过渡金属氮化物催化性能研究进展

过渡金属氮化物具有类似于Pt族贵金属的催化性能得到了广泛的研究.综述了过渡金属氮化钼及助剂促进的氮化钼在加氢脱硫与脱氮、氨合成与分解、芳烃加氢和其他涉氢反应(如炔烃、烯烃加氢、丙酮缩合、肼的分解)中的应用,并介绍了其他金属氮化物(如氮化钒、氮化钴)在催化反应中的应用.     

过渡金属氮化物制备方法及吸氢机理研究进展

介绍了过渡金属氮化物的制备方法,讨论了影响程序升温氮化法的因素;分析了过渡金属氮化物催化剂的吸氢活性、吸附机理.与传统的过渡金属硫化物催化剂相比具有更加优异的氢吸附、活化和转移能力.在加氢脱硫、加氢脱氮和其他涉氢反应中有着广泛的应用.     

金属氮化物／碳化物加氢催化剂研究进展

过渡金属氮化物与碳化物是一类间充性化合物,其结构特点决定其在催化反应上具有独特的催化效果。本文介绍了过渡金属氮化物与碳化物基本性质与作为加氢催化剂的制备进展,综述了其在催化加氢,脱氢,脱硫等方面的研究进展,并展示了重要的理论研究意义和潜在的应用前景。     

生物质基含氧化合物在过渡金属碳化物上加氢脱氧研究进展

过渡金属碳化物由母体金属化合物经渗碳反应而形成,具有多变的结构组成和类贵金属的电子性质,是一类具有广泛应用前景的廉价催化材料,在催化加氢、加氢脱氧（hydrodeoxygenation,简写为HDO）和氢解等诸多重要催化反应中表现出优异的性能。近年来,对过渡金属碳化物的研究及其催化应用取得显著进展,但由于其固有的复杂性如相组成、表面缺陷与物种等导致构效关联等科学问题尚不清晰,仍有待进一步研究。本文综述了近年来过渡金属碳化物在生物质热解油中代表性含氧化合物HDO制备燃料和高附加值化学品中的研究进展,在分析了代表性含氧化合物反应路径的基础上,重点介绍了过渡金属碳化物的设计与合成策略及其结构与HDO催化性能关联,并展望了过渡金属碳化物作为生物质基含氧化合物HDO催化材料的研发方向与发展前景。     

过渡金属氮化物的制备及其在催化中的应用

过渡金属氮化物是一类金属间充型化合物,兼具有共价化合物、离子晶体和过渡金属的性质。在基本不破坏氧化物前驱体晶体结构和严格的氮化条件下,氧化物前驱体通过程序升温氮化经由“局部规整反应”可以制备出高表面积的过渡金属氮化物。它的表面性质和催化性能类似于Pt和Rh等贵金属元素,在氨合成、氨分解、加氢脱硫(HDS)、加氢脱氮(HDN)、F—T合成、NO还原等许多涉氢反应中都表现了良好的催化性能,被誉为“准铂催化剂”,并已经展示了重要的理论研究意义和潜在的应用前景。     

噻吩硫化物催化加氢脱硫研究进展

以焦炉煤气中噻吩转化为切入点,综述了噻吩加氢脱硫反应的催化机理和催化剂研究进展,着重概述了催化剂中活性组分、载体和助剂等对催化剂催化性能的影响。噻吩加氢脱硫反应的催化机理中Co-Mo-S模型被更多人接受。过渡金属及其氮化物、碳化物与磷化物因其廉价与高活性而被广泛用作催化剂的活性组分,复合载体因克服单一载体缺陷更具应用前景,展望了焦炉煤气二级加氢工艺中噻吩加氢脱硫催化剂的发展方向。     

克劳斯尾气加氢脱硫催化剂及其作用机理研究进展

介绍了国内外克劳斯尾气加氢脱硫催化剂的技术发展及其基础理论研究进展,包括CoMo催化剂的结构研究及催化加氢脱硫机理,新型非CoMo过渡金属硫化物催化剂和过渡金属碳化物、氮化物以及磷化物催化剂、螯合剂对CoMo催化剂的改性及其作用机理,新型CoMo催化剂载体和γ-Al₂O₃载体的复合改性。     

锆/铪基催化剂催化转移加氢反应的研究进展

催化转化是可再生生物质资源利用的重要途径,高效催化剂的构建是生物质及其衍生物催化转化的关键环节。生物质衍生羰基类化合物加氢转化为醇或酯类化合物是生物质催化转化利用过程中重要的反应步骤。由于氢转移加氢反应过程具有反应条件温和的优点,因此非均相氢转移加氢催化剂在羰基类生物质平台分子转化中得到广泛应用。过渡金属锆、铪是常用的氢转移加氢反应活性金属。围绕不同锆/铪基氢转移催化剂的制备及其在生物质平台分子加氢转化反应中的应用进行综述。简要介绍了锆、铪氢转移催化剂的制备方法,详细介绍锆氧化物或氢氧化物、不同配体（羟基、羧酸、膦酸、磺酸、钨酸、胺类、有机金属骨架、沸石分子筛）配位锆/铪基催化剂、双金属催化剂,并对比分析它们的催化性能、循环稳定性和结构机理,最后对生物质氢转移加氢催化转化及其催化剂构建发展趋势进行了展望。     

加氢脱氮催化剂研究进展

对加氢脱氮催化剂进行论述,从催化剂活性组分、助剂和载体方面介绍了国内外载体的发展趋势。加氢活性组分的过渡金属碳化物、过渡金属氮化物和过渡金属磷化物成为研究热点,特殊功能的助剂加入到催化剂中,提高了催化剂酸性或活性组分分散度。新型催化材料用于催化剂载体,改性Al_2O_3、TiO_2复合载体和纳米材料复合载体有望替代传统载体。     

煤催化加氢气化研究进展

煤加氢气化制天然气技术具有工艺路径短、热效率高等优点,其应用基础研究备受关注。但煤中存在部分致密的芳香碳结构,加氢反应性较差,即使在苛刻的反应条件下(~1 000℃、~7 MPa H_2),仍难以转化。通过引入催化剂,进行煤催化加氢气化可在温和的反应条件下实现煤的碳转化率和CH_4收率的同步提高。论述了碱金属(K、Na等)、碱土金属(Ca)和过渡金属(Fe、Co、Ni等)催化剂对模型碳加氢气化的催化作用原理。探讨了反应温度、氢气压力、和碳结构对C-H_2催化反应的影响规律,分析了适用于原煤催化加氢气化的最佳催化剂及工艺条件,并从CH_4和轻质液体焦油等产物生成规律、煤中碳结构随着反应进行的衍变过程等角度,讨论了催化剂分别对煤加氢热解和热解半焦加氢气化的催化作用行为。提出了煤催化加氢气化联产CH_4和轻质液体焦油技术从基础走向应用的进一步研究建议。现有研究结果表明,过渡金属与碱土金属组成的二元催化剂(Fe/Co/Ni-Ca)对煤加氢气化的活性较高。过渡金属元素在反应过程中主要提供C-H_2反应所需的活性氢,并削弱C—C键的键能;碱土金属元素Ca主要促进Fe/Co/Ni的分散,防止其发生硫中毒失活,并增强Fe/Co/Ni与碳之间的相互作用。温度升高一方面为化学键断裂过程提供了更高能量,加速C-H_2反应,另一方面促进催化剂在煤结构中扩散,提升催化剂的供氢和断键效率。升高压力促进了活性氢的供应,同时CH_4浓度得到稀释,反应向生成CH_4的方向移动。以5%Co-1%Ca为催化剂,在850℃、3 MPa H_2反应条件下,30 min内可同时达到90.0%的碳转化率和77.3%的CH_4收率。Co-Ca催化剂在煤加氢热解过程中具有催化解聚和催化加氢的作用,提高焦油和CH_4收率,同时催化剂在煤加氢热解过程中对煤结构产生催化活化作用,使得生成的半焦具有较高的气化活性。煤催化加氢气化的机理研究目前仍处于推测阶段,另外,该技术气化剂、煤种的适应性,催化剂循环利用性能有待进一步阐明。     

Supported (NiMo,CoMo)-carbide, -nitride phases: Effect of atomic ratios and phosphorus concentration on the HDS of thiophene and dibenzothiophene

A study on the catalytic properties of the transition metals (Ni,Co,Mo)-carbides, -nitrides for thiophene and dibenzothiophene hydrotreating was conducted. The (Ni,Co)-Mo carbides and the corresponding (Ni,Co)-Mo nitride phases showed a catalytic activity higher than conventional bimetallic (Ni,Co)-Mo sulfides. In addition, a study was done on the effect of the atomic ratios, i.e., 0.1 ≤ M⁺/(M⁺ + Mo) ≤ 0.9 where M⁺ stands for Ni or Co, and the concentration of promoters such as phosphorous, which was a structural stabilizing agent. The catalytic performance of the bimetallic NiMo and CoMo carbides and nitrides was studied using thiophene and dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) as model reactions at 623 K and P = 1 atm. The catalytic activity of the dispersed carbide and nitride phases on the alumina carrier was more significant than that of the reference catalysts, alumina supported NiMo-S and CoMo-S. The metallic character of the NiMo and CoMo carbides was evidenced by their higher hydrogenation activity in thiophene HDS, while the nitrides favored both hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis type reactions.     

First-principle calculations of the bulk properties of 4d transition metal carbides and nitrides in the rocksalt, zincblende and wurtzite structures

Bulk properties and stability of the entire series of group 4d transition metal carbides and nitrides are reported in this work. The theoretical calculations were carried out within Local Density Approximation and Generalized Gradient Approximation using the Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof exchange correlation functional. The generalized gradient approximation predictions were found to be closer to experimental values than the local density approximation predictions. In particular, LDA predictions were found to overestimate bulk moduli properties by as much as 5.6-11.5% while equilibrium lattice constants were found to be underestimated by as much as 0.2-5% compared to experimental values. On the other hand, GGA calculations were found to overestimate the lattice parameters by 0.2-6.9%, while underestimating the bulk moduli by as much as 0.07-5%. Out of the carbides considered, TcC and RuC were found to have the highest values of bulk moduli while YC and CdC had the lowest. Similarly, out of the nitrides, MoN and TcN were found to exhibit the largest bulk moduli, indicating that they were the hardest, while CdN had the lowest value and hence relatively softer. Overall, the nitrides presented higher values of bulk moduli than the carbides, an observation that is well supported by their correspondingly shorter bondlengths. The cohesive and structural properties of the 4d transition metal carbides and nitrides are also reported.     

Synthesis, properties and applications of nanoscale nitrides, borides and carbides

Nanoscale nitrides, borides and carbides are a fascinating type of materials, which have aroused tremendous and continuous research interest for decades owing to their special mechanical, electrical, optical, photoelectronic, catalytic properties and widespread uses. In this feature article, recent developments and breakthroughs in the synthesis, properties and applications of nanometre scale nitrides (BN, Si(3)N(4), GaN, noble nitrides), borides (LnB(6), LnB(2), Fe(3)BO(5), LiMBO(3)) and carbides (carbon, SiC, TiC, NbC, WC) were briefly reviewed in sequence of their different dimensions (1D, 2D and 3D). In particular, our latest advances in the "autoclave route" fabrication of nanoscale nitrides, borides, and carbides were highlighted. The challenges, issues and perspectives of the synthetic methodologies and potential applications concerning the above-mentioned materials were also briefly discussed.     

Characterization of early transition metal carbides and nitrides by NEXAFS

Powder materials of a series of early transition metal (groups 4–6B) carbides and nitrides, including TiC, VC, NbC, Mo₂C, WC, TiN, VN and Mo₂N, have been characterized by nearedge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). A comparison of the carbon and nitrogen K-edge features reveals systematic trends in the electronic properties of these materials. These results are compared to an earlier NEXAFS characterization of thin VC films produced on a single crystal V(110) surface. In addition, the NEXAFS data are also compared to existing band-structure calculations for carbides and nitrides of early transition metals.     

熔盐法合成有序介孔碳负载的金属碳化物

有序介孔碳是一种具有宽孔径、规则孔道结构、高比表面积和大孔容的纳米结构材料，具有很高的导电性及化学稳定性，是一种非常优良的载体材料。过渡金属碳化物因其结构相似性，具有一系列类似贵金属的性质，可作为贵金属替代材料，用于多相催化过程。但过渡金属碳化物多数粒径大、比表面积低，不利于催化活性，因此，采用熔盐法合成了多种有序介孔碳负载的过渡金属碳化物，并通过SEM、TEM、XRD、BET等方法对样品进行了一系列表征。结果表明，该方法能有效制备碳负载的TiC、Mo₂C等金属碳化物，且具有较小的颗粒尺寸和较高的比表面积，将有较好的催化应用前景。     

萘加氢催化剂的研究进展

综述了几类萘加氢催化剂的研究进展,重点介绍了传统的非贵金属Ni、Mo、Co、W等加氢催化剂和贵金属加氢催化剂,阐述了上述催化剂在萘加氢过程中的应用,并比较了各自在萘加氢活性、选择性和耐硫性等方面的优缺点,简单介绍了过渡金属碳化物、氮化物、磷化物、硅化物加氢催化剂的研究进展,并与前述两种催化剂进行了比较,通过对现有文献的总结指出了萘加氢催化剂的发展方向,提出新型加氢催化剂的研发仍然是实现萘及其他多环芳烃高效利用的根本出路.     

Molten Salt Catalysis of Gas Reactions

Molten salts have been used for many centuries in metal extraction, glass manufacture, and, more recently, in applications such as fused salt electrolysis. Usually dissociated into ions, they are often good solvents for oxides, carbides, nitrides, and metals. Their high thermal stability, low vapor pressure, good thermal and electrical conductivity, and low viscosity may be expected to confer on them an increasing technological importance in the future, and as a result research on their physical and chemical properties has grown markedly in recent years. Thermodynamic and transport properties [l-41 have been surveyed within the last decade, and Sundermeyer [5] has also reviewed their use as reaction media. A selection of catalytic reactions has been discussed by Kenney [6].