Correlates of the "western" and "prudent" diet patterns in the us

PURPOSE: Underlying the diversity and changeability of US eating habits are fundamental dietary patterns shaped by common sociohistorical experiences. Currently, little is known of what patterns exist or their associations with sociodemographic/lifestyle factors. We examined these issues in third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.METHODS: Analyses were based on 5,794 US-born, white participants. Interviews included a 60-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and questions on sociodemographics and health behaviors. Dietary patterns were identified by principal components analysis on FFQ responses. Component scores representing intake level of each pattern were dichotomized at the median. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).RESULTS: We identified two primary dietary patterns-a "western" pattern characterized by processed and red meats, eggs, potatoes, and refined grains, and a "prudent" pattern characterized by cruciferous vegetables, greens, carrots, salads, and fresh fruits. The two patterns occurred across geographic regions and in both women and men. After age- and sex-adjustment, the "western" diet was associated with rural residence (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.7-2.2), working class status (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.6), and lack of high school completion (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.8). The "prudent" diet was associated with high school completion (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 2.5-3.3) and behaviors reflecting greater health awareness, such as daily physical activity (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.8-2.2), non-smoking (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.8-2.4), and supplement use (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.6-2.0).CONCLUSIONS: The two dietary patterns resemble those found in previous US studies. Findings regarding correlates agree with social histories describing the emergence of those patterns. Principal components analysis is potentially useful for identifying fundamental dietary patterns for future investigations of diet-disease associations.     

“国家”与“个人”之间——略论晚清中国对“自由”的阐述

从近代中国思想演进的脉络进入对“自由”的讨论，源于“自由”是帮助我们解决“国家”与“个人”的冲突的重要概念之一。“自由”浮现于中国思想界，之所以在解读上颇为“沉重”，就在于其触动了较为敏感的问题，即“自由”是基于“国家’’还是“个人”展开。因中文世界对“自由”的阐述较为突出其负面的涵义，在晚清中国各种“主义”大行其道之际，“自由’’却难以成为“主义”。实际情形是，在规划中国未来前景时，“自由主义”让位于“民族主义”与“国家主义”等诉求。最基本的原由是，中国思想界对“主义”是有高度选择性的，而如何选择则决定于中国适时的需要。