历史文化街区活化中的消防设计初探

对历史文化街区修复利用过程中出现的难点问题进行总结、分析,列举2处文化街区的修复利用实例,如福州旅游的名片三坊七巷和福建船政文化马尾闽安古镇的消防系统设计,提出此类项目的设计步骤和关键问题的解决思路,以期为街区活化项目提供借鉴参考。     

历史文化街区消防体系研究——以杭州河坊街为例

该文聚焦于历史文化街区消防通病,以杭州市河坊街历史文化街区为例展开研究,考虑到历史文化街区的特点,一方面从物质空间入手,深入了解街区传统的消防手段和现代的消防手段,并概括了传统和现代消防手段的优劣势;另一方面从人文环境出发,对河坊街历史文化街区相关消防管理部门及街坊居民、商户、游客展开调查研究,剖析其消防管理现状中存在的问题及居民、商户、游客的消防意识。最后从物质和人文两个角度出发,针对历史文化街区内的消防通病,提出了植入防火技术、弥补消防通道、整治长街短巷、再生传统水源、完善现代消防四个物质措施,以及明晰责任、加强监督、多样宣传、组织队伍等人文措施,以期为今后其他历史文化街区的消防体系规划提供建设性和指导性意见。     

浙江历史文化街区管线综合工程探讨

在浙江省历史文化街区中,管线综合工程有很多成功经验未能得到及时总结推广,同时存在着一些不足之处未引起足够关注。文章通过以浙江省松阳、浦江县两地历史文化街区管线综合工程为例,主要解决街区狭窄街道管线综合问题,提出管线综合方式,总结分析其中技术要点和利弊,以期为同类型历史文化街区或传统村落狭窄道路管线综合工程提供可参考借鉴的案例,拓展管线综合技术新路径,使历史文化街区保护达到既改善民生又保护街区风貌的效果。     

传统村落保护规划编制与整治设计研究——基于福州市传统村落保护规划实践

传统村落蕴藏着丰富的历史文化信息与自然生态景观资源,是我国乡村历史、文化、自然遗产的空间呈现,因此,传统村落保护规划编制及整治设计方法,既不同于历史文化街区,也不同于一般的村庄规划。传统村落保护规划需要先梳理出传统村落的历史文化元素,从物质文化遗产和非物质文化遗产两个层面,从历史、现在和未来三方面进行研究论证并提出发展策略。传统村落保护规划内容包括历史文化遗产保护研究、村庄保护规划、村庄建设规划、村庄文化复兴规划、产业发展规划、近期行动规划等。文章基于福州市传统村落保护规划编制及实施的实践经验,总结了传统村落保护规划编制的重点、框架、内容体系,并针对历史文化遗产研究、建筑整治、景观修复等特色方法进行重点阐述。     

城市经济学视角下的历史文化街区保护与活化利用——以莆田市兴化府历史文化街区为例北大核心

以莆田市兴化府历史文化街区为例,在评判街区综合价值、梳理街区保护与活化利用的突出问题、调查公共参与意愿的基础上,运用城市经济学方法深入探讨实现历史文化街区保护与活化利用的着力点,包括:挖掘历史文化保护价值、构建多元主体参与的保护机制、重构公共服务设施以及打造经济可持续的活力街区等,最后为历史文化街区的保护和活化利用提出对策建议。     

基于网络数据的三坊七巷历史文化街区商业业态空间分布及评价研究

城市旅游商业开发作为现今较为普遍的城镇老街活化更新方法,是结合传统历史文化街区空间结构和现代体验式商业街设计方法的开发方式,利用原有建筑街区空间,植入各种业态、功能、活动,以达到保护文物古迹、完善基础建设、活化区域经济等更新目标。以往历史文化街区商业业态研究受制于田野调查的局限性,网络社交媒体平台的普及和商业运营模式的改变使借助计算机数据采集工具获取网络信息数据成为研究方式的一种新尝试。本文以三坊七巷历史文化街区为例,尝试借助网络信息采集工具爬取相关LBS数据,结合实地调研,分析其现状商业业态特征和空间分布格局,并根据网络点评数据获得使用者行为特点,以期为未来三坊七巷优化活化和其他历史文化街区商业业态的布局和管理提供参考和帮助。     

福州朱紫坊历史街区存量活化设计策略研究

历史街区作为城市发展进程中延续传承的活态遗产,是城市文化和区域特色的深刻烙印。快速城市化促使历史街区面临失活困境。文章以闽江流域的历史街区——朱紫坊为例,基于城市更新转型期存量提升的背景,借鉴有机更新理论,以活化街区文脉为重点,梳理街区特质、总结失落原因、构建活化策略,以期在街区保护的过程中实现物质空间存量盘活、历史文化创新延续、非遗业态重构活化,为历史街区有机更新提供实践参考。     

湘西瑶族崇木凼村公共空间活化策略研究

随着我国城镇化建设不断加快,传统村落遭到的破坏日益严峻,村落保护迫在眉睫。以湘西崇木凼村为例,从空间活化角度出发,结合当地少数民族历史文化,在总结归纳传统村落公共空间类型的基础上,从生态建设的协调性、民俗文化的原真性、风景资源的活态性三方面提出空间活化策略,构建融审美与生态、文化与生活、艺术与观光于一体的公共空间模式,为少数民族地区传统村落公共空间活化提供参考。     

鲁西地区传统村落保护与更新研究——以阳谷县七一村为例

传统村落的物质空间与地域文化在快速城镇化的冲击和影响下濒临消失。以鲁西地区聊城市阳谷县七一村为例,分析村落历史景观、特色街区及传统建筑在保护与更新发展中存在的问题,提出历史空间重塑、地域文化传承、传统生活更新的保护发展策略,为传统村落的转型发展提供借鉴与参考。     

三坊七巷历史文化街区消防给水系统及加压方式的设计分析

以三坊七巷历史文化街区的消防给水系统改造工程为例,分析了历史街区消防系统存在的主要问题,在街区市政供水现状条件下,适当封闭改造使其形成环状管网,并重新利用废旧高位水池和增设消防泵,提升及完善了三坊七巷街区消防给水系统的供水条件,为类似历史文化街区消防给水系统的完善和提升改造提供借鉴参考。     

基于CONE的超高温耐火电缆火灾危险性分析

利用锥形量热仪对超高温耐火电缆在不同辐射功率下的点燃时间（TTI）、热释放速率（HRR）、质量损失速率（MLR）和燃烧残余物进行了研究。研究表明,随着辐射功率增加,耐火电缆的TTI逐渐缩短,HRR和MLR逐渐增大,火灾危险性逐渐增加。超高温耐火电缆在35 kW/m2和50 kW/m2辐射功率下火灾性能指数相比于25 kW/m2分别增加了44.4%和176.5%,火灾增长指数分别增加了30.4%和83.0%。结合理论分析可以得出,耐火电缆的临界辐射功率为3.61 kW/m2、零辐射平均热释放速率为36.5 kW/m2,表现出较低的火灾危险性。     

低辐射强度下古建筑木构件材料的燃烧特性

为研究古建筑木构件材料在火灾下的燃烧特性,使用锥型量热仪对古木材试样的点燃时间、临界辐射强度、热释放速率、燃烧气体中CO2体积分数等燃烧特性进行试验研究。试验发现3种不同厚度试样的临界辐射强度分别为8.81,9.40,10.55 kW/m2。试样厚度增加会使古木材点燃时间延长,临界辐射强度增大,材料的热释放速率所形成的双峰值曲线的峰值降低。燃烧气体中CO2体积分数曲线与热释放速率所绘制出的曲线的形态一致,同一厚度的试样在不同辐射强度下其燃烧特性呈现出显著区别。与新木材相关燃烧特性参数对比,劣化后的古木材临界热辐射强度降低、点燃时间减小,5 min内平均热释放速率较高。研究表明,古建筑木构件材料燃烧特性有显著变化,可为古建筑火灾研究提供参考。     

Evaluating the use of minerals as forest fire retardants

The fire retardancy of carbonate minerals hydromagnesite, huntite and natural mixtures of hydromagnesite and huntite, on forest species was tested by analytical (differential thermogravimetry under air atmosphere) and laboratory-scale (flame spread test) methods. The selected forest species (Pinus halepensis Mill. and Cistus incanus L.) were collected from a wildland/urban interface zone near Athens and were treated with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% w/w of the minerals. On the basis of differential thermogravimetric analysis, minerals decrease forest species combustibility (by increasing maximum weight loss rate and combustion duration) and consumability (by increasing combustion mass residue) and increase their sustainability (by increasing combustion duration). Additionally, the flame spread tests indicate that the minerals decrease forest species ignitability (increase time for ignition) and combustibility (decrease flame spread rate, maximum flame height and mean flame intensity), and affect their sustainability (by increasing the flame duration) and consumability (by increasing the mass residue). Among minerals examined, the most efficient retardant was the mixture of huntite and hydromagnesite.     

Combustibility Parameters for Enclosure Lining Materials Obtained During Surface Flame Spread Using a Reduced Scale Ignition and Flame Spread Technique

A reduced scale ignition and flame spread technique, RIFT, was implemented in the cone calorimeter system to obtain thermocombustibility properties of enclosure lining materials during flame spread over the sample surface. Previously, a thermal model of ignition and opposed flow flame spread was used to analyze flame spread data obtained using RIFT. Here, a framework is discussed for deducing critical material combustibility parameters from the measured heat release and mass loss rates as the spreading flame proceeds to the point of flame extinction. The nature of the data and analytical framework allows users to deduce spreading flame flux from the heat release rate (HRR) and mass loss rate (MLR) data relatively economically and directly. The anomalies highlighted by comparing flame spread data in the RIFT system compared to data from the BS 476 Part 7 apparatus indicates that the RIFT system is well-suited for developing and refining models describing ignition, flame spread, and mass burning.     

聚丙烯腈织物热稳定性与燃烧特性研究

对聚丙烯腈(PAN)织物在空气气氛下的热稳定性和3种热辐射强度下的燃烧特性进行研究。结果表明,PAN织物在空气气氛中的热分解过程主要包括3个失重阶段;随着热辐射强度的增大,PAN织物点燃时间有所提前,热释放速率和产烟率的峰值均得到了一定程度的提高,到达峰值的时间均有不同程度的提前,质量损失率增加,且初始热分解时间提前;当热辐射强度为25 kW/m2时,PAN织物的燃烧不充分,烟密度最大;热辐射强度越大,烟气扩散越快,且PAN织物的火灾性能指数值减小,火灾增长指数值增大;PAN织物具有较高的火灾危险性。     

Experimental Study on the Combustion Characteristics of Primary Lithium Batteries Fire

The use of lithium batteries requires understanding their fire and explosion hazards. In this paper, a report is given on an experimental study of the combustion characteristics of primary lithium batteries. Burning tests of single and bundles of primary lithium batteries were conducted in a calorimeter to measure their heat release rates when exposed to an irradiance of 20 kW m^?2. Several variables including time to ignition, mass loss, heat release rate and plume temperature were measured to evaluate the ignition and combustion characteristics. The burning batteries were observed to have flame temperatures in excess of 1,200°C and to release corrosive compounds. The experimental results show that the combustion efficiency, carbon dioxide yield and mass loss are proportional to the number of batteries in the bundle. The total heat released by battery bundles was deduced empirically to be proportional to the number of batteries with a power of 1.26. The results provide experimental basis for the development of fire protection measures during the use, storage and distribution of primary lithium batteries.     

干湿混纺地毯燃烧性能研究

为研究火灾初期自动喷水灭火系统作用时对铺地材料燃烧性能的影响,利用火焰传播量热仪,以混纺地毯为例,分别研究了干态、含水率50%、全浸泡3 种状态下水对其燃烧性能的影响。试验结果表明：随着含水率的升高,混纺地毯的引燃时间增长,含水率高的混纺地毯不易被引燃;含水条件下峰值热释放速率比干态条件下大,火灾规模较大,火焰燃烧持续时间内总热值较小;含水条件下,总烟气生成量及组成成分峰值出现时间后移。     

野外组合式软体油罐罐体材料燃烧特性研究

为了研究野外组合式软体油罐在不同辐射强度下的燃烧特性,通过锥形量热仪对软体油罐样本进行燃烧实验,选用25,35,50 kW/m2三种典型的热辐射强度进行研究,得到点燃时间、热释放速率、比消光面积、烟气生成速率、火焰形态等参数的变化规律.结果发现:热辐射强度为50 kW/m2时,点燃时间分别为25,35 kW/m2时的3...     

EcoSmart Fire as Structure Ignition Model in Wildland Urban Interface: Predictions and Validations

EcoSmartFire is a Windows program that models heat damage and piloted ignition of structures from radiant exposure to discrete landscaped tree fires. It calculates the radiant heat transfer from cylindrical shaped fires to the walls and roof of the structure while accounting for radiation shadowing, attenuation, and ground reflections. Tests of litter burn, a 0.6 m diameter fire up to 250 kW heat release under a Heat Release Rate (HRR) hood, with Schmidt-Boelter heat flux sensors in the mockup wall receiving up to 5 kW/m² radiant flux, in conjunction with Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) modeling verified a 30% radiant fraction, but indicated the need for a new empirical model of flame extinction coefficient and radiation temperature as function of fire diameter and heat release rate for use in ecoSmartFire. The radiant fluxes predicted with both ecoSmartFire and FDS agreed with SB heat flux sensors to within a few percent errors during litter fire growth. Further experimental work done with propane flame heating (also with 30% radiant fraction) on vertical redwood boards instrumented with embedded thermocouples validated the predicted temperature response to within 20% error for both models. The final empirical correlation for flame extinction coefficient and temperature is valid for fire diameters between 0.2 and 7.9 m, with heat release rates up to 1000 kW. From the corrected radiant flux the program calculates surface temperatures for a given burn time (typically 30 s) and weather conditions (typically dry, windy, and warm for website application) for field applications of many trees and many structural surfaces. An example was provided for a simple house exposed to 4 burning trees selected on a Google enhanced mapping that showed ignition of a building redwood siding. These temperatures were compared to damage or ignition temperatures with output of the percentage of each cladding surface that is damaged or ignited, which a homeowner or a landscaper can use to optimize vegetation landscaping in conjunction with house exterior cladding selections. The need for such physics-based fire modeling of tree spacing was indicated in NFPA 1144 for home ignitability in wildland urban interface, whereas no other model is known to provide such capability.     

粒径对中密度纤维板粉尘爆炸特性影响实验研究

为探究粒径对中密度纤维板粉尘爆炸及相关特性的影响,采用20 L爆炸球、粉尘云最低着火温度装置、锥形量热仪和哈特曼管装置,对不同粒径粉尘的爆炸下限、最大爆炸压力、最低着火温度、热释放速率和火焰传播规律进行研究。结果表明,随着粉尘粒径减小,爆炸下限和粉尘云最低着火温度降低,最大爆炸压力逐渐增大;粉尘燃烧过程分为升温、着火、过渡、加剧和熄灭5个阶段,并出现2个峰值,热释放速率变化时间和吸热时间随着粒径减小而增加,热释放速率峰值增大;火焰在管道内的传播随着粒径减小先增强后减弱,管道外“火球”形状更大,火焰消散后火星数量变少,火焰尾端更加细长。