提高催化裂化汽油辛烷值措施探讨

分析了原料性质、催化剂、操作参数、汽油沸程等因素对催化裂化汽油辛烷值的影响。对提高产品辛烷值采取调整措施,实施效果表明,有效的提高汽油辛烷值的目标,降低了高标号汽油的调合成本,弥补下游装置的损失,为生产中提高催化裂化汽油辛烷值提供了参考。     

多产异构烷烃催化裂化工艺汽油烯烃含量的控制

介绍了多产异构烷烃(MIP)催化裂化工艺在中国石化上海石油化工股份有限公司2#催化裂化装置的使用情况.从该工艺的机理出发,对工艺的关键操作条件与汽油中烯烃的体积分数和辛烷值的关系进行了研究.结果表明:在目前的原料和催化剂配方条件下,第一反应区温度控制在525℃左右,系统催化剂活性在60左右,第二反应区温度在515℃左右时,汽油中烯烃的体积分数可控制在30％以内,且研究法辛烷值可保持在92以上,满足汽油的质量要求.     

汽油选择性加氢催化剂获专利奖

由中国石化抚顺石油化工研究院发明创造的“汽油选择性加氢催化剂及工艺”,日前在第十届中国专利奖评选中获得中国专利优秀奖。该发明是一种用于催化裂化汽油等劣质原料生产高质量清洁汽油的催化剂及工艺方法。采用该催化剂及配套工艺,可以实现劣质的催化裂化等汽油原料的深度加氢脱硫和适宜的烯烃加氢饱和,在产品中保留适宜和适量的烯烃,进而实现在脱硫和脱烯烃的同时,使产品的辛烷值损失达到最少,获得硫含量、     

新技术新产品集萃

近期国内炼油石化科技１０大进展两段提升管催化裂化工艺研发成功石油大学（华东）研究开发成功两段提升管催化裂化新工艺技术。年加工能力１０万吨催化装置工业试验显示，该项工艺技术可使装置处理能力提高３０％～４０％，轻油收率提高３个百分点以上，液体产品收率提高２至３个百分点，干气和焦炭产率明显降低，汽油烯烃含量降低２０个百分点，催化柴油密度下降，十六烷值提高。据称，这是继分子筛催化剂和提升管催化裂化工艺技术出现以来的又一次催化裂化技术的重大创新。该技术的突出效果是，可改善产品结构，大幅度提高原料的转化深度…     

CGP-C专用催化剂在呼和浩特MIP催化装置上的应用

中石油呼和浩特催化装置采用MIP工艺,设计加工能力为280万吨/年,2017年10月开始装置三旋压降升高,为保证装置安全运行至检修期,改善产品分布,2017年12月开始使用催化剂长岭分公司开发的专用剂CGP-C。应用结果表明,在原料性质相当的情况下,装置汽油产率提高,柴油产率降低,汽油烯烃含量降低,辛烷值基本不变,三旋压降未继续上升,三旋回收效率提高,保证了装置的平稳运行。     

优化分馏操作 提高柴油收率

文章论述了通过催化裂化分馏塔优化操作增产催化柴油、提高柴汽比的思路和方法,通过降低汽油干点、提高柴油与回炼油的分离精度,柴汽比由0.3634提高到0.3773,同时提高了装置轻油收率,取得了较好的效果。由于通过反应系统的调整增产柴油,会在一定程度上影响催化裂化长周期运行,我们倡导"催化裂化装置按照最高产品收率运行,单程转化,减少回炼,长周期优化运行"。     

大连理工大学研制三种新型分子筛催化剂

最近,大连理工大学研制成功了ZSM 5、超细粒子ZSM 5以及钛硅沸石三种分子筛催化剂,并利用我国丰富的混合稀土资源对催化剂进行改性,获得了合成高纯度对二乙苯催化剂、汽油降烯烃催化剂以及丙烯选择氧化制环氧丙烷催化剂以及相应的反应技术。ZSM 5沸石的改性项目是利用了我国丰富的混合稀土资源而开发的组合改性技术,既可调变酸中心又可调控孔道尺寸,并提高了催化剂的活性及稳定性。以乙苯和乙烯直接合成的对二乙苯产品质量与UOP吸附分离法的产品相当;把超细粒子ZSM 5用作汽油降烯烃催化剂,不仅能使烯烃转化为芳烃,而且在烯烃含量降低2…     

第二代催化汽油选择性加氢技术的应用

介绍了第二代催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术(RSDS-Ⅱ技术)在催化汽油选择性加氢装置中的应用。标定结果表明,以硫含量460～470μg/g、烯烃含量40%左右的催化裂化汽油为原料,采用RSDS-Ⅱ技术后,产品硫含量小于50μg/g,研究法辛烷值损失小于1.0。RSDS-Ⅱ技术具有非常好的脱硫选择性,是生产低硫清洁汽油的重要技术。     

车用燃油清洁化及中国炼油技术发展趋

生产超低硫、零排放燃料是世界燃油清洁化发展的总趋势.清洁汽油的发展趋势是低硫、低苯、低芳烃和低烯烃化,车用清洁柴油的发展趋势则是在降低硫、芳烃,尤其是降低多环芳烃含量的同时,进一步提高十六烷值.中国车用汽油构成中高烯烃含量的催化裂化汽油比例过大,使炼厂调整汽油生产的技术结构、降低汽油硫含量和改善产品的烃组成成为当务之急.中国车用柴油构成中劣质二次加工柴油比例较高的特点,使适当发展柴油的深度脱硫、脱芳烃技术以提高车用柴油的总体质量水平成为必然要求.随着中国加工进口含硫原油量的逐步增加和环保呼声的不断高涨,燃油清洁化进程必然加快,各种配套的加氢工艺将上升为原油加工的核心工艺,以催化裂化技术为核心的各种联合工艺,以及多产轻烯烃技术和烯烃改质合成技术将进一步发展,各种非加氢工艺的开发也将提到日程.为了有利于资源优化和综合利用,提高炼化整体效益,适当提高炼油单厂、单装置规模,实施渣油深加工和炼化一体化战略仍是今后炼油工业发展的总趋势.     

车用燃油清洁化及中国炼油技术发展趋势

生产超低硫、零排放燃料是世界燃油清洁化发展的总趋势。清洁汽油的发展趋势是低硫、低苯、低芳烃和低烯烃化，车用清洁柴油的发展趋势则是在降低硫、芳烃，尤其是降低多环芳烃含量的同时，进一步提高十六烷值。中国车用汽油构成中高烯烃含量的催化裂化汽油比例过大，使炼厂调整汽油生产的技术结构、降低汽油硫含量和改善产品的烃组成成为当务之急。中国车用柴油构成中劣质二次加工柴油比例较高的特点，使适当发展柴油的深度脱硫、脱芳烃技术以提高车用柴油的总体质量水平成为必然要求。随着中国加工进口含硫原油量的逐步增加和环保呼声的不断高涨，燃油清洁化进程必然加快，各种配套的加氢工艺将上升为原油加工的核心工艺，以催化裂化技术为核心的各种联合工艺，以及多产轻烯烃技术和烯烃改质合成技术将进一步发展，各种非加氢工艺的开发也将提到日程。为了有利于资源优化和综合利用，提高炼化整体效益，适当提高炼油单厂、单装置规模，实施渣油深加工和炼化一体化战略仍是今后炼油工业发展的总趋势。     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

Comparing FTTH access networks based on P2P and PMP fibre topologies

There is an ongoing discussion in the market which Next Generation Access (NGA) architecture best suits future needs and which investment and cost differences exist. The discussion can be subsumed as P2P vs. GPON, which is somewhat misleading as this article reveals. The discussion is driven by the fact that the high capital cost and the long asset life time of fibre mean that the technology choices made today will dominate the opportunities for telecommunication business of all market players, incumbents, competitors, content providers and business and residential users for many years in the future.The paper analyzes the cost and other differences between Fibre-to-the-Home (FTTH) access network architectures and their related different wholesale approaches by using the well-known and understood steady state approach applied in other NGA analyses in the past. In addition to the steady state analysis a dynamic cost evaluation is included taking into account the different investment behaviour of the FTTH architectures over time. The results describe investment and cost differences between architectures, incumbents and wholesale based competitive operators. The analysis has been performed for different geotypes (clusters) of decreasing population density in a representative European settlement structure.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。     

Indigenous peoples’ nutrition transition in a right to food perspective

In indigenous communities the nutrition transition characterized by a rapid westernization of diet and lifestyle is associated with rising prevalence of chronic disease. Field work and literature reviews from two different policy environments, Argentina (Jujuy) and Canada (Nunavut), identified factors that add to indigenous peoples’ disease risk. The analytical framework was the emerging human right to adequate food approach to policies and programmes. Indigenous peoples’ chronic disease risk tends to increase as a result of government policies that infringe on indigenous peoples’ livelihoods and territories, undermining their economic system, values and solidarity networks. Policies intended to increase food security, including food aid, may also fuel the nutrition transition. There is a need to explore further the connection between well-intended policies towards indigenous peoples and the development of chronic diseases, and to broaden the understanding of the role that different forms of discrimination play in the westernization of their lifestyles, values and food habits. Food policies that take due account of indigenous peoples’ human rights, including their right to enjoy their culture, may counteract the growth of chronic disease in these communities.