An efficient signature representation for retrieval of spatially similar images

Multimedia applications involving image retrieval demand fast and efficient response. Efficiency of search and retrieval of information in a database system is index dependent. Generally, a two-level indexing scheme in an image database can help to reduce the search space against a given query image. In such type of indexing scheme, the first level is required to significantly reduce the search space for second stage of comparisons and must be computationally efficient. It is also required to guarantee that no false negatives may result. The second level of indexing involves more detailed analysis and comparison of potentially relevant images. In this paper, we present an efficient signature representation scheme for first level of a two-level image indexing scheme that is based on hierarchical decomposition of image space into spatial arrangement of image features. Experimental results demonstrate that our signature representation scheme results in fewer number of matching signatures in the first level and significantly improves the overall computational time. As this scheme relies on corner points as the salient feature points in an image to describe its contents, we also compare results using several different contemporary corner detection methods. Further, we formally prove that the proposed signature representation scheme not only results in fewer number of signatures but also does not result in any false negative.     

A robust automatic clustering scheme for image segmentation usingwavelets

The optimal features with which to discriminate between regions and, thus, segment an image often differ depending on the nature of the image. Many real images are made up of both smooth and textured regions and are best segmented using different features in different areas. A scheme that automatically selects the optimal features for each pixel using wavelet analysis is proposed, leading to a robust segmentation algorithm. An automatic method for determining the optimal number of regions for segmentation is also developed.     

An optimal multiedge detector for SAR image segmentation

Edge detection is a fundamental issue in image analysis. Due to the presence of speckle, which can be modeled as a strong, multiplicative noise, edge detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is extremely difficult, and edge detectors developed for optical images are inefficient. Several robust operators have been developed for the detection of isolated step edges in speckled images. The authors propose a new step-edge detector for SAR images, which is optimal in the minimum mean square error (MSSE) sense under a stochastic multiedge model. It computes a normalized ratio of exponentially weighted averages (ROEWA) on opposite sides of the central pixel. This is done in the horizontal and vertical direction, and the magnitude of the two components yields an edge strength map. Thresholding of the edge strength map by a modified version of the watershed algorithm and region merging to eliminate false edges complete an efficient segmentation scheme. Experimental results obtained from simulated SAR images as well as ERS-1 data are presented     

基于图注意力网络的半监督SAR舰船目标检测

基于深度学习的合成孔径雷达(SAR)舰船目标检测近年得到了快速发展。然而,传统有监督学习需要大量的标记样本来训练网络。针对此问题,该文提出一种基于图注意力网络(GAT)的半监督SAR舰船目标检测方法。首先,设计了对称卷积神经网络用于海陆分割。随后,完成超像素分割并将超像素块建模为GAT的节点,利用感兴趣区域池化层提取节点的多尺度特征。GAT采用注意力机制自适应地汇聚邻接节点特征实现对无标记节点的分类。最后,将预测为舰船目标的超像素块定位到SAR图像中并获得精细检测结果。在实测高分辨SAR图像数据集上验证了所提方法。结果表明该方法可以在少量标记样本下,以低虚警率实现对舰船目标的可靠检测。     

An Efficient Image Forgery Detection Using Biorthogonal Wavelet Transform and Improved Relevance Vector Machine

Nowadays, the development of refined image processing and software editing tools has finish the exploitation of digital images easily and invisible the image to the normal eyes and this process known as image fakery. Image security is one of the key issues in any field that makes use of digital images. Copy-move forgery (CMF) is the most effective and simple scheme to create forged digital images. In general, the methodologies based on Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) are widely used to detect CMF. Unfortunately, the detection performance of all SIFT based CMF detection approaches are extremely dependent on the selection of feature vectors. The values of these parameters are often determined through experience or some experiments on a number of forgery images. However, these experience parameter values are not applicable to every image thereby offers a limited usefulness. This paper deals the CMF problem using improved Relevance Vector Machine technique. The key idea of the IVRM is to apply Biorthogonal Wavelet Transform based scheme on image for feature extraction. The feature vectors are then stored lexicographically and similarity of vectors is decided using Minkowski distance and threshold value. The simulation results of proposed technique show a significant improvement in accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity rates over others existing schemes.     

基于ICA和FCM的多时相SAR图像变化检测

针对多时相合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像提出了一种非监督的变化检测方法,首先利用独立成分分析(Independent Component Analysis,ICA)抑制相干斑噪声和减少混合像元,提高图像的分类性能.然后对独立分量图像构造差值图像进行非监督的变化检测,最后采用加入空间邻域信息的模糊C-均值聚类(Fuzzy C-Means)方法把差异图像分为变化类和非变化类,以此克服需要选择统计模型的影响.实验结果证实了该算法能有效抑制了变化检测中的虚警.     

Fast and effective Keypoint-based image copy-move forgery detection using complex-valued moment invariants

Copy-move forgery is one of the most common image tampering schemes, with the potential use for misleading the opinion of the general public. Keypoint-based detection methods exhibit remarkable performance in terms of computational cost and robustness. However, these methods are difficult to effectively deal with the cases when 1) forgery only involves small or smooth regions, 2) multiple clones are conducted or 3) duplicated regions undergo geometric transformations or signal corruptions. To overcome such limitations, we propose a fast and accurate copy-move forgery detection algorithm, based on complex-valued invariant features. First, dense and uniform keypoints are extracted from the whole image, even in small and smooth regions. Then, these keypoints are represented by robust and discriminative moment invariants, where a novel fast algorithm is designed especially for the computation of dense keypoint features. Next, an effective magnitude-phase hierarchical matching strategy is proposed for fast matching a massive number of keypoints while maintaining the accuracy. Finally, a reliable post-processing algorithm is developed, which can simultaneously reduce false negative rate and false positive rate. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed scheme compared with existing state-of-the-art algorithms, with average pixel-level F-measure of 94.54% and average CPU-time of 36.25 s on four publicly available datasets.     

Microchannels as axonal amplifiers

An implantable neural interface capable of reliable long-term high-resolution recording from peripheral nerves has yet to be developed. Device design is challenging because extracellular axonal signals are very small, decay rapidly with distance from the axon, and in myelinated fibres are concentrated close to nodes of Ranvier, which are around 1 mum long and spaced several hundred micrometers apart. We present a finite element model examining the electrical behavior of axons in microchannels, and demonstrate that confining axons in such channels substantially amplifies the extracellular signal. For example, housing a 10-microm myelinated axon in a 1-cm-long channel with a 1000-microm(2) cross section is predicted to generate a peak extracellular voltage of over 10 mV. Furthermore, there is little radial signal decay within the channel, and a smooth axial variation of signal amplitude along the channel, irrespective of node location. Additional benefits include a greater extracellular voltage generated by large myelinated fibres compared to small unmyelinated axons, and the reduction of gain to unity at the end of the channel which ensures that there can be no crosstalk with electrodes in other channels nearby. A microchannel architecture seems well suited to the requirements of a peripheral nerve interface.     

Exact Feature Extraction Using Finite Rate of Innovation Principles With an Application to Image Super-Resolution

The accurate registration of multiview images is of central importance in many advanced image processing applications. Image super-resolution, for example, is a typical application where the quality of the super-resolved image is degrading as registration errors increase. Popular registration methods are often based on features extracted from the acquired images. The accuracy of the registration is in this case directly related to the number of extracted features and to the precision at which the features are located: images are best registered when many features are found with a good precision. However, in low-resolution images, only a few features can be extracted and often with a poor precision. By taking a sampling perspective, we propose in this paper new methods for extracting features in low-resolution images in order to develop efficient registration techniques. We consider, in particular, the sampling theory of signals with finite rate of innovation and show that some features of interest for registration can be retrieved perfectly in this framework, thus allowing an exact registration. We also demonstrate through simulations that the sampling model which enables the use of finite rate of innovation principles is well suited for modeling the acquisition of images by a camera. Simulations of image registration and image super-resolution of artificially sampled images are first presented, analyzed and compared to traditional techniques. We finally present favorable experimental results of super-resolution of real images acquired by a digital camera available on the market.     

自适应SAR图像边缘检测算法

边缘检测是图像分析的基础,在对SAR图像进行边缘检测时,由于SAR图像存在很强的相干乘性斑点噪声,几乎没有一种方法既能有效地检测边缘又能排除斑点噪声的影响而不产生较多的虚假边缘,特别是在低视数SAR的情况下,该文指出了在低视数情况下应当如何对Touzi ratio边缘检测方法和最大似然(ML)边缘方法的检测窗口进行改进,在对SAR图像进行边缘检测时,引入了自适应窗口的方法,并将其应用到Touzi ratio边缘检测和最大似然 (ML)两个恒虚警边缘检测算法中,取得了很好的改进效果,引入自适应窗口的方法也适用于其它的SAR图像边缘检测算法。     

Detection and analysis of change in remotely sensed imagery withapplication to wide area surveillance

A new approach to wide area surveillance is described that is based on the detection and analysis of changes across two or more images over time. Methods for modeling and detecting general patterns of change associated with construction and other kinds of activities that can be observed in remotely sensed imagery are presented. They include a new nonlinear prediction technique for measuring changes between images and temporal segmentation and filtering techniques for analyzing patterns of change over time. These methods are applied to the problem of detecting facility construction using Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. Full scene results show the methods to be capable of detecting specific patterns of change with very few false alarms. Under all conditions explored, as the number of images used increases, the number of false alarms decreases dramatically without affecting the detection performance. It is argued that the processing gain that results in using more than two images justifies the increased computational complexity and storage requirements of our approach over single image object detection and conventional change detection techniques.     

Saturation-based adaptive inverse gradient interpolation for Bayerpattern images

A saturation-based adaptive gradient interpolation algorithm is developed for Bayer pattern images obtained in single-sensor digital cameras. The proposed algorithm uses the concept of pseudo-saturation for 2×2 blocks of the image. The algorithm adapts the scheme of interpolation based on the classification of the pseudo-saturation of Bayer pattern images. Compared with other algorithms, the proposed method preserves fine details, reduces false colours, and distortions around edges and sharp features of the colour image reconstructed from different kinds of Bayer pattern images     

Wavelet-based feature extraction from oceanographic images

Features in satellite images of the oceans often have weak edges. These images also have a significant amount of noise, which is either due to the clouds or atmospheric humidity. The presence of noise compounds the problems associated with the detection of features, as the use of any traditional noise removal technique will also result in the removal of weak edges. Recently, there have been rapid advances in image processing as a result of the development of the mathematical theory of wavelet transforms. This theory led to multifrequency channel decomposition of images, which further led to the evolution of important algorithms for the reconstruction of images at various resolutions from the decompositions. The possibility of analyzing images at various resolutions can be useful not only in the suppression of noise, but also in the detection of fine features and their classification. This paper presents a new computational scheme based on multiresolution decomposition for extracting the features of interest from the oceanographic images by suppressing the noise. The multiresolution analysis from the median presented by Starck-Murtagh-Bijaoui (1994) is used for the noise suppression     

一种改进的高分辨率SAR图像超像素CFAR舰船检测算法

合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像舰船目标检测一直受到学者广泛关注,恒虚警率(CFAR)检测算法作为雷达图像经典目标检测算法被广泛应用于SAR图像舰船目标检测中。然而经典CFAR检测性能容易受到相干斑噪声影响,基于滑窗的检测结果对滑窗的尺寸选择非常敏感,难以保证杂波背景中不存在目标像素,并且计算效率较低。针对上述问题,该文提出了一种新的基于超像素无窗快速CFAR的SAR图像舰船目标检测算法。首先,利用基于密度的快速噪声空间聚类(DBSCAN)超像素生成方法生成SAR图像的超像素。在SAR数据服从混合瑞利分布的假设下,定义了超像素相异度。然后利用超像素精确估计每个像素的杂波参数,即使在多目标情况下,也可以克服传统CFAR滑动窗口的缺点。此外,基于SAR图像变异系数,提出了一种基于变异系数的局部超像素对比度来优化CFAR检测,以此消除大量杂波虚警,如陆地区域人造目标。对5幅SAR图像的实验结果表明,与其他方法相比,该文方法对不同场景SAR图像海面舰船目标检测都十分稳健。      

基于光学和SAR遥感图像融合的洪灾区域检测方法

基于光学和合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像融合的洪灾区域检测方法可以全天候、高时效地检测洪灾区域。由于SAR图像中存在大量随机分布的相干斑噪声，传统洪灾区域检测方法的检测结果存在较高的虚警率。该文在模糊C均值聚类方法(FCM)的基础上提出了分级聚类算法(H-FCM)，该方法将洪灾后的SAR图像与洪灾前的光学图像融合。基于融合图像，该方法利用提出的分级聚类模型获得洪灾区域的初步检测结果。此外，该算法在利用所提出的区域生长算法获得洪灾前河流位置后，将其作为初步检测结果的空间约束，进一步筛除疑似洪灾区域，并显著地提升了检测性能。该文的实验数据包括1999年英国格洛斯特洪灾前后的遥感图像和2019年中国南昌洪灾前后的遥感图像。通过对比实验，H-FCM算法的有效性得到验证。      

Computer-aided diagnosis scheme using a filter bank for detection of microcalcification clusters in mammograms

Mammography is considered the most effective method for early detection of breast cancers. However, it is difficult for radiologists to detect microcalcification clusters. Therefore, we have developed a computerized scheme for detecting early-stage microcalcification clusters in mammograms. We first developed a novel filter bank based on the concept of the Hessian matrix for classifying nodular structures and linear structures. The mammogram images were decomposed into several subimages for second difference at scales from 1 to 4 by this filter bank. The subimages for the nodular component (NC) and the subimages for the nodular and linear component (NLC) were then obtained from analysis of the Hessian matrix. Many regions of interest (ROIs) were selected from the mammogram image. In each ROI, eight features were determined from the subimages for NC at scales from 1 to 4 and the subimages for NLC at scales from 1 to 4. The Bayes discriminant function was employed for distinguishing among abnormal ROIs with a microcalcification cluster and two different types of normal ROIs without a microcalcification cluster. We evaluated the detection performance by using 600 mammograms. Our computerized scheme was shown to have the potential to detect microcalcification clusters with a clinically acceptable sensitivity and low false positives.     

大鼠坐骨神经再生过程中的神经元轴突自噬作用

目的：探讨大鼠坐骨神经变性轴突清除中的自噬作用。方法：横切大鼠坐骨神经制作wallerian变性模型,造模后不同时间点取远断端组织行电镜结构观察和酸性磷酸酶(AcPase)活性检测。结果：坐骨神经横切后轴突发生变性,主要变化为术后第5h～2d轴质肿胀,轴突与髓鞘分离,术后第4d轴质浓缩,轴突与髓鞘完全分离形成游离轴突体。术后初期变性轴突主要形成大小不等的空泡,后期轴突与髓鞘完全分离并形成较大的游离轴突体,轴突体外包一层轴突膜是神经元细胞膜的延续,轴突体轴质浓缩,含大量各级自噬泡和纵横交错的神经丝、微管和微丝。经酸性磷酸酶(AcPase)染色证实自噬泡均呈AcPase阳性,第7d后轴突体被降解吸收,形成的空腔内偶见巨噬细胞。结论：大鼠坐骨神经再生过程中变性轴突的清除主要靠轴突自身的自噬和施万细胞吞噬机制,而巨噬细胞只起辅助作用。     

A new framework for particle detection in low-SNR fluorescence live-cell images and its application for improved particle tracking

Image denoising and signal enhancement are two common steps to improve particle contrast for detection in low-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) fluorescence live-cell images. However, denoising may oversmooth features of interest, particularly weak features, leading to false negative detection. Here, we propose a robust framework for particle detection in which image denoising in the grayscale image is not needed, so avoiding image oversmoothing. A key to our approach is the new development of a particle enhancement filter based on the recently proposed particle probability image to obtain significantly enhanced particle features and greatly suppressed background in low-SNR and low-contrast environments. The new detection method is formed by combining foreground and background markers with watershed transform operating in both particle probability and grayscale spaces; dynamical switchings between the two spaces can optimally make use the information in images for accurate determination of particle position, size, and intensity. We further develop the interacting multiple mode filter for particle motion modeling and data association by incorporating the extra information obtained from our particle detector to enhance the efficiency of multiple particle tracking. We find that our methods lead to significant improvements in particle detection and tracking efficiency in fluorescence live-cell applications.     

Localized Radon transform-based detection of ship wakes in SARimages

Presents a Radon transform-based approach to the detection of ship wakes in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The key element of this technique is a localization of the Radon transform, whereby the intensity integration is performed over short line segments rather than across the entire image. A linear feature detection algorithm, which utilizes this localized Radon transform, is then developed. In this algorithm, referred to as the feature space line detector algorithm, the transform space is subjected to processing which serves to isolate and locate the response of linear features and suppresses the response of false alarms. This algorithm is tested on both synthetic images corrupted by various levels of Weibull multiplicative noise and on actual SAR images of ship wakes. The results of this testing demonstrate the algorithm's robustness in the presence of noise, as well as its ability to detect and localize linear features that are significantly shorter than the image dimensions     

遥感图像建筑物识别及变化检测方法

针对单独使用像素级变化检测或特征级变化检测对于高层建筑物检测精度低的问题,提出了一种图像特征和经验知识结合的建筑物识别及变化检测方法,用于检测多时相遥感图像中高层建筑物的变化情况.首先采用本文提出的Ratio梯度与交叉累积剩余熵相结合的配准算法配准两个不同时相的SAR和全色图像,分别利用知识规则识别SAR和全色图像建筑物区域,在识别的建筑物区域上,采用像素比值法进行建筑物变化检测.实验结果表明,该方法可以有效提高建筑物的检测正确率,降低虚检率和漏检率.