range of pH values, taken from long-term field experiments that had received different amounts of lime. Non-ionisable compounds were used to demonstrate that the soils of different pH used in the experiments have similar sorptive properties. Values of the sorption coefficients for chloride ion were negative at all pHs except one. Sorption of moderately polar, monobasic, weak acids was weak in acidic soils and very weak in neutral and alkaline soils where they were predominantly dissociated. A lipophilic weak acid was strongly sorbed even at high pH. A model is presented which estimates soil/water distribution coefficients, at any soil pH, from lipophilicity and pK_a of the acid and organic matter content of the soil. The model was derived using sorption measured for substituted phenoxyacetic acids. Sorption values calculated using the model were compared with values measured for chlorsulfur on and showed useful agreement. Dibasic acids were strongly sorbed, probably by the mechanism of ligand exchange, if they were chelating agents with potential to form 5- or 6-membered rings with an acceptor atom. Phenylphosphonic acid was strongly sorbed, being a strong monodentate ligand.     

氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响

以新疆膜下滴灌棉田为试材,研究氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响。试验设11个处理:(1)常规施肥(NP);(2)80%常规施肥(80%NP);(3)80%常规施肥+低量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+LAA);(4)80%常规施肥+中量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+MAA);(5)80%常规施肥+高量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+HAA);(6)80%常规施肥+低量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+LFA);(7)80%常规施肥+中量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+MFA);(8)80%常规施肥+高量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+HFA);(9)80%常规施肥+低量沼液有机肥(80%NP+LBS);(10)80%常规施肥+中量沼液有机肥(80%NP+MBS);(11)80%常规施肥+高量沼液有机肥(80%NP+HBS);分别在蕾期、花期、成熟期采集0～20、20～40 cm土层土壤,测定土壤pH值、有机质、氮、磷、钾等有效养分含量。研究结果表明:(1)蕾期时,80%常规施肥配施高量黄腐酸、沼液有机肥显著降低了0～20 cm土层土壤pH值,并对提高土壤速效氮、速效磷含量效果最好。(2)花期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对提高0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、速效磷含量效果最好。(3)成熟期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对降低0～20 cm土层土壤pH值、提高土壤有机质含量效果最好。综上所述,新疆滴灌棉田应用80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥效果最好,是新疆滴灌棉田提高土壤肥力和肥料利用率的有效途径。     

Potassium forms in calcareous soils as affected by clay minerals and soil development in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province,Southwest Iran

Potassium(K) is known as one of the essential nutrients for the growth of plant species. The relationship between K and clay minerals can be used to understand the K cycling, and assess the plant uptake and potential of soil K fertility. This study was conducted to analyze the K forms(soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural) and the relationship of K forms with clay minerals of calcareous soils in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Southwest Iran. The climate is hotter and drier in the west and south of the province than in the east and north of the province. A total of 54 pedons were dug in the study area and 32 representative pedons were selected. The studied pedons were mostly located on calcareous deposits. The soils in the study area can be classified into 5 orders including Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Alfisols and Vertisols. The main soil clay minerals in the west and south of the study area were illite, chlorite and palygorskite, whereas they were smectite, vermiculite and illite in the north and east of the province. Due to large amount of smectite and high content of organic carbon in soil surface, the exchangeable K in surface soils was higher than that in subsurface soils. It seems that organic matter plays a more important role than smectite mineral in retaining exchangeable K in the studied soils. Non-exchangeable K exhibited close relationships with clay content, illite, vermiculite and smectite. Although the amount of illite was the same in almost all pedons, amounts of structural and non-exchangeable K were higher in humid regions than in arid and semi-arid regions. This difference may be related to the poor reservoir of K~+ minerals like palygorskite and chlorite together with illite in arid and semi-arid regions. In humid areas, illite was accompanied by vermiculite and smectite as the K~+ reservoir. Moreover, the mean cumulative non-exchangeable K released by CaCl_2 was higher than that released by oxalic acid, which may be due to the high buffering capacity resulting from high carbonates in soils.     

The Caldenal ecosystem: Effects of a prescribed burning on soil chemical properties

Before and after a prescribed burning, the upper 2.5 cm of soil in patches of forage, nonforage, and shrub vegetation were sampled. Then, bulk density, gravimetric moisture, pH in water, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations, cationic exchange capacity, total nitrogen, total, particulate, and mineral organic carbon contents were determined. Maximum temperature ranges reached over the ground during burning were measured and the highest values were registered in shrubs. Results showed that total, particulate, and mineral organic carbon and total nitrogen contents and percent base saturation increased in all soils after burning, without detecting differential effects between vegetation patches. After burning, available phosphorus content increased both for forage and shrub patches. A Na⁺ content decrease was observed for all soils in the different patches while Mg²⁺ content increased. No changes in the other analyzed variables were observed. Prescribed burning, as studied in the present work, might improve the Caldenal soils’ chemical fertility, mainly due to an increase in labile organic matter and some nutrients essential for plant growth.     

施用有机酸对不同成熟度烤烟生理代谢和营养代谢的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同有机酸对不同成熟度烤烟生理代谢与营养代谢的影响。结果表明,适熟时,苹果酸、油酸和腐殖酸均能明显降低烟叶中细胞膜脂过氧化程度,提高烤烟抗衰老能力和抗逆性,有利于烤烟的生长;有机酸能不同程度地提高烟叶总糖、还原糖和烟碱含量,其中,苹果酸还能明显提高中部和下部叶中K素含量;过熟时,油酸处理烟叶的抗逆性明显增强;同时苹果酸和腐殖酸能明显提高上部叶K素的含量,苹果酸和油酸能明显提高总糖和还原糖的含量,而油酸则能明显降低淀粉和烟碱的含量。