Integration of fire safety and building design

A new framework is presented to facilitate better incorporation of building fire safety performance options into the building design process. Based on the building design process and key design decisions undertaken at each phase, a knowledge set is developed to aid building designers to understand better the effects of design decisions on building fire performance. This also minimizes potential competing objectives in later design phases by sharing necessary concerns in advance. Drawing on the knowledge set, a conceptual building fire safety evaluation tool illustrates how primary building designers and fire safety engineers can quantitatively assess fire safety performance for different solutions. It is shown how building fire safety performance attributes can be arranged by building design phase, how various scenarios can be explored, and how appropriately balanced building design and fire safety design solutions can be identified at different phases of the building design process.     

Enhancing Building Fire Safety Performance by Reducing Miscommunication and Misconceptions

Building fire safety is driven by regulations and technical building codes, at least as a minimum requirement. As fire protection engineers (FPEs) design fire safety measures based on requirements in the regulations, they are often viewed as the primary agents in ensuring the fire safety of buildings. However, their mission often starts with given building design features, such as interior spatial layout, exterior shape, site plan, and so forth, which are mostly determined by architects. The only exception is where the FPE is invited to assist in the project planning, feasibility and early concept design stages of a project. Regardless, architects also can influence building fire safety performance, whether or not they explicitly acknowledge or understand this. Although architects design buildings within the boundaries of the regulatory requirements, the architect’s focus is often related to the visual and spatial aesthetics of buildings linked to building form and functionality, which are not subject to the regulations. These aesthetics can sometimes compete with fire safety objectives. As such, buildings can be unsafe in certain situations due to unintended effects of building design features on actual fire safety performance. This research describes the relationship between architecturally conceived building design features, design expectations for fire safety systems, and the actual or conceivable fire safety performance of the building. Steps are proposed that FPEs can take to identify and address potentially competing objectives and deliver increased fire safety performance.     

建筑防火的性能设计及其规范

建筑防火的性能化设计是建立在火灾安全学基础上的一种全新的理性化的设计思想。它运用现代科学的方法，对建筑防火设施系统应该达到的性能目标和工作状况，以及火灾的危险和导致的后果进行定性，定时地预测与评估，以使建筑物得到最佳的防火设计方案和最好的防火保护。本文综述了性能化设计的概念，性能设计的框架体系体系和评估方法等问题。     

山地历史街区的火灾隐患分析及防火策略案例研究 ——以重庆磁器口为例

磁器口是重庆市主城区首个进行保护性规划设计的历史街区,其安全现状与现代社会的防火要求有诸多的不符之处。通过实地调研,从建筑布局、防火分隔、建筑使用功能、建筑耐火性能、火灾荷载、消防设施等几个方面分析磁器口存在的火灾隐患,进而提出针对山地历史街区的防火策略,包括强化街区防火分隔,构建安全疏散系统;合理安排功能布局,降低火灾蔓延威胁;增强建筑耐火性能,避减多种火灾隐患;增设加强消防设施,完善消防管理组织。     

建筑遗产开发利用与消防保护的平衡性研究

调研苏州古城建筑遗产消防安全保护工作,列入文物保护单位的古建筑的消防安全管理优于被当作普通建筑使用的古建筑。根据苏州市建筑遗产消防安全保护的现状,分析建筑遗产耐火等级与防火要求、基础设施与消防需求、现代消防与传统消防保护模式之间存在的不对称,从实现开发利用与消防安全管理制度的平衡、内部消防安全条件与使用功能的平衡、消防基础设施与消防保护需求的平衡等三个方面就建筑遗产开发利用与消防保护进行探析,并以具体实践予以辅证。     

城市建筑火灾损失与防火安全水平的评价

城市建筑火灾损失的评价旨在对建筑物的各种存在状态和潜在的火灾危害进行一种理论分析和实际评价。对不同类型的建筑物和实际存在的防火安全度，提出了消防安全资金投入比例的一种理论计算方法。通过对几种火灾安全评估模型的分析，确定用表格数值的方法去评价我国现有的建筑防火安全水平，并以此为基础，讨论了城市防火安全评定的有关问题。     

Modelling the evacuation of a high-rise office building in Istanbul

The use of advanced computer models for the analysis of evacuation problems in buildings under fire conditions or terrorist attacks has become an increasingly important research area. Until recently, most safety considerations regarding the evacuation of a building are taken on the basis of some deterministic rules prescribed in fire codes. However, these rules and design principles may not be sufficient to explain the complex interaction between a vast numbers of variables affecting the evacuation process. Also, the characteristics of a fire can differ from building to building and occupants can demonstrate distinctly different behavioural patterns and physiological characteristics. As a result, potential weaknesses, particular to the investigated building, can go unnoticed which, in turn, may result in disastrous consequences during an emergency. The study concentrates on two issues: firstly, what methodology should be pursued to accurately model an evacuation problem and the derivation and extent of parameters needed to fully utilise the potentials of the advanced computer models, in this case, the buildingEXODUS; the second issue is an investigation of the evacuation behaviour in a high-rise office building in Istanbul. It is found that exit knowledge and the preferences of occupants can severely slow down the evacuation process. Fires closer to the ground floor increase the death toll significantly. Failure in the activation of the sprinkler system or the absence of the system altogether can have disastrous effects on the loss of life.     

实例与分析——现代体育场馆的性能化安全疏散设计

作为当前新兴的建筑防火设计方法，性能化消防在体育场馆建筑消防设计中的应用已逐渐受到业界的重视。该文通过国家体育场、国家游泳中心、天津水上中心等三个国内体育建筑工程实例．着重介绍和分析了性能化消防在场馆安全疏散设计中的应用。     

建筑防火性能化评估设计若干问题的分析

作为影响现代建筑安全的一个重要因素,建筑防火性能化评估设计水平的高低直接影响着建筑的消防安全性能。本文对建筑防火性能化评估设计中的若干问题进行了分析,以期能够进一步提高我国的建筑消防安全水平。     

浅议现代家庭住宅防火

室内和室外装修是建筑建设中不可缺少的组成部分,室内装修设计对美观和审美的要求越来越高。但是就装修材料的安全性而言,却忽略了其对建筑防火安全性的考虑。本文对现代家庭住宅的防火要点进行了分析,望广大同行给予指导。     

某影城性能化消防设计中火灾场景分析与确定

指出建筑火灾性能化评估中火灾场景设定的有关要素,并指出应根据建筑火灾特点及火灾危险性进行分析,依据火灾发生与发展的基本要素以及影响火灾发展过程的各种消防措施和环境条件设定火灾场景。以某影城实际设计为例,通过不同的火灾场景设置,分析其达到安全疏散性能的要求。     

Critical factors governing the fire performance of high strength concrete systems

High strength concrete (HSC), is being increasingly used in a number of building applications, where structural fire safety is one of the major design considerations. Many research studies clearly indicate that the fire performance of HSC is different from that of normal strength concrete (NSC) and that HSC may not exhibit same level of performance (as NSC) in fire. This paper discusses the material, structural and fire characteristics that influence the performance of HSC under fire conditions. Data from earlier experimental and numerical studies is used to illustrate the impact the concrete (material) mix design and structural detailing (design) has on fire performance of HSC systems. An understanding of various factors influencing fire performance will aid in developing appropriate solutions for mitigating spalling and enhancing fire resistance of HSC members.     

上海南站钢屋盖结构性能化抗火安全评估

上海铁路南站是上海市重要的对外交通枢纽和市内换乘枢纽。由于站台和大厅采用超大空间的建筑布局,超出了国内现有建筑防火设计规范的规定。特别对于南站钢屋盖这样重要的钢结构,国内现有规范方法难以满足抗火安全性与经济性要求。本文基于性能化对南站钢结构屋盖的抗火安全性进行了评估。在评估分析中首先确定结构抗火性能目标,然后对钢屋盖结构在可能最不利火灾下的性能进行分析,最后根据结构的受火性能是否满足抗火性能目标来评估结构的抗火安全性及需要采取的防火保护措施。本文结果被业主和消防主管部门采纳,可供类似工程的结构抗火设计参考。     

COSMO—Software for designing smoke control systems in high-rise buildings

A differential computer model specifically designed to quantify smoke movement during a fire in a high-rise structure is described. The basic conservation equations are transformed into a computer code which can be used to determine the paths that smoke will take during a fire. The program is a tool for fire protection engineers to design a smoke management plan with the ultimate goal of improving occupant safety in the event of a fire. The computer code is based on a modified and improved differential smoke control model for the conditions in the floor spaces, stairwells and elevator shafts and it considers a complete set of variables that influence the motion of smoke throughout the building. Program output suggests ways to alter the pressure distribution within the building by using air handling equipment, so that occupants will have smoke-free areas on the floors and inside of the fire escape stairwells. Results for several example cases are provided, and the results are used to illustrate how smoke movement can be managed in order to mitigate dangerous conditions within the building.     

某高层办公建筑双内天井排烟研究

在某高层办公建筑防火设计中,结合其设有双内天井的实际情况,提出挡烟垂壁、可开启外窗、办公房间之间及其与疏散走道的防火分隔、疏散走道排烟窗等防火设计方案.同时采用FDS模拟烟气在内天井的蔓延情况,采用PathFinder模拟人员疏散情况,验证了该双内天井的平面布置可在较长时间内给建筑内的人员提供安全的疏散环境,满足火灾初期人员安全疏散的需要.     

Analog simulation of a fire safety probability model for high-rise buildings

An electrical analogy of a fire safety system decision tree has been made to assist building designers to attain fire safety goals in structural design.     

轨道交通枢纽消防安全设计研究

通过分析轨道交通枢纽工程中的消防设计难点,结合天津站综合交通枢纽工程建筑消防安全设计的实例,阐述了消防安全设计中存在的主要问题以及消防性能化设计的解决思路和方法,提出在类似轨道交通和客流量集中的工程项目中,采用消防性能化的设计方法可有效解决建筑消防安全设计问题。