细水雾灭火有效性的影响因素研究

介绍了国内外细水雾灭火技术的最新研究进展,分析了细水雾雾滴物理特性参数(雾滴粒径、雾滴动量和喷雾通量)、添加剂、喷头及其相对火源位置、障碍物及可燃物类型等因素对细水雾灭火效果的影响,探讨了细水雾灭火技术的研究发展方向。     

细水雾系统辅助保护玻璃分隔墙体研究

介绍水雾场衰减热辐射的两通量模型,分析热辐射衰减效率的影响因素。基于FDS数值模拟,设置16种工况分析不同细水雾特征条件下玻璃背火面的热辐射通量,得出细水雾粒径对辐射热通量的影响及辐射热通量的垂直变化规律。模拟实验表明,细水雾系统对热辐射有较好的衰减作用,在流量1 L/min、喷嘴间距0.2 m、均值粒径50μm的工况下,细水雾衰减效率达到90.69%;当单喷头流量减小、喷嘴间距增大、液滴粒径增大时,细水雾的衰减效率降低。     

不同工况下细水雾灭火效能影响的数值模拟

采用FDS对单室火灾中细水雾与火焰相互作用过程进行数值模拟分析,探讨细水雾与火焰相互作用过程中不同区域的细水雾灭火机理,分析粒径分布、速度和雾化角度对细水雾灭火产生的影响.模拟结果表明:在细水雾与火焰相互作用过程中粒径分布对灭火效能影响显著;细水雾在粒径小于100 μm时不能实现有效灭火;当粒径为200～400 μm时细水雾能有效抑制火焰发展并熄灭火源;在细水雾灭火机理中,相对于气相冷却和隔氧窒息,细水雾的表面冷却作用起到主导作用;细水雾喷射速度对灭火效果影响较大,细水雾动量不小于火羽流动量是火灾发展得到有效控制的重要前提;细水雾有效雾通量随着雾化角度增大而逐渐减小,雾化角度增大不利于细水雾灭火效能提高.     

低压双流体细水雾抑制锂离子电池热失控研究

利用自主设计的实验平台,采用加热棒模拟锂电池外部过热场景,分别在95、80、60 kPa的环境压力下对18650型锂电池热失控表面温度和CO体积分数变化进行对比,探究低压双流体细水雾对锂电池热失控的抑制效果。结果表明：低压双流体细水雾可在低雾化压力下产生较小的雾滴粒径,并能有效抑制锂电池热失控与热传播,减少CO生成量;雾化压力为1.2 MPa时产生的细水雾雾滴粒径最小,冷却效果最好。随着环境压力降低,细水雾的抑制效果下降。可考虑使用惰性气体作为雾化气体,增强灭火效果。     

细水雾控制高层住宅烟道火灾的有效性及参数优化

为了有效控制高层住宅厨房烟道火灾,构建细水雾控制厨房食用油火和带分支烟道的高层住宅厨房烟道油垢火的FDS数值模型,分析高层住宅厨房烟道细水雾灭火系统有效性的影响因素及最佳设计参数。结果表明,如果未能即时扑灭高层住宅底层厨房食用油火,在强烈的烟囱效应作用下,高温火焰和烟气会引燃烟道内油垢,造成火势的迅速蔓延。本文所建的30 m高厨房烟道火模型中,最佳细水雾灭火系统运行模式为关闭厨房抽油烟机,即时开启厨房灶台上方和主烟道内分段设置的细水雾喷头,雾流量分别为0.6,10 L/min,细水雾最佳参数为喷射流速10 m/s、喷射角度60°、水雾粒径500 μm。     

单、双喷头细水雾对正庚烷池火灾的抑制作用

为了研究单、双喷头细水雾抑灭正庚烷池火灾的效能和机理,在半体积飞机模拟货舱中开展了单、双喷头细水雾雾滴粒径测试和抑灭20 cm 正庚烷池火灾的实验研究。结果表明,双喷头细水雾协同工作会导致雾滴之间相互碰撞发生二次破碎,有助于雾化效果的提升。通过对燃料表面温度、火焰区平均温度和舱内氧气浓度的测量和计算,对比分析了单、双喷头细水雾抑灭火的主导机理。结果表明,单喷头细水雾灭火的平均时间为283.14 s,耗水量约为3.54 L,燃料表面冷却是其抑灭火的主导机理。双喷头细水雾灭火的平均时间为212.22 s,耗水量约为5.31L,火焰冷却是其抑灭火的主导机理。     

低压气泡雾化的实验及数值模拟研究

为了进一步研究混合腔内部流场和参数最佳组合的两相流装置,设计了6 种不同结构的两相流雾化喷嘴,并实验测定雾滴粒径、雾滴轴向速度、雾化角和雾通量等相关雾化特性参数。在实验基础上,采用Fluent 模拟软件对混合腔内部的速度流场、压力流场和气液体积分数进行模拟分析,对实验结果进行补充与验证。得到雾化特性和灭火效果兼优的最优喷嘴的工作参数为：液体工作压力0.4 MPa,液体质量流量为60.0 kg/h,气体工作压力0.6 MPa,气体质量流量为0.1 kg/h,喷孔直径0.8 mm,注气孔数32 个。     

高、中压细水雾灭火性能比较实验研究

从细水雾雾场特性参数分析出发,搭建实验平台研究高压细水雾和中压细水雾的灭火性能,得到高、中压细水雾灭火时的温度和烟气组分体积分数变化情况,以及雾场特性参数如雾通量、粒径分布和雾动量等和灭火性能的关系。结果表明由于工作压力不同,使得雾场特性参数有所差异,在实验火场开阔的情况下,由于中压细水雾在燃烧区域的雾通量和雾动量更大,其对于木垛火和柴油池火的灭火效果均优于高压细水雾。     

细水雾系统参数对有障碍物液体火灾灭火效果的影响

利用FDS 数值模拟软件，采取控制变量法设置4 组数值模拟，分别研究细水雾系统水滴粒径、雾化角度、喷水强度、喷头高度对火源周围存在无法燃烧或尚未开始燃烧的障碍物情况下灭火效果的影响。研究发现，当火源设置为乙醇池火时，存在障碍物条件下，细水雾系统水滴粒径设置在250~400 μm，雾化角度设为120°，喷水强度设为2.0~2.5 L/（min·m2），喷头高度距障碍物1 m 时灭火效果较为理想。     

细水雾灭火系统应用中的几个问题

讨论了细水雾灭火系统应用中的几个问题:细水雾能扑灭电气火灾,但使用时要注意设备的防水、积水和排水问题;细水雾灭火技术引入控火概念的理由以及新概念对消防系统的影响;喷头工作压力对雾特性的影响等。结果表明:并非喷头压力越高,喷头的安装高度就可以越高;也不是雾滴粒径越细,灭火效果就一定越好。     

A computational and experimental study of ultra fine water mist as a total flooding agent

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations were carried out to design total flooding fire tests in a 28 m³ compartment for an ultra fine water mist (<10 μm). The exit momentum of the mist produced by a proprietary ultrasonic generator technology was extremely low with a mist discharge velocity below 1 m/s. The mist was discharged with multiple floor outlets equally spaced around the centrally located 120 kW pool-like gas fire. The transport of mist and its interaction with the fire was simulated by Fluent, a commercial CFD model. Lagrangian Discrete Phase Model (DPM) was used for droplets. Simulation predicted extinguishment within 10 s with a mist delivery rate of 1 l/min. However, in total flooding fire tests conducted, extinction times were more than 5 min. Additional computations approximating the ultra fine mist (UFM) as a dense gas agreed well with the observed transport timescales of minutes indicating that UFM behaves like a gas. Further, the mist–fire interaction needs a multi-phase Euler–Euler approach with a droplet vaporization model.     

船用细水雾灭火喷头结构优化与分析

根据液体的雾化和灭火机理,对细水雾的液滴形成和破碎过程、影响液体雾化的因素、多种船用细水雾喷头结构的优劣进行分析,得到细水雾雾化对喷头的基本要求。设计船用喷头采用螺旋内流道,使液体在室内进行强烈的旋转,以提高水雾动能,加强离心雾化效果,增强灭火能力。运用STAR-CCM+对直射式喷头和改进的离心喷头进行对比分析,得到流场以及流场内有关面上的压力、速度、流动迹线以及液相水的体积分数。结果表明,螺旋流道的离心结构喷头可以增大喷雾半径、扩大保护范围、提升灭火效果。     

一种旋流式喷嘴的雾化实验研究

细水雾喷嘴是细水雾灭火系统的关键部件。本文主要采用激光多普勒测试仪（LDV）和相位多普勒粒子测量仪（PDPA）对一种旋流式喷嘴进行雾化实验研究。通过实验得到了不同测试压力下,喷嘴的流量、流量特性系数K、雾化锥角θ、水平射程、索特尔平均粒径（SMD）和粒子轴向速度的分布情况,最后得到了这几个参数随测试压力的变化关系。所测试的细水雾灭火喷头具有较大的轴向动量和径向动量,有利于扑灭深位火灾和扩大灭火范围。     

Comparison of PIV and PDA droplet velocity measurement techniques on two high-pressure water mist nozzles

The need for reliable measurement of droplet velocities and droplet size has increased with the more widespread use of water mist systems. Two optical measuring techniques have been investigated, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and phase Doppler anemometry (PDA). Measurements have been performed on two high-pressure nozzles, a hollow cone nozzle and a full cone nozzle. Both methods performed well close to the nozzle and further away from the nozzle. In the intermediate region the results obtained with PIV are biased against the larger droplets. The two methods complement each other, PIV giving the instantaneous velocity field and PDA giving both the droplet velocity and droplet size at a point. The measurement indicates that higher throw length can be archived with a full cone nozzle compared to the hollow cone nozzle, if both nozzles have the same cone angle and flow rate.     

Physical scaling of water mist fire extinguishment in industrial machinery enclosures

Froude-based scaling relationships had previously been theoretically extended to, and experimentally validated in the laboratory for, water mist suppression of fires in open environment and in enclosures, which were shown applicable to gas, liquid and solid combustible fires. Before applying these relationships to real-world settings, their applicability needs to be further evaluated for the intended protection. This paper presents such an evaluation on scaling water mist fire extinguishment in an industrial machinery enclosure. In this evaluation exercise, a full-scale water mist protection set-up tested for a 260-m³ machinery enclosure was selected as the benchmark. A ½-scale machinery enclosure test replica was then constructed, together with a ½-scale nozzle whose orifices were geometrically similar to those of the full-scale nozzle. Spray measurements indicated that the ½-scale spray closely met the scaling requirements, in terms of discharge K-factor, water mist flux, droplet velocity and droplet size distribution. Two spray fires and one pool fire, which were scaled with the respective full-scale fires, were used to challenge the water mist protection in the ½-scale enclosure. At least five replicated tests were conducted for each of the four tested fire scenarios. Overall, the instantaneous local gas temperature and oxygen concentration measured inside the ½-scale enclosure for each fire scenario agreed reasonably well with those measured at the corresponding locations inside the full-scale enclosure, meeting Froude modeling's requirement that scalar quantities be preserved in different scales. The fire extinguishment times obtained from the ½-scale tests for each fire scenario were also statistically consistent with that observed in the corresponding full-scale test. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that, for machinery enclosures and other similar occupancies, the previously laboratory-validated scaling relationships for water mist fire suppression can be used to determine the fire extinguishing performance of a full-scale water mist protection in a ½-scale test facility.