基于火用效率的玉米秸秆厌氧发酵单产和联产氢烷性能分析

玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产氢、产甲烷,联产氢烷是秸秆能源化利用的3种重要的生化转化模式。为了筛选出玉米秸秆高效的生化转化模式,在玉米秸秆基质浓度分别为20,30,40,50,60 g/L的条件下进行了光发酵产氢、厌氧发酵产甲烷和光发酵产氢-厌氧发酵产甲烷两阶段联产氢烷的试验,从热力学火用效率和生态火用效率的角度对玉米秸秆单产或联产氢气和甲烷的性能进行了分析和评价。研究结果表明,光发酵产氢时,底物浓度为40 g/L的累积产氢量和累积收益火用最大,分别为323.67 mL和3.41 kJ,最大热力学火用效率为1.58%。厌氧发酵产甲烷时,底物浓度为60 g/L的累积产甲烷量和累积收益火用最大,分别为1 546.46 mL和57.38 kJ,最大热力学火用效率为31.01%。氢烷联产时,底物浓度为60 g/L的氢气和甲烷联产的累积产甲烷量和累积收益火用最大,分别为1 554..83 mL和60.83 kJ,最大热力学火用效率为22.20%。3种模式相比,玉米秸秆厌氧发酵单产甲烷转化具有最高的火用效率,且热力学火用效率和生态火用效率的评价结果是一致的。     

稻壳与玉米秆高温厌氧发酵制备生物燃气潜力研究

研究了玉米秆和稻壳在固体浓度为6%时的高温（50℃）发酵性能,并分析了发酵过程中氨氮浓度、碱度及挥发性脂肪酸等参数的变化情况。结果表明,玉米秆和稻壳的挥发性物质产甲烷率接近,分别为（157.67 ± 3.00）mL/g VS和（155.83 ± 6.25）mL/g VS,挥发性物质去除率分别为（53.38 ± 0.81）% 和（42.67 ± 0.3）%。但稻壳相比于玉米秆无需粉碎,降低了输入能耗。发酵过程中氨氮浓度及挥发性脂肪酸数值低于抑制浓度,且碱度对发酵系统酸浓度变化具有很好的缓冲能力,可见玉米秆和稻壳适宜作为沼气工程的原料,并可在6%的固体浓度及高温条件下稳定发酵。     

TS对城市有机垃圾和剩余污泥联合厌氧消化的影响

在中温(35℃)条件下,以城市有机垃圾和污水处理厂剩余污泥为发酵原料,其中生活垃圾∶污泥=4∶1(w/w,干重),研究了固形物含量分别为3%,4%,6%,8%,10%对厌氧发酵过程及发酵效率的影响。结果表明:当发酵液TS为4%时厌氧发酵效率最高,发酵过程中pH适宜产甲烷菌生长,产气时间长,累积产气量最大,为11 967 mL,且甲烷含量较高;同时发酵过程中氨氮浓度升高缓慢,不会对甲烷菌造成氨抑制,对原料中有机质的降解效果明显,COD去除率为61.7%,TS去除率为47.19%,VS去除率为55.93%。     

木薯酒精废醪产氢潜力的试验以及对产氢产甲烷联合发酵的研究

以木薯酒精废醪为原料,通过调节pH值至5.0,在(35±1)℃的中温条件下进行批量式沼气发酵实验,发酵料液的TS浓度设为6%。实验结果表明,氢气发酵试验的运行时间为11 d,净产气量为1615 mL,产氢潜力为92.13 mL/g(TS)、97.58 mL/g(VS),能源转换效率为1.58%。针对产氢发酵和产甲烷发酵能源转换效率低这一问题,对产氢、产甲烷联合发酵进行了分析,讨论了原料种类、接种量、温度、pH值、发酵浓度、氢气分压等参数对联合厌氧发酵的影响以及对发酵过程中动力学和菌群的探讨,并对以厌氧产氢产甲烷联合发酵的方法处理木薯酒精废醪进行了讨论。研究结果可为以后木薯酒精废醪的能源高效利用提供参考。     

蔬菜废弃物厌氧发酵制沼气的工艺条件研究

文章以蔬菜废弃物作为发酵原料,以长期驯化的猪粪和池塘污泥作为接种物,将发酵料液的总固体(TS)含量分别设置为8%,10%和12%,置于室温和中温(35℃)条件下进行厌氧发酵实验,通过监测发酵过程中的pH值、日产气量和CH_4含量的变化,研究蔬菜废弃物在不同条件下的厌氧发酵产气特性。研究结果表明:中温条件下,以池塘污泥作为接种物时,发酵料液TS含量为12%的实验组的日产气量峰值和原料产气率分别为1 750 mL和367.69 mL/g,产气效果优于其它实验组;在中温条件下,以池塘污泥作为接种物时,发酵料液TS含量为10%的实验组在稳定期的CH_4平均含量为80.55%,高于其它实验组。     

构树与不同生物质废弃物混合厌氧发酵产气性能研究

在温度(55±1℃)和总挥发性固体浓度(2%)为固定参数,碳氮比(C/N)为可变参数的条件下,研究了构树和牛粪、餐厨垃圾、水稻秸秆分别进行混合发酵的产气性能。研究结果表明:与单一发酵相比,混合发酵均能提高甲烷产量,当构树与餐厨垃圾混合物的C/N为20时,可获得最高的累积产甲烷量(411.71 mL/g),比构树和餐厨垃圾单独发酵时的累积产甲烷量分别提高了45.45%和12.61%;构树与餐厨垃圾、牛粪、水稻秸秆进行混合发酵时,原料之间均存在协同作用,其中,构树与水稻秸秆在C/N为15的条件下进行混合发酵时,协同指数最高,为18.69%;构树与不同废弃物的混合厌氧发酵过程符合修正Gompertz方程(R~20.97),可用该拟合方程模拟混合厌氧发酵过程。     

硝化细菌脱氨氮预处理对鸡粪和玉米秸秆混合厌氧发酵的影响

在发酵温度为40℃,发酵底物TS含量分别为12%,16%和20%的条件下,将经过硝化细菌脱氨氮预处理的鸡粪以及未经预处理的鸡粪分别与玉米秸秆进行混合厌氧发酵,并研究发酵过程中沼气日产量、沼气累计产量、氨氮浓度、TS和VS降解率等参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:在发酵过程的前15 d,当发酵底物的TS含量分别为12%,16%,20%时,经过预处理的试验组的沼气日产量平均值分别为593.1,550.9,355.1 mL/d,未经预处理的试验组的沼气日产量平均值分别为420.8,379.2,433.4 mL/d;与未经预处理的试验组相比,经过预处理的试验组的累积沼气产量更高;在整个发酵过程中,各试验组的氨氮浓度均呈现出逐渐上升的变化趋势;脱氨氮预处理能够提高发酵前物料的挥发性脂肪酸浓度;当发酵底物的TS含量分别为12%,16%和20%时,相比于未经预处理的试验组,经过预处理的试验组的TS降解率分别提高了1.9%,7.9%和17.4%,VS降解率分别提高了2.2%,3.3%和28.4%,纤维素降解率分别提高了1.1%,4.6%和26.0%,半纤维素降解率分别提高了0.1%,1.3%和25.5%。     

汽爆玉米秸秆乙醇发酵残留物产甲烷特性研究

为阐明木质纤维素原料乙醇发酵残留物产甲烷的能力,以汽爆玉米秸秆为原料进行高底物浓度同步糖化发酵(SSF)产乙醇,并将乙醇发酵残留物、发酵残留物上清及固体部分分别进行产甲烷潜力实验。研究结果表明,汽爆玉米秸秆同步糖化发酵底物浓度达到30%(w/w),乙醇浓度为48.9g/L。发酵残留物产甲烷潜力为46mL CH_4/g底物,上清部分产甲烷潜力为12mL CH_4/g底物,固体部分产甲烷潜力达到286mL CH_4/g底物,从而证明高底物浓度汽爆玉米秸秆乙醇发酵残留物具有较好的产甲烷潜力。     

沸石对鸡粪沼气发酵特性的影响

针对鸡粪厌氧发酵产甲烷过程中的氨抑制问题,采用生化产甲烷潜力(BMP)装置在中温(35±1)℃条件下进行以鸡粪为底物,沸石为添加物的厌氧消化试验,探究不同沸石添加量(添加沸石体积占发酵液体积的百分比2.5%、5.0%、10.0%和0%)对鸡粪厌氧发酵产沼气特性的影响。结果表明:当沸石添加量为10.0%时,总产气量最大,达到3340 mL。沸石添加量5.0%的试验组在发酵第21天时甲烷含量达到最大值73.06%,比对照组提高4.86%。采用一级动力学模型、Transfer模型和Cone模型进行累积产气率的动力学分析,其中Cone模型与实际累积产气率拟合度最高(R2为0.9837～0.9964)。     

以秸秆和厨余垃圾为原料发酵产甲烷工艺的优化

利用响应曲面法研究了秸秆与厨余垃圾混合厌氧发酵产甲烷的二次回归模型和工艺条件。选取原料配比、原始C/N、TS浓度为参考因素,采用3因素3水平的试验设计手段进行预测,在原料配比(秸秆∶厨余)为1.29∶1,C/N为20.42,TS浓度为10.07%时,甲烷的总产气量达到最高值,为21431.7mL,产气率为126.06mL/g。利用响应曲面法对结论进行优化检验,结果表明,实际值与理论值误差很小,工艺参数可用于实际应用中。     

An experimental approach to produce hydrogen and methane from food waste using catalyst

Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste, cow dung, and sludge solution is experimented in the presence of calcium peroxide (CaO₂) as the catalyst to produce hydrogen and methane as a source of renewable energy. The substrate to inoculum ratios (v/v) of 1:1(S1), 1:2(S2), 1:3(S3), 1:4(S4) and 1:5(S5) are investigated in separate fermentative and methanogenic reactors. The result from the fermentative reactors indicate maximum hydrogen concentration of 26.34% with cumulative yield of 114.1 mL/g total solid (TS) in S3 compared to the other samples. Methanogenic reaction shows the highest methane concentration of 54.13% in S3. The highest daily (average) and cumulative biogas yield of 5.36 mL/g TS and 201.9 mL/g TS respectively are identified in S3. A maximum carbon dioxide concentration of 63.11% is found in S1. Overall, the substrate to inoculum ratio of 1:3 is spotted to be optimal for effective hydrogen and methane production during the anaerobic co-digestion process.     

尿素预处理对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气特性影响及动力学分析

针对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气过程中难降解问题,选用尿素对玉米秸秆进行预处理,并进行批次厌氧发酵产沼气试验研究。结果表明:经过45 d厌氧发酵,累积产气量最高为757.83 mL/g VS,最低为588.64 mL/g VS,厌氧发酵进行到25 d时达到45 d累积产气量的85%。分析联合预处理对累积沼气产气量影响得出,尿素质量浓度、预处理时间和玉米秸秆粒径3个因素对累积沼气产气量的影响程度是:玉米秸秆粒径>尿素质量浓度>预处理时间。通过2种动力学模型分析产气规律,对比模型的检验参数,得出Cone模型拟合预处理玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产气规律的适合度较高。     

不同预处理方式对芒萁、商陆厌氧消化性能的影响

采用酸（1.5% H₂SO₄）、碱（2% NaOH）、水热（180℃）三种方式分别对芒萁、商陆进行预处理,考查不同预处理方式对芒萁、商陆厌氧消化性能的影响。结果表明：不同预处理方式对原料木质素去除效果不同,去除率大小依次为碱处理 > 酸处理 > 水热处理,其中碱处理条件下芒萁木质素去除率为52.84%,商陆为48.62%。碱处理条件下原料甲烷产率亦最高,分别为芒萁134.62 mL/g VS、商陆260.40 mL/g VS,相比未处理分别提升53.62%、79.38%;稀酸和水热处理条件下芒萁木质素去除率较低,分别为23.61%、4.52%,商陆则分别为31.68%、5.67%。另外,稀酸和水热处理对芒萁产甲烷也有较好的提升作用,相比未处理分别提升33.08%、38.62%,但对商陆产甲烷并没有明显的改善作用（酸处理仅提升7.83%、水热处理降低3.42%）。相比酸处理和水热处理,碱处理具有更好的预处理效果,商陆比芒萁具有更好的产甲烷潜力。     

Anaerobic batch digestion of solid potato waste alone and in combination with sugar beet leaves

The objective of this study was to characterise anaerobic batch biodegradation of potato waste alone and when co-digested with sugar beet leaves. The effects of increasing concentration of potato waste expressed as percentage of total solids (TS) and the initial inoculum-to-substrate ratio (ISR) on methane yield and productivity were investigated. The ISRs studied were in the range 9.0–0.25 and increasing proportions of potato waste from 10% to 80% of TS. A maximum methane yield of 0.32 l CH₄/g VS_degraded was obtained at 40% of TS and an ISR of 1.5. A methane content of up to 84% was obtained at this proportion of potato waste and ISR. Higher ISRs led to faster onset of biogas production and higher methane productivity. Furthermore, co-digestion of potato waste and sugar beet leaves in varying proportions was investigated at constant TS. Co-digestion improved the accumulated methane production and improved the methane yield by 31–62% compared with digestion of potato waste alone.     

有机垃圾组分中温厌氧消化产甲烷动力学研究

以土豆、生菜、瘦肉和花生油为原料,采用批式中温厌氧消化产甲烷实验,研究了城市生活有机垃圾中淀粉类、纤维素类、蛋白质类和脂类4种典型组分的厌氧消化产甲烷特性。利用修正Gompertz方程对累积产甲烷量进行拟合,并对厌氧降解过程用一级动力学进行分析。结果表明:土豆、生菜、瘦肉和花生油的最终甲烷产量为260.1、145.7、258.4和757.2mL·gVS~(-1),延滞期分别为0、1.3、1.6和13.1d,累积甲烷产量达到最终甲烷产量80%所需的时间分别为7.2、9.6、8.1和59.7d,可生物降解度分别为74%、31%、51%和85%。从厌氧消化过程中液相的挥发性脂肪酸浓度和气相的氢气浓度以及pH监测结果表明,所有厌氧消化过程均没有中间产物的积累,适合一级动力学方程。土豆、生菜、瘦肉和花生油的厌氧降解速率常数分别为0.183、0.147、0.190和0.020d~(-1)。     

城市有机垃圾厌氧干发酵研究

在２０－５０％ ＴＳ浓度下，采用厌氧消化污泥作接种物，ＴＳ量与接种物量之比为１０：１，可保证有机垃圾厌氧消化过程正常进行。这时垃圾的生物降解量、产沼气量和产甲烷量均随ＴＳ浓度的增高而降低，ＴＳ浓度为５０％时降低幅度最大。产甲烷过程，挥发酸量和每克ＴＳ和ＶＳ的产气量均与ＴＳ浓度有关。     

勿忘我花杆发酵产沼气潜力的实验研究

为研究勿忘我花杆的产沼气潜力和特性,实验设计对照组（120 mL接种物）和实验组（120 mL接种物 + 27 g勿忘我花杆）,在30℃恒温条件下,采用全混合批量式发酵工艺,进行厌氧发酵产沼气的实验。结果表明,实验组沼气发酵历时36 d,净产气量为1 650 mL,计算得出勿忘我花杆的产气潜力为359 mL/(g•TS),393 mL/(g•VS)。     

Influence of substrate-to-inoculum ratio on the batch anaerobic digestion of bean curd refuse-okara under mesophilic conditions

Bean curd refuse-okara, a byproduct of tofu (soybean cake) production, contains more than 20% total solid (TS), making it difficult to use as a substrate for anaerobic methane fermentation without dilution. This study focused on the batch methane fermentation of okara in anaerobic digesters under mesophilic (36 °C) conditions. Inoculum was mixed with different amounts of okara, and their final moisture content was adjusted to 90%. Methane production at 13 different substrate-to-inoculum ratios (S/Is), ranging from 0.1 to 3.0, were determined. The results indicated that despite the TS loading of 10%, which is significantly higher than that of traditional methane fermentation, okara was fermented to methane at the highest methane-based degradation of 93%. When the S/I values ranged from 0.1 to 0.6, methane yields indicated a linear relationship with the S/I value. Methane yield reached its maximum at S/I values of 0.6-0.9. In contrast, methane yield decreased when the S/I exceeded 1.0, due to higher accumulation of volatile fatty acid (VFA), which significantly inhibits fermentation. After 19 days of mesophilic digestion, maximum methane yields of 478-495 ml CH₄ g VS-1 were achieved at S/I values of 0.6-0.9, which corresponds to 90-93% methane-based degradation of okara.     

The effect of total solids concentration and temperature on biogas production by anaerobic digestion

This paper analyzed the effect of total solids (TS) concentration and temperature on biogas production from anaerobic digestion with dairy manure. Batch experiments were carried out for TS concentrations of 6%, 8%, and 10%, respectively, at five different temperatures (31, 34, 37, 40, and 43°C). Results showed that two factors both had significant effect on biogas production. The optimal condition for anaerobic digestion was 8% TS concentration at the temperature of 40°C. Under such condition, the biogas production is much better than the others and the yield peaked higher. Daily biogas production of 8% was more than those test groups which are 6% and 10% under the same temperature. When TS concentration was 8%, the rank of total biogas production of different digestion temperature test was 40 ＞ 37 ＞ 34 ＞ 43 ＞ 31°C, the biogas production of the 31, 34, 37, 40, and 43°C was 0.123, 0.159, 0.171, 0.205, and 0.153 L/g, respectively.     

Biohydrogen production from dual digestion pretreatment of poultry slaughterhouse sludge by anaerobic self-fermentation

Poultry slaughterhouse sludge from chicken processing wastewater treatment plant was tested for their suitability as a substrate and inoculum source for fermentation hydrogen production. Dual digestion of poultry slaughterhouse sludge was employed to produce hydrogen by batch anaerobic self-fermentation without any extra-seeds. The sludge (5% TS) was dual digested by aerobic thermophilic digestion at 55 °C with the varying retention time before using as substrate in anaerobic self-fermentation. The best digestion time for enriching hydrogen-producing seeds was 48 h as it completely repressed methanogenic activity and gave the maximum hydrogen yield of 136.9 mL H₂/g TS with a hydrogen production rate of 2.56 mL H₂/L/h. The hydrogen production of treated sludge at 48 h (136.9 mL H₂/g TS) was 15 times higher than that of the raw sludge (8.83 mL H₂/g TS). With this fermentation process, tCOD value in the activated sludge could be reduced up to 30%.