Minimally invasive strategies and options for far-lateral Iumbar disc herniation

Objective: To investigate the surgical procedlures,options and surgical indications for far-lateral lumbar disc herniation between three different minimally invasive procedures.Methods: From January 2000 to October 2006, 52 patients with far-lateral lumbar disc herniation (29 males and 23 females, with the average age of 41.5 years) were treated with minimally invasive procedures. All the patients were assessed by X-ray and CT. Some were given additional myeography, discography, Computerized tomography myelography (CTM) and MRI examination. Yeung Endoscopy Spine System (YESS), METRx and X-tube procedures were performed in 25, 13 and 14 cases, respectively. All patients were followed up for a mean period of 13.5 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed by visual analog score (VAS) and Nakai criteria. Results: The results indicated that the three procedures could significantly improve the radiating leg symptoms (P<0.05). The postoperative overall excellent and good rates of YESS, METRx and X-tube procedures were 84.0%,84.6% and 92.8% respectively, with no statistical difference among three groups (P>O.05). The YESS procedure had several advantages including shortest operation time, simplest anesthesia and least trauma as compared with the other two procedures, especially for simple type I far-lateral lumbar disc herniation. METRx procedure was specially suitable for simple type II. And the procedure of posterior endoscopic facetectomy, posterior lumbar interbody fusion and unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation with X-tube was designed for far-lateral disc herniation combined with degenerative lumbar instability. Conclusion: Minimally invasive strategies and options should be determined by different types of far-lateral lumbar disc herniation.     

METRx内窥镜辅助X-Tube下治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 评价内窥镜下经x-tube腰椎板切除减压,髓核摘除术的初步临床效果。 方法 自2010年1月共收治13例腰椎间盘突出患者,其中L4/5节段7例,L5/S1节段6例,均行内窥镜下经x-tube腰椎板切除减压,髓核摘除术,按改良Macnab评分标准评价临床效果,同时记录手术时间,失血量及并发症。结果 所有病例均得到随访,随访时间3～12个月,平均6个月。术后功能评定按改良Macnab评分分级：优10例,良3例,优良率100%。未发现手术并发症。手术时间45～105min,平均60min,失血量10～95ml,平均30ml。结论 METRx内窥镜辅助X-Tube下治疗腰椎间盘突出症,具有微创直视化、管道化特点,效果满意;应严格把握手术适应症,术中仔细操作,避免手术并发症发生。     

巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症的微创外科治疗

目的探讨巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症微创手术策略。方法 2007年1月～2010年10月,对86例巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症患者采用微创外科手术治疗。其中,椎间孔内镜椎间盘切除术(percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy,PELD)28例,显微内镜椎间盘切除术(microendoscopic discectomy,MED)35例,微创经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术(minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,miTLIF)23例。术前与术后疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analog scale,VAS)评分和改良Macnab标准评价临床疗效。结果 3种微创术式均能显著改善患肢放射性疼痛VAS评分。术后优良率都在85%以上。PELD术适于年轻人巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症;MED术适于巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症伴椎管狭窄;miTLIF术适于伴有腰椎退行性失稳或伴有马尾综合征或术后复发的巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症。结论临床上应依据巨大型腰椎椎间盘突出症的不同类型,选择不同微创外科术式。     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的分型治疗

目的评价2种不同的手术方式治疗不同部位的极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的效果。方法极外侧腰椎间盘突出症11例,按突出部位分为椎间孔内型和椎间孔外型椎间盘突出,椎间孔内型椎间盘突出采用后路关节突切除,切除椎间盘、椎间植骨融合内固定术;椎间孔外型椎间盘突出采用经横突间入路单纯椎间盘切除术。结果横突间入路进行椎间盘切除平均手术时间50min,平均出血量180ml;后路椎间植骨融合内固定手术平均出血量330ml,平均手术时间120min。所有患者术后下肢疼痛症状均明显减轻或消失,神经根牵拉试验正常。经过平均术后12个月的随访,除2例术前部分肌力恢复不良外,其余患者恢复正常生活和工作。结论极外侧腰椎间盘突出症根据不同的突出部位分为2种类型,适宜采取不同的手术方式。     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的临床分型及手术方式选择

目的 提出极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的新的临床分型,为手术方式的选择提供依据.方法 按照椎间盘突出的位置及其临床症状将极外侧腰椎间盘突出症分为椎管内椎间孔内型(Ⅰ型)、椎间孔内型(Ⅱ型)和椎间孔外型(Ⅲ型).据此对2002年1月至2007年1月收治的38例极外侧椎间盘突出症患者进行临床分型,并结合临床分型选择(1)经横突间椎间盘切除;(2)经椎管部分关节突切除、潜行椎间盘切除;(3)经椎管椎间盘切除+经后路椎体间融合(PLIF)等手术方式.38例患者中男性25例,女性13例;平均58.4岁.其中L_(3～4) 17例、L_ (4～5) 13例、L_5S_1 8例.单纯椎间盘突出23例,合并椎管狭窄15例.所有病例均表现为突出节段出口根受压的症状和体征,其中Ⅰ型中的7例同时伴有下位神经根受压的表现,15例合并椎管狭窄者存在间歇性跛行,21例有明确的腰痛症状.手术前后行根性疼痛VAS评分,术后采用MacNab方法进行临床疗效评定.结果 按照新的临床分型,38例患者中Ⅰ型10例、Ⅱ型19例、Ⅲ型9例.经横突间行椎间盘切除5例,经椎管部分关节突切除、潜行椎间盘切除7例,经椎管椎间盘切除+PLIF 26例.随访时间6个月～4年10个月,平均2年11个月.VAS评分术前平均为7.4分,术后2周为2.7分,末次随访为3.1分.末次随访MacNab评定结果:优20例、良12例、可5例、差1例,优良率为84.2%.并发症:伤口表浅感染1例、减压不满意者1例、脑脊液漏1例.未见内固定断裂、松动等.结论 新的临床分型,对认识极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的病理变化及选择手术方式等具有重要的意义.     

应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的总结应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法1999年2月至2002年12月,采用METRx椎间盘镜行髓核摘除术,治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症14例,均为单间隙突出,其中男性10例、女性4例,年龄41-55岁,平均49岁。突出间隙：L4,5 6例、L5-S1 8例。突出类型：椎间孔突出型6例,椎间孔外侧突出型8例。结果14例随访12—46个月,平均26．5个月。疗效：优10例、良3例、可1例。术后4例遗留感觉障碍,无神经根损伤、椎问盘炎、硬膜囊撕裂、椎间盘突出复发等并发症。结论应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,手术创伤小、神经根减压彻底和术后恢复快,适用于极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗,选择正确的手术入路和术中仔细的操作是手术成功的关键．     

微创经椎间孔椎间融合术治疗腰椎退行性疾病

目的 探讨微创经椎间孔椎间融合术(TLIF)治疗腰椎退行性疾病的方法及疗效.方法 2005年1月至2006年12月,采用微创TLIF治疗腰椎退行性疾病31例(微创TLIF组),年龄4l～63岁,平均53.6岁.其中腰椎间盘突出症合并腰椎管狭窄7例,腰椎间盘突出症合并腰椎不稳16例,腰椎滑脱症8例.手术采用后路旁正中切口,在METRx X-Tube下置入双侧或单侧椎弓根钉,单枚矩形cage斜向45°椎间融合.统计手术时间、术中出血量、输血量、术后引流量、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)值及术前、术后JOA评分,影像评估椎弓根钉位置及椎间融合情况,并与同期采用常规TLIF治疗的33例患者(常规TLIF组)进行比较.结果 微创TLIF组4例采用单侧椎弓根钉固定,平均手术时间199 min,平均术中出血量359 ml,平均输血量32 ml,术后平均引流量81 ml,术后72 h VAS值平均2.37.常规TLIF组3例采用单侧椎弓根钉固定,平均手术时间156 min,平均术中出血量589ml,19例输血,平均输血量122 ml,术后平均引流量120 ml,VAS值4.65,两组比较差异具有统计学意义.微创TLIF组4枚常规TLIF组2枚螺钉偏出.平均随访18.4个月,微创TLIF组1例发生cage移位,两组无椎弓根钉断裂、松动.JOA评分及改善率两组差异无统计学意义.结论 微创TLIF组织损伤小,术后康复快,长期疗效与常规方法相当.     

射频消融髓核成形术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨射频消融髓核成形术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的手术技巧、疗效和适应证。方法：对86例腰椎间盘突出症患者采用经皮穿刺射频消融髓核成形术(nucleoplasty)治疗，并对其疗效进行观察分析。结果：86例患者经3～18个月随访，根据“中华医学会骨科分会脊柱学组腰背痛手术评定标准”，术后疗效优10例，良65例，可6例，差3例，优良率87．2％，有效率为96．5％。无相关并发症发生。结论：射频消融髓核成形术操作简单、安全，是治疗腰椎问盘突出症的有效微创手术。     

Lateral lumbar interbody fusion via a unilateral true percutaneous approach associated with minimally invasive pedicle screw fixation for degenerative disc disease and lumbar instability. A technical note

In recent years, minimally invasive surgical techniques for lumbar fusion and fixation procedures gained worldwide popularity. Herein we describe a personal technique for percutaneous lumbar interbody fusion associated with minimally invasive posterior fixation for patients affected by degenerative disc disease and lumbar instability. The procedure is described in a step-by-step way and early results are presented. Although the present data reflect only an early experience, we believe that this is a straightforward procedure which may be more advantageous in terms of surgical invasiveness, potentially saving operative and recovery time and reducing risks compared to posterior or anterior approaches for lumbar interbody fusion.     

髓核成形术治疗颈腰椎间盘突出症

目的寻求一种治疗椎间盘突出症简单、安全、有效、微创的方法。方法对80例颈腰椎间盘突出症患者行经皮穿刺，应用射频消融髓核成形术（Nucleoplasty）对突出的椎间盘进行汽化消融成形治疗，并对其疗效进行随访、观察分析。结果全部患者经3个月～2年的短期随访，80例症状有不同程度的改善，总有效率为97．5％。无一例出现脊髓、神经及大血管损伤或术后感染等并发症。结论经皮低温等离子射频消融髓核成形术治疗颈腰椎间盘突出症，具有操作简便安全、疗效好、微创的优点。     

后路椎间盘镜技术治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症

目的研究腰椎后路椎间盘镜手术治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症的手术方法、对策及效果。方法2000年9月至2004年6月利用后路腰椎间盘镜技术治疗游离型腰椎间盘突出症8例。结果8例患者均获得随访,时间9~54个月,平均27.2个月。本组优5例,良3例,优良率100%。本组病例无神经损伤、感染等并发症。结论采用腰椎后路椎间盘镜手术治疗,减压充分,损伤小,临床疗效满意。     

Quadrant微创系统治疗腰椎间盘突出症

[目的]探讨应用Quadrant微创系统治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果及治疗经验.[方法]2010年1月～2011年1月,本院采用Quadrnt微创系统治疗腰椎间盘突出症60例,采用传统方法治疗72例,分别对两组手术时间、切口长度、失血量、术后疗效及并发症发生情况进行对比分析.[结果]与传统组相比,Quadrant微创组在手术时间、失血量及术后疗效方面无显著性差异(P＞0.05);然而后者手术切口小、术后腰背痛发生概率降低,术后伤口延迟愈合概率升高(P＜0.05).[结论]Quadrant微创系统治疗腰椎间盘突出症,其适应证广,手术切口小,在不延长手术时间的情况下达到了与传统手术相同的治疗效果,并且术后腰背痈发生率低,更易于为患者接受.只要采取适当措施,可以避免伤口延迟愈合的发生.     

A minimally invasive transmuscular approach to far-lateral L5-S1 level disc herniations: a prospective study

BACKGROUND: Among all lumbar disc herniations, L5-S1 far-lateral disc herniations are rare entities. Besides, surgical approach may be difficult because of the very narrow passage at this level. For these 2 reasons, most spine surgeons are not experienced in herniations at this level. According to new microanatomic studies, previous lateral approaches at this level often do not allow access to the neuroforamen without partial or total destruction of the L5-S1 facet joint. To preserve the facet joint, an approach was developed. PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of a surgical technique that is a minimally invasive intermuscular approach (MIIMA) for decompression of L5-S1 far-lateral level disc herniation (FLLDH). STUDY DESIGN: We present a prospective clinical study analysis of 14 patients with L5-S1 far-lateral disc herniations in a period between 2000 and 2004, treated with microsurgical technique. METHODS: An imaging study revealed consistency with the patient's clinical presentation. In our department, a total of 580 patients underwent discectomy between 2000 and 2004 for lumbar disc herniation. RESULT: Twenty-eight patients had foraminal or extraforaminal herniations (4.8%). Fourteen patients had FLLDH at the L4-L5 level (2.4%), whereas the other 14 were cases of FLLDH at the L5-S1 level (2.4%). One patient had FLLDH at both L5-S1 and L4-L5 levels (7.1%). The mean age of patients was 53.6 years, and the male:female ratio was approximately 5:9. All patients failed to recover after at least 6 weeks of conservative therapy. The mean duration of symptoms until the time of surgery was 7.2 months. Using this MIIMA technique, the authors removed the herniated discs compressing the (L5) nerve roots. Clinical outcome was measured using the visual analog scale. Every patient was discharged within 24 hours. Satisfactory (excellent or good) results were demonstrated in 13 patients (92.9%), because, except for 1 (7.1) permanent dysesthesia case, 4 cases (21.3%) were temporary dysesthesia. Postoperatively all patients reported excellent relief of their sciatic pains, and there were no technique-associated complications. No recurrence was observed during the follow-up period ranging from 10 to 60 months (mean, 29 mo). This is one of the major complications of any approach to a far-lateral disc. CONCLUSIONS: The authors describe a MIIMA for excising herniated discs that is applicable to all types of far-lateral lumbar herniations. Postoperative dysesthesia is the most important complication and may persist as it did in our cases. Consequently, manipulation of the ganglion should be avoided at all costs, if possible. The MIIMA procedure provides a simple alternative for treating lumbar foraminal or lateral exit zone herniated discs in selected cases. This approach is effective, allowing the preservation of the L5-S1 facet joint, saving the facet joint, preventing postoperative instability, and offering a direct view of the L5-S1 neuroforamen.     

经椎板间隙直视下微创手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨经椎板间隙直视下微创手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床价值和适应证。方法回顾分析我院自1996.2-2001.8经椎板间隙显露法对185例腰椎间盘突出症行髓核摘除及神经根管扩大术的病例。术前患者行腰椎X线检查,测量L5S1及L4-5椎板间隙的面积,对于L4-5椎板间隙的面积>250mm2及L5S1椎板间隙的面积>280mm2的病史短且单纯腰椎间盘突出的患者行经椎板间隙直视下微创髓核摘除术。结果术后对其中的169例进行随访,随访3～38月,平均随访24月,采用1994年中华骨科学会脊柱外科组制定的手术疗效标准,观察评定疗效。优122例,良38例,优良率94.6%。结论合理选择适应证,经椎板间隙髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症不仅能迅速减压,消除症状,且几乎不破坏脊柱的稳定性,并发症少,创伤小,恢复快,疗效高。     

后路椎间隙微创手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的:探讨后路椎间隙微创手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的方法和疗效,进一步规范其适应证。方法:腰椎间盘突出症患者132例,男87例,女45例;年龄21～69岁,平均41岁。采用后路椎间隙显微镜下手术治疗,分析上位椎板下缘咬除范围、术中出血量、手术时间及术后疗效。结果:L5S12例咬除L5椎板下缘2.0mm,余未行椎板咬除;L4,5咬除L4椎板下缘范围5～9mm,平均7.0mm;L3,4咬除L3椎板下缘范围8～10mm,平均9.6mm。术中平均出血量60ml,平均手术时间50min。术后以Macnnab标准评价:优82例,良44例,可6例,优良率95.5%。结论:后路椎间隙微创手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症,对软组织骨性结构破坏小,适用于单节段腰椎间盘突出合并神经根管狭窄、后纵韧带骨化患者。     

中后路显微椎间盘镜(METRx)手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症(附290例报告)

目的：探讨中后路显微椎间盘镜(METRx)治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效。方法：应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症290例，随访3月～33月。结果：按Nakai分级，优81．O％(235例)，良13．4％(39例)，可4．8％(14例)，差0．7％(2例)。2例术后发生椎间隙感染。结论：应用METRx治疗腰椎间盘突出症近期疗效满意。     

Surgical complications of microendoscopic procedures for lumbar spinal stenosis.

Microendoscopic discectomy (MED) is one of the minimally invasive endoscopic procedures for treating lumbar disc herniation. We have applied MED techniques to posterior decompression procedures for treating lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). In the present study, we examined the surgical complications in 114 consecutive patients surgically treated with MED procedures for LSS. Intraoperative complications occurred in 9 patients. Six patients (5.3%) experienced a dural tear, and three (2.6%) had a fracture of an inferior facet. Early postoperative complications occurred in 13 patients. Twelve patients (10.5%) experienced transient neurological complications. The clinical outcomes at the mean 28-month follow-up were not affected by these surgical complications. Other major complications such as nerve injury and surgical site infection were not observed. Most of the complications occurred in the initial series of patients, and the incidence of complications decreased with an increase in the surgeon's experience and the application of several preventive measures against the complications. The surgeon should undergo training when MED techniques are applied in surgical treatment in order to recognize the specific complications associated with such procedures and apply preventive measures against these complications.     

内窥镜下单神经孔入路腰椎减压、植骨融合内固定术42例近期临床结果

目的 探讨内窥镜（METRx）下经X-Tube单侧神经孔入路行椎间盘摘除、椎间植骨融合的疗效。方法 对2004年6月至2006年3月完成的42例内窥镜（METRx）下经X-Tube单侧神经孔入路行椎间盘摘除、椎间植骨融合的近期疗效进行总结分析。42例患者中,男17例,女25例,平均年龄51．6岁。均为腰椎间盘突出伴腰椎不稳和腰椎弓根峡部嵌裂伴滑脱的患者。结果 平均手术时间240min;平均出血量140ml;平均手术切口长度3cm;术后平均住院时间12．5d;按照Nakai分级,优23例（62．2％）,良11例（29．2％）,可3例（8．6％）。椎间植骨融合率91．9％。5例患者（11．9％）发生并发症。结论 内窥镜（METRx）下经X—Tube单侧神经孔入路行椎间盘摘除术具有手术切口小、腰骶肌肉剥离轻、出血少、术后手术伤口疼痛较轻等优点,是临床上可供选择的一种微创新术式。     

微创小切口手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨微创小切口治疗腰椎间盘突出症的效果与预防复发的相关问题.方法 对102例腰椎间盘突出症患者进行微创小切口手术治疗.手术前后根据JOA评分评价手术疗效,并对其适应证、操作要点、术后康复等进行分析.结果 83例得到随访,时间6个月～5年,JOA评分术后平均改善率为72.7%,手术前后JOA评分比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 微创小切口治疗腰椎间盘突出症应严格手术适应证,操作要细致熟练,术后坚持康复锻炼,是保证术后疗效,减少术后复发的关键.     

后路显微内窥镜微创治疗腰椎间盘突出症58例报告

目的 探讨后路显微内窥镜微创治疗腰椎间盘突出症的特点、适应征及手术技巧，方法 采用后路显微内窥镜微创治疗腰椎间盘突出症58例，根据患者的临床特点及腰椎间盘突出的具体情况．分别采取单间隙或多间隙一次手术，行髓核摘除及神经根管扩大。结果 本组58例，随访6～16月．平均10．2月．按Nakai分级．优46例，良8例，可4例。结论 该术式较常规手术具有损伤小、出血少、恢复快等特点，随着该技术的不断成熟．适应征的合理掌握．在腰椎间盘突出症的治疗中具有广阔的发展前景。