强化挂面改善学龄前儿童营养状况的实验观察

目的 了解儿童营养强化挂面对改善学龄前儿童营养状况的效果。方法 采用称重法对某幼儿园儿童进行膳食调查,并测定尿中维生素B1、维生素B2及维生素C营养水平。结果：儿童膳食中最易缺乏的维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2的摄入量有明显的6提高。实验前、后尿中维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C营养水平差异具有显性（P＜0.01）。结论：该产品对改善儿童维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2营养状况作用明显,是一种值得推广的儿童食品。     

Dietary vitamin C and vitamin E interact to influence growth and tissue composition of juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops (female) x M. saxatilis (male)) but have limited effects on immune responses

Juvenile hybrid striped bass (initially 12.0 g) were fed diets containing deficient, adequate or excessive amounts of vitamin C and/or vitamin E in a factorial arrangement to investigate potential nutritional interaction and effects on immune responses. Nine semipurified diets were supplemented with 0, 25 or 2500 mg vitamin C/kg and 0, 30 or 300 mg vitamin E/kg and fed to fish in triplicate aquaria for 10 wk. Weight gain, feed efficiency, mortality and tissue vitamin levels were significantly (P < or = 0.05) affected by dietary vitamin levels. In addition, a significant interaction between vitamin C and vitamin E was observed. At inclusion levels of 25 and 2500 mg/kg, dietary vitamin C improved feed efficiency and protected fish fed vitamin E-deficient diets from growth depression and mortality. At inclusion levels of 30 and 300 mg/kg, vitamin E prevented mortality in fish fed vitamin C-deficient diets; however, 300 mg vitamin E/kg was necessary to prevent growth depression in vitamin C-deficient fish but was unable to improve feed efficiency. Lysozyme, bacterial killing ability, as well as plasma protein and total immunoglobulin levels of fish were not affected by dietary vitamin levels, whereas respiratory burst activity increased with vitamin E supplementation. Thus, interactions between vitamin C and vitamin E were observed in hybrid striped bass. These interactions may be due to the ability of vitamin C to regenerate vitamin E to its functional form but also suggest an ability of vitamin E to spare vitamin C.     

Synergistic action of vitamin E and vitamin C in vivo using a new mutant of Wistar-strain rats, ODS, unable to synthesize vitamin C.

It is well known that vitamins E and C exhibit synergistic action in in vitro systems, but with regard to in vivo systems, much of the available data are confusing. To elucidate this problem we used a new mutant of Wistar-strain rats that cannot synthesize vitamin C, namely, ODS rats. Two experiments were planned: (1) during development of vitamin E deficiency, whether vitamin C could spare the consumption of vitamin E; and (2) under conditions of a regular level of vitamin E intake, whether different dose levels of vitamin C can affect vitamin E concentration in tissues. The results obtained show that with vitamin C intake, higher levels of vitamin E were deposited in tissues in both experiments. With the development of vitamin E deficiency, rats in the group with a higher dose of vitamin C deposited higher concentrations of alpha-tocopherol. With simultaneous administration of vitamin E and vitamin C to the same mutant rats, the rats in the group with a higher dose of vitamin C deposited higher levels of vitamin E in all tissues tested. Thus, we concluded that vitamin C can spare the consumption of vitamin E in vivo as well as in vitro.     

Vitamin E, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate status of gastric bypass surgery patients

The vitamin E, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate status of 22 gastric bypass subjects aged 23 to 60 years was evaluated before surgery and at 6 and 12 months after surgery. Before surgery, 77% of subjects had adequate plasma vitamin E levels; 36%, adequate plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels; 100%, adequate plasma vitamin B-12 levels; and 45%, adequate plasma folate levels. The food intake of all subjects was sharply reduced after surgery. After surgery, subjects were classified into three vitamin supplement groups on the basis of average daily vitamin supplement intake. Subjects taking higher levels of supplements containing the vitamins in question had significantly higher plasma concentrations of the vitamins than those taking low or moderate levels. The mean plasma vitamin values in the moderate supplement group were indicative of adequate status for all vitamins, but plasma vitamin B-12 levels at 12 months post-surgery were significantly lower than pre-surgery levels. In the low supplement group, mean plasma vitamin levels were in or near marginal or deficient ranges. The majority of subjects consuming supplements of vitamin E, vitamin B-6, and folate near the US RDA maintained normal vitamin status. Subjects taking more than 100 micrograms vitamin B-12 daily had adequate vitamin B-12 status. Significant correlations (r = .67 to .94) were observed between vitamin supplement levels and the respective plasma vitamin concentrations.     

Novel Intracellular Proteins Associated with Cellular Vitamin D Action

Work with vitamin D–resistant New World primates has revealed novel cellular proteins involved in vitamin D action. An "intracellular vitamin D–binding protein" functions to bind vitamin D metabolites in the cell and enhances vitamin D action. By contrast, a "vitamin D response element–binding protein" inhibits vitamin D receptor binding to the DNA and is responsible for vitamin D resistance in New World primates.     

Plasma vitamin A levels in cattle in response to large doses of vitamin A

A dose response procedure was developed for evaluating vitamin A status and utilization in cattle. This could be useful for evaluating diets, vitamin A stores and homeostatic control of vitamin A. Three experiments were designed to determine: 1) size of vitamin A dose required to increase plasma vitamin A concentrations; 2) time after dosing when plasma vitamin A concentrations peak, and 3) if changes in plasma vitamin A concentrations are useful in assessing dietary vitamin A utilization. Using twenty-four steers and heifers, the first two experiments showed that 30X or 40X daily vitamin A requirement (daily requirement calculated as X = body weight in kilograms times 55 International Units of vitamin A) given orally was sufficient to cause plasma vitamin A concentrations to rise 20 hours after dosing. Plasma vitamin A concentrations increased (P less than .01) from 57 to 81 micrograms/dl and 64 to 84 micrograms/dl after a 30X or 40X treatment, respectively. Twenty-X daily requirement resulted in a slight increase after 20 hours (P greater than .05). Seventy-two feedlot steers were used in experiment three to determine if diet affects vitamin A dose response. Variations in feed intake, monensin in the diet or a single dose of vitamin E did not cause significant changes in plasma vitamin A response to vitamin A dosage. Steers receiving monensin had higher initial plasma vitamin A concentrations, but no differences were observed after dosing. Results indicate that dose responses may be useful in assessing dietary vitamin A utilization.     

The effect of vitamin A-fortified coconut cooking oil on the serum retinol concentration of Filipino children 4-7 years old

A 6-month intervention trial was conducted among 542 Filipino children aged 4 to 7 years to determine the effect of vitamin A-fortified coconut cooking oil intake on their vitamin A status and to identify factors that influence this. Children were randomly assigned to the Experimental group, with vitamin A-fortified cooking oil ration; to Control-1 group with unfortified cooking oil ration; and to Control-2 group without cooking oil ration. In all groups, children's serum retinol concentration improved. Relative change in serum retinol concentration was significantly higher among the Experimental group, with one-third of total vitamin A intake coming from vitamin A-fortified cooking oil intake, than in the Control groups, with more than half of intake from other vitamin A-rich foods. Determinants of post-intervention serum retinol concentration included baseline serum retinol concentration, caregiver's education, receipt of high-dose vitamin A capsule, interaction between consumption of vitamin A-fortified cooking oil and of other vitamin A-rich foods, and between households purchasing cooking oil and food expenditure. Intake of vitamin A-fortified cooking oil combined with vitamin A-rich foods was necessary to increase serum retinol concentration. It is recommended to vigorously promote the consumption of vitamin A-fortified cooking oil together with other vitamin A-rich sources to sustain the prevention and control of vitamin A deficiency.     

Association of some specific nutrient deficiencies with periodontal disease in elderly people: A systematic literature review

ObjectiveDeficiency of vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium has been associated with periodontal disease. This article systematically reviews the currently available literature on the feasible association of vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies with periodontal disease in elderly people.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of relevant English- and Dutch-language medical literature published from January 1990 to May 2007, with critical appraisal of those studies evaluating the association of vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies with periodontal disease in elderly people.ResultsNone of the studies meeting the selection criteria included institutionalized elderly people. In the studies on non-institutionalized elderly people, no significant or consistent association was found between vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium dietary intakes and serum levels and periodontal disease. Although in those studies decreased dietary vitamin C intake was found to be associated with increased risk of periodontal disease, no conclusive evidence could be demonstrated.ConclusionThere is no evidence of an association of vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies with periodontal disease in non-institutionalized elderly people. To produce conclusive evidence on the subject of this systematic literature review, longitudinal cohort studies and follow-up randomized controlled trials are needed.     

A preliminary study of circulating vitamins in a Puerto Rican migrant farm population in New Jersey.

A preliminary survey of circulating vitamin B12 biotin, folate, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, pantothenate, nicotinate, and vitamin A & B-carotene of 53 Puerto Rican migrant farm workers was undertaken. Results indicate that hypovitaminemia existed particularly for vitamin B12, vitamin B6 and vitamin A.     

Vitamin status in patients on maintenance haemodialysis

The vitamin status (vitamins A, E, C, Carotene, B1, B2 and B6) of 18 patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis was assessed. All patients were receiving vitamin B1, B2 and B6 supplements and the effect of stopping these supplements on subsequent vitamin status was further studied. Apart from vitamin A, which was significantly increased in all patients, the mean level of all other vitamins was similar to the control group. Despite these normal group means, individual patients could be identified with low or marginally low vitamin C and B2 levels. When the vitamin B complex supplements were stopped, vitamin B2 and B6 remained normal over the subsequent six months maintenance haemodialysis but there was deterioration in vitamin B2 status. Leucocyte vitamin C levels responded well to oral supplements of 400 mg vitamin C per day. This study suggests that vitamin C and B2 supplements are necessary in patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis, other vitamin supplements being unnecessary.     

Vitamin C supplementation of total parenteral nutrition formulas

The effect of a wide range of daily vitamin C intake (350-2250 mg, mean 975 mg) on the serum and urine vitamin C levels was studied in 20 adult hospitalized patients receiving total parenteral nutrition for a period greater than 15 days. Serum vitamin C levels increased with vitamin C administration, but remained within the normal range. Urine vitamin C levels were above normal during total parenteral nutrition in all but one patient. A positive vitamin C "balance" was achieved in all patients. The vitamin C intake positively correlated with the vitamin C urine concentration and vitamin C "balance." Maximal vitamin C retention was 800 mg/day. It is concluded that administration of vitamin C in doses greater than 1000 mg/day is unjustified in those patients receiving total parenteral nutrition who are not hypermetabolic.     

Dietary vitamin A intakes of Filipino elders with adequate or low liver vitamin A concentrations as assessed by the deuterated-retinol-dilution method: implications for dietary requirements

BACKGROUND: The vitamin A requirements of elderly humans have not been studied. OBJECTIVE: In a cross-sectional study of 60-88-y-old men (n = 31) and women (n = 31) in rural Philippines, we assessed the dietary intakes of elders with adequate (> or = 0.07 micromol/g) or low (< 0.07 micromol/g) liver vitamin A concentrations to estimate vitamin A requirements for this age group. DESIGN: Total-body vitamin A was assessed by the deuterated-retinol-dilution technique; liver vitamin A concentrations were assessed by assuming that liver weight is 2.4% of body weight and that, in this marginally nourished population, 70% of total-body vitamin A is in the liver; serum retinol was measured by HPLC; and dietary intakes were assessed with 3 nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls. The mean vitamin A intake + 2 SDs of subjects with adequate liver vitamin A concentrations was used to estimate an acceptable or sufficient vitamin A intake value for elders. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) vitamin A intakes of the men and women with adequate vitamin A in liver were 135 +/- 86 and 134 +/- 104 microg retinol activity equivalents (RAE)/d, respectively; intakes of the men and women with low vitamin A in liver were 75 +/- 53 and 60 +/- 27 microg RAE/d, respectively. Total-body vitamin A or liver vitamin A but not serum retinol correlated with dietary RAE, preformed vitamin A, beta-carotene, fat, and protein. An estimated acceptable or sufficient dietary vitamin A intake associated with adequate liver vitamin A concentrations in elders is 6.45 microg RAE/kg body wt; for a reference 76-kg man and a 61-kg woman, these values are approximately 500 and 400 microg RAE/d, respectively. CONCLUSION: The dietary vitamin A intakes of elders with adequate or low liver vitamin A concentrations as estimated by use of the deuterated-retinol-dilution technique are useful for assessing vitamin A requirements.     

大理州孕早期女性血清维生素A、E水平调查

目的了解大理州孕妇妊娠早期血清维生素A、E水平,评价妊娠期维生素的营养状况,指导孕妇妊娠期合理补充维生素。方法收集2017年1月-2018年4月大理州孕妇妊娠早期血清样本共计2861份,采用高效液相色谱法定量测定血清维生素A、E的浓度。结果孕妇妊娠早期血清维生素A检测值为(0.44±0.10)ng/ml,血清维生素E为(14.55±4.09)ng/ml。与参考值比较,血清维生素A总体异常率2.48%,缺乏率2.06%,过量率0.42%;维生素E总体异常率3.32%,全部为过量异常,本研究中未检测到维生素E缺乏的情况。结论大理州孕妇妊娠早期血清维生素A、E水平95%以上均在正常参考范围内,维生素A异常以缺乏为主,维生素E以过量为主。重视孕期维生素A、E水平监测,合理正确补充,对保障母婴安全有重要意义。     

Maternal vitamin D status: effect on milk vitamin D content and vitamin D status of breastfeeding infants

There are increasing reports of rickets and vitamin D deficiency worldwide. Breastfeeding without adequate sunlight exposure and vitamin D supplementation are the major risk factors. In view of the drive to promote and increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding, the relationship among maternal vitamin D status, vitamin D concentration of human milk, and hence vitamin D status of breastfeeding infants deserves reassessment. This review provides current information on the interrelationship between maternal vitamin D status and the vitamin D status of the breastfeeding infant. It also reviews the results of ongoing research on the effect of high-dose maternal vitamin D supplementation alone as a possible option to prevent vitamin D deficiency in the breastfeeding mother-infant dyad.     

Vitamin A during lactation: relationship of maternal diet to milk vitamin A content and to the vitamin A status of lactating rats and their pups

We have investigated the effects of maternal vitamin A intake during pregnancy and lactation or during lactation alone on the concentration of vitamin A in rat's milk and on vitamin A levels in plasma and liver of dams and their pups. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets having either a high vitamin A content [15 retinol equivalents (R.E.)/g diet] or a low vitamin A content (0.6 R.E./g) for 42 d, including 7-8 d prior to pregnancy, pregnancy, and for 14 d of lactation. The concentration of vitamin A in milk on d 14 of lactation was significantly greater on the high vitamin A diets [114 +/- 16 micrograms/dl (mean +/- SEM; n = 8) versus 52 +/- 7.3 micrograms/dl (n = 11), P less than 0.005]. However, milk vitamin A concentration on d 1 of lactation did not vary with maternal vitamin A intake during pregnancy. In a second study in which supplementation with vitamin A (30 R.E./g diet) was begun on d 1 postpartum, the milk vitamin A content increased progressively with duration of lactation. Maternal plasma vitamin A concentrations did not differ between rats fed the higher or lower vitamin A diets. However, liver vitamin A concentrations both of dams and of their 14-d-old pups were significantly higher when dams were fed the higher vitamin A diets during pregnancy and/or lactation. The results of these studies indicate that the transfer of vitamin A from mother to offspring by milk and the vitamin A status of dams and their suckling neonates is influenced by maternal vitamin A intake during lactation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Vitamin K 1 concentration and vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in newborn infants after intramuscular and oral administration of vitamin K 1

Serum concentration of vitamin K1 and activity of vitamin-K-dependent factors II, VII, IX and X were determined before and after vitamin K1 administration in infants. The babies received vitamin K1 intramuscularly or orally. 12 hours after vitamin K1 treatment the mean concentration was increased in the groups receiving vitamin K1 intramusculary or orally, respectively. Serum level of vitamin K1 fell exponentially, the mean half life was about 30 hours in both groups. Activity of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors did not change significantly after intramuscular or oral vitamin K1 administration during the first four-five days of life. It was no direct correlation between the concentration of vitamin K1 and the activity of vitamin-K-dependent clotting factors. This study suggest that oral administration of vitamin K1 is as effective as the intramuscular route.     

The influence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on the vitamin status of cancer patients

The influence of external abdominal irradiation and cytostatic therapy on the vitamin status was studied in patients with cancer of the uterus, bladder or prostate and in patients with malignant lymphoma. It was found that the vitamin status of these patients at the beginning of therapy in general was adequate, though vitamin A and vitamin D levels were reduced. During radiotherapy decreases of vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels were observed. Chemotherapy caused a decrease of the folic acid levels after a few months. No clinical symptoms of vitamin deficiency were observed.     

Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation status, serum hormone, metabolite, and mineral concentrations of Japanese quails reared under heat stress (34 degrees C)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol acetate) on lipid peroxidation status measured as MDA and serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), as well as some other serum metabolite and mineral concentrations of Japanese quails reared under heat stress (34 degrees C). One hundred-eighty 10-day-old Japanese quails were randomly assigned to six treatment groups, three replicates of 10 birds each. Using a 2 x 3 factorial design, the birds received two levels of vitamin C (100 and 200 mg/kg of diet) or three levels of vitamin E (125, 250, or 500 mg/kg of diet). Greater dietary vitamin E and vitamin C resulted in a greater serum T3, T4, and TSH (p = 0.001), but lower ACTH (p = 0.001) concentrations. Serum concentrations of T4 and TSH increased to a greater extent by increasing dietary vitamin C when greater vitamin E levels were fed (interaction, p = 0.001). Serum glucose, urea, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations decreased (p = 0.001), while protein and albumin concentrations increased (p = 0.001) when both dietary vitamin C and vitamin E were increased. Serum activities of SGOT and SGPT were not influenced by dietary vitamin C and vitamin E (p > 0.43). However, serum activity of AP increased (p = 0.001) by increasing both dietary vitamin C and vitamin E. Increasing both dietary vitamin C and vitamin E caused an increase in serum concentrations of Ca, P, K (p = 0.001), Fe, and Zn (p = 0.01) but a decrease in serum concentrations of Na (p = 0.001) and Cu (p = 0.01). Interactions between vitamin C and vitamin E were detected for Ca, P, Na, and K (p = 0.001). Greater dietary vitamin C and vitamin E resulted in a greater serum and liver vitamin E, C, and A (p < or = 0.05), but lower MDA (p = 0.001) concentrations. Results of the present study conclude that supplementing a combination of dietary vitamin C (200 mg) and vitamin E (250-500 mg) offers a good management practice to reduce heat stress-related decreases in performance of Japanese quails.