神华烟煤活化制备电化学电容器电极材料的研究

以神华烟煤为前驱体,KOH为活化剂制备高比表面积活性炭。采用N_2吸附法对活性炭的比表面积、孔容和孔结构进行了表征,并评价了其用作超级电容器电极材料的电化学特性。在碱炭比为4:1,800℃活化1 h的条件下制备的活性炭比表面积达3 134.28 m~2·g~(-1),总孔容1.96 cm~3·g~(-1),中孔率87.94%。该活性炭在3 mol/L KOH水溶液及1 mol/L(C_2H_5)_4NBF_4/碳酸丙烯酯(Propylene carbonate PC)电解液中均具有高的比电容(分别为281 F·g~(-1),155 F·g~(-1))和低的等效串联内阻。     

褐煤基活性炭的制备及其电化学性能研究

以HCl-HF法脱矿物质处理后的云南莲花塘褐煤和内蒙古白音华褐煤以及这两种褐煤所制备的半焦为原料,将原料以KOH为活化剂的化学活化法制备活性炭,考察KOH用量和炭化终温对煤基活性炭比表面积、孔径分布及孔体积的影响。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积与孔隙分析仪(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等测试手段表征活性炭的结构及表面性质。利用电化学工作站对活性炭电极进行循环伏安特性(CV)、交流阻抗特性(EIS)和充放电特性(GCD)分析,利用蓝电电池测试系统测试扣式电容器的电容保持率。结果表明：采用脱矿物质处理后的褐煤为原料,以KOH为活化剂的化学活化法,碱煤质量比为4∶1,炭化终温为800℃的条件下制备的活性炭的比表面积和孔体积最大;在此工艺条件下,莲花塘褐煤基活性炭的比表面积为2 728 m³/g,孔体积为1.58 cm³/g,白音华褐煤基活性炭的比表面积为1 824 m³/g,孔体积为1.00 cm³/g;将这两种活性炭作为电极材料,所制备的活性炭电极在电流密度为1...     

稻壳基活性炭电极材料制备及其电化学性能研究

以稻壳为原料,氢氧化钠为活化剂,制备活性炭.进一步将该活性炭作为电极材料,以氢氧化钾溶液为电解液,组装超级电容器.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附脱附(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段,分析了不同活化温度对活性炭的比表面积及孔结构的影响,并利用恒流充放电、循环伏安等方法研究了电容器的电化学性能.结果表明:800 ℃活化下活性炭的比表面积最佳,为2760 m2/g,孔结构发达.此条件下,在6 mol/L的KOH电解液中,活性炭电容器比电容达267.2 F/g,等效内阻仅2.2 Ω,倍率性能好.经过5000次循环后,其电容保持率仍有83.7%,表明该稻壳基活性炭电极具有优异的充放电可逆性和循环稳定性.     

超级电容器用高比能量超级活性炭的结构与电化学性能

以沥青焦为原料,采用KOH活化法制备了具有高比表面积的超级活性炭(SAC),采用N2吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对其孔结构、微晶结构以及表面官能团进行了表征,研究了其作为超级电容器电极材料在1 mol/L的Et4NBF4/碳酸丙烯酯电解液体系中的电化学特性.结果表明,所制活性炭的比表面积(SBET)达2 893 m2/g,孔径主要分布在1-4 nm范围,其质量比电容(Cm)和能量密度分别达到190 F/g和59 W·h/kg.     

不同前驱体制备活性炭电化学性能对比研究

分别以煤沥青和椰壳炭为前驱体,采用KOH活化工艺制备了活性炭AC_P和AC_(YP),并对其比表面积、孔结构及形貌进行表征。结果表明:活性炭ACP和AC_(YP)比表面积分别为3 104.15 m~2/g和2 954.99 m~2/g,孔径分布主要集中于介孔与微孔,孔径尺寸在0.5～2.7 nm之间。电化学性能测试表明,活性炭AC_P比电容(290 F/g)高于AC_(YP)(185 F/g),但活性炭AC_(YP)容量保持率优于活性炭AC_P。     

超级电容器用活性炭电极的制备及其电极性能研究

在活化温度为800℃、活化时间为2h、碱/碳比为4：1条件下制备的活性炭最适宜于作超级电容器电极材料,其BET比表面积为2 663m~2/g,孔径集中分布在3～40nm的中孔范围内,在3M KOH电解液中的内阻为3．79Ω·cm,比电容为269F/g。     

不同活化剂对石油焦基活性炭孔结构的影响

以石油焦为原料 ,Na OH,KOH和 Na2 CO3 为活化剂制备活性炭 ,采用氮气吸附考察了不同活化剂对活性炭的比表面积、中孔和微孔孔径分布、孔容积及平均孔径等孔结构的影响 .结果表明 :KOH活化制备的活性炭包含 1 nm的微孔和 4nm的中孔 ,总孔容 0 .648cm3 /g,比表面积大 ;Na OH制备的活性炭以 1 nm的微孔为主 ,占总孔容 ( 0 .1 65 cm3 /g)的 98% ,平均孔径 1 .83nm;Na2 CO3 制备的活性炭以 4nm的中孔为主 ,占总孔容 ( 0 .1 43cm3 /g)的 68.5 % ,平均孔径 3.42 nm,比表面积小 .3种样品的孔径都呈现出多峰分布特征 .KOH和 Na2 CO3 活化制备的活性炭的 N2 吸附脱附曲线属于 型 ,Na OH活化制备的活性炭吸附脱附曲线属于 型 .     

黑液木质素制备活性炭及其电化学性能研究

以造纸黑液中提取的木质素为原料,采用碳化-活化法制备活性炭并作为双电层电容器电极材料研究其电化学性能。考察了碳化温度与活化温度对活性炭电化学性能的影响,分析了其比表面积、孔径分布与比电容之间的关系。结果表明,以KOH为活化剂,活化剂与焦的质量比为1∶1、活化时间为1 h、碳化温度为600℃,活化温度为700℃制备的活性炭比电容达到最大,为158 F/g,其比表面积为948 m~2/g。经对比发现,在KOH水系电解液体系下,1~2 nm的微孔孔径分布情况对比电容值具有较显著的影响。此外,恒电流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等电化学测试显示所制备的活性炭电极具有较好的双电层电容器性能。     

KOH添加量对煤基电极材料结构与性能的影响

采用KOH-HNO_3联合法对自制煤基电极进行改性处理,主要研究了KOH添加量对煤基电极材料结构和吸附性能的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和N_2吸附法对煤基电极的形貌特征、表面官能团及孔径分布进行分析表征.研究表明:随着KOH添加量的增加,煤基电极材料的碘吸附值逐渐增大,而抗压强度与收率则逐渐减小,比表面积、总孔容和微孔孔容逐渐增大.当KOH添加量为15%(质量分数)时,碘吸附值达810.8mg/g,抗压强度为4.47 MPa,活化收率为59.5%,比表面积为377 m~2/g,总孔容为0.187cm~3/g,微孔孔容为0.160cm~3/g,微孔率达到85.56%.微孔和中孔数量及表面含氧官能团的增加,导致形成发达的蜂窝状孔结构,有利于电解液进入形成双电层结构.电化学测试表明,KOH添加量越大,煤基电极的扩散阻抗越小,比电容越大.以煤基电极为阴阳极,活性炭为粒子电极,采用三维电极体系处理氰化废水,当电压为4V、时间为5h时,处理后的废水中离子的去除率均达到95%以上.     

预炭化时间对煤基活性炭孔结构及电化学性能的影响

以太西无烟煤为前驱体,KOH为活化剂制备煤基活性炭,考察了预炭化时间对煤基活性炭孔结构及电化学性能的影响。结果表明,随着炭化时间的增加,活性炭吸附量先增大后减小,活性炭的比表面积、总孔容先增大后减小,中孔孔容逐渐减小;在预炭化温度800℃,炭化时间6 h,KOH与太西无烟煤质量比为2∶1,活化温度800℃的条件下可制备比表面积为1409 m2/g,总孔容为0.5284 cm3/g,中孔率为6.25%的煤基活性炭。电流密度为50 mA/g时,炭化6 h制备活性炭的比电容最大为127 F/g,电流密度增大至2500 mA/g时,比电容为84 F/g,容量保持率达到66.1%,经过1000次循环充放电后,其容量仍保持93.6%。     

炭化温度对活性炭孔结构及电化学性能的影响

以海南椰壳（HN）及石油焦（BS）为原料,在不同预处理炭化温度下制备出HN系列和BS系列炭化样品,使用TG和XRD检测考察炭化温度对炭化样品反应活性和结构的影响,使用KOH化学活化法制备HN系列和BS系列活性炭样品,所制样品用氮气吸附和脱附等温线计算出BET比表面积、DFT孔径分布及孔容,并且通过直流循环充放电和循环伏安方法表征研究系列样品的电化学性能。实验结果表明,随着炭化温度的升高,HN及BS系列活性炭样品的微孔含量均有明显增加。椰壳炭所制活性炭适合无机电解液体系,其最高比电容达317F／g;而石油焦所制活性炭适合有机电解液体系,其比电容可达162F／g。     

微波并用加热制备高品质活性炭及其特性

以回收聚酯（PET）为原料,通过微波的内部和外部的混合加热,结合氢氧化钾（KOH）活化法制备高纯度、高比表面积活性炭,介绍了制备方法和炭化、活化工艺条件。采用这种方法可制得比表面积在3200m^2／g以上、最频孔径在1～3nm的活性炭。通过电镜等结果,从构造观点阐明了活性炭的比表面积、细孔结构等性质,通过氢气还原处理,可降低活性炭的表面含氧官能团浓度。该活性炭作为有机溶液系（电解液：1MEt4NBF4／PC溶液）双电层电容器的电极材料,具有48F／g以上的比电容量。     

水溶液、有机溶液系EDLC对电极材料性能的要求

以酚醛树脂（PF）为原料,利用氢氧化钾（KOH）活化法制备900m^2/g～2300m^2／g的活性炭,明确了活性炭的比表面积与堆比重、总孔容等的关系。以该系列的活性炭作为电极材料,通过水溶液系（40％的H2SO4水溶液）和有机溶液系（电解液：1MEt4NBF4／PC溶液）双电接电容器的充放电实验,论述了EDLC对活性炭性能的要求。结果表明,用于水系的活性炭的最适比表面积为1000m^2／g左右,用于有机系的最适比表面积为2000m^2／g左右。     

花生壳制活性炭及其脱六价铬研究

本文研究了用花生壳制备活性炭和用此活性炭去除水溶液中的Cr（Ⅵ）。采用化学活化法,即用H2SO4、H3PO4、ZnCl2、KOH活化花生壳中的炭。同时研究了这些活化剂的浓度和用量、热解时间和温度对活性炭性能的影响。采用亚甲基蓝吸附实验评价活性炭的性能。结果表明H3PO4和ZnCl2是良好的活化剂,KOH和H2SO4效果较差。溶液的pH值对活性炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的能力有很大影响。活性炭的吸附能力随着pH值的降低而升高,同时在不同的pH值下,炭的吸附速率也不同。pH值越低,Cr（Ⅵ）被吸附的越快。等温实验结果表明,在pH值等于2时,用H3PO4和ZnCl2活化的活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附能力分别达到125．0和83．3mg·g^-1。花生壳活性炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的机理比较复杂,与溶液的pH值有关。在pH值等于2时,等温吸附可以用Langmuir模型模拟;在pH值等于2～7时,可以用Freundlich模型模拟。     

Activated carbon produced from Sasol-Lurgi gasifier pitch and its application as electrodes in supercapacitors

A pyrolysis product derived from Sasol-Lurgi gasifier pitch was activated using different proportions of KOH. The increase of the amount of KOH used for activation caused the activation degree of the carbons to increase very significantly. The activated carbons obtained using lower amounts of KOH were mainly microporous, while the amount of mesopores developed in the samples progressively increased for the carbons activated with higher proportions of KOH. The gravimetric specific capacitance of samples obtained with (2:1), (3:1) and (5:1) KOH to carbon ratio were rather similar at low current densities (∼400 F/g at low current densities), despite the significant differences observed in their textural characteristics. Supercapacitors built with the activated carbons obtained with (2:1) and (3:1) KOH to carbon ratio yielded the highest volumetric capacitance (higher than 200 F/cm³ at low current densities), while the most activated sample yielded the lowest values, due to the significant reduction in density caused by activation. The high values of capacitance observed result from the combination of two mechanisms of energy storage: double layer formation and pseudocapacitance.     

Improvement of the structural and chemical properties of a commercial activated carbon for its application in electrochemical capacitors

The present paper shows that the performance of an inexpensive activated carbon used in electrochemical capacitors can be significantly enhanced by a simple treatment with KOH at 850 °C. The changes in the specific surface area, as well as in the surface chemistry, lead to high capacitance values, which provide a noticeable energy density.The KOH-treatment of a commercial activated carbon leads to highly pure carbons with effective surface areas in the range of 1300-1500 m² g⁻¹ and gravimetric capacitances as high as three times that of the raw carbon.For re-activated carbons, one obtains at low current density (50 mA g⁻¹) values of 200 F g⁻¹ in aqueous electrolytes (1M H₂SO₄ and 6M KOH) and around 150 F g⁻¹ in 1M (C₂H₅)₄NBF₄ in acetonitrile. Furthermore, the resulting carbons present an enhanced and stable performance for high charge/discharge load in organic and aqueous media.This work confirms the possibilities offered by immersion calorimetry on its own for the prediction of the specific capacitance of carbons in (C₂H₅)₄NBF₄/acetonitrile. On the other hand, it also shows the limitations of this technique to assess, with a good accuracy, the suitability of a carbon to be used as capacitor electrodes operating in aqueous electrolytes (H₂SO₄ and KOH).     

Lead adsorption on brown coal activated with potassium hydroxide

The adsorption of lead ions (from an aqueous solution of Pb(AcO)₂) by activated carbons based on brown coal from the Aleksandriisk deposit (Ukraine) was studied. The activated carbons were prepared by the heating (800°C; 1 h) of coal impregnated with potassium hydroxide at KOH/coal weight ratios to 2 g/g. The kinetics of the process was studied, and the adsorption isotherms of Pb²⁺ ions were obtained in the region of initial salt concentrations of 0.001–0.1 mol/dm³. The adsorption data were compared with the adsorption capacity of an OU-B commercial adsorbent.     

KOH activation of ordered mesoporous carbons prepared by a soft-templating method and their enhanced electrochemical properties

Ordered mesoporous carbon (COU-2) was synthesized by a soft-templating method. The COU-2 mesoporous carbon was activated by using KOH to improve its porosity. The mesopore size of COU-2 was 5.5 nm and did not change by the KOH activation. But, the BET surface area of COU-2 largely increased from 694 to 1685 m²/g and total pore volume was increased from 0.54 to 0.94 cm³/g after the KOH activation. The large increase of micropore volume is due to the increase of the surface area. Electrochemical cyclic voltammetry measurements were conducted in aqueous (1 M sulfuric acid) and organic (1 M tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate/polypropylene carbonate) electrolyte solutions. The KOH-activated COU-2 carbon shows superior capacitances over the COU-2 carbon and a commercial microporous carbon both in aqueous and organic electrolyte solutions. These results suggest that the carbons having regularly-interconnected uniform mesopores and micropores in thin pore walls are desirable for the electrodes in electrochemical double-layer capacitors.     

Comparisons of pore properties and adsorption performance of KOH-activated and steam-activated carbons

Carbonaceous adsorbents with controllable pore sizes derived from carbonized pistachio shells (i.e., char) were prepared by the KOH activation and steam activation methods in this work. The pore properties including the BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter of these activated carbons were characterized by the t-plot method based on N₂ adsorption isotherms. Through varying the KOH/char ratios from 0.5 to 3, the KOH-activated carbons exhibited BET surface areas ranging from 731 to 1687 m²/g with a similar micropore content (80–92%). The carbons activated by steam at 830 °C for 2 h had a BET surface area of 821 m²/g with the micropore content of 42%. The micropore/total pore volume ratio (V_micro/V_pore) and average pore size (D_pore) were independent of the KOH/char ratio, revealing that KOH activation is a powerful method in developing and controlling the number of micropores with a very similar pore size distribution. The adsorption equilibria and kinetics of methylene blue, basic brown 1, acid blue 74, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, and phenol from water on all activated carbons at 30 °C were investigated to demonstrate the fact that adsorption of organics is not only dependent upon the BET surface area but is also determined by the relative size between pores and molecules. The adsorption isotherms were subjected to the model fitting according to Langmuir and Freudlich equations. By comparing the projected area of adsorbates, the surface coverage of phenols is about 3.6 times of that of dyes (based on unit gram of activated carbon). The Elovich equation was found to suitably describe the adsorption process of all KOH-activated carbons while the adsorption behavior on the steam-activated carbon was reasonably fitted with the intraparticle diffusion model.     

针状焦基电容器碳质电极材料的制备及电化学性能研究

以煤系针状焦生焦为原料,KOH为活化剂,制备了用于超级电容器电极材料的活性炭。以3 mol/L KOH为电解液,用三电极电化学系统测试了活性炭的电化学性质;考察了活化剂用量对活性炭电化学性质的影响。研究结果表明：活化过程中,随着碱含量的增加,活性炭的电化学性能逐渐提高。当碳碱比为1∶3时,活性炭的比表面积达到2572.7 m²/g;电流密度为1 A/g时,其质量比电容达到316 F/g。循环5000圈之后,比电容保持在95.7%,库仑效率保持在97.0%。采用两电极系统,进一步考察了活性炭的电化学性能,以1 mol/L Na₂SO₄为电解液,电压窗口拓宽至1.8 V,循环伏安曲线同样展现出良好的矩形,能量密度和功率密度分别为20.8 W·h/kg和230 W/kg。