湿度变化对TEOM(R)1400a系列环境颗粒物监测仪PM10质量浓度观测的影响

为评价环境湿度变化对TEOM(R)1400a·系列环境颗粒物监测仪进行PM10观测的影响,在2004年1月到2005年1月的观测过程中,获得了30 min平均的大气PM10质量浓度,并观测了地面气象条件及降水过程中仪器的响应.结果表明,湿度变化较大时仪器记录的PM10浓度明显受到滤膜上吸附的水汽含量变化的影响.仪器提供的PM10质量浓度反映出明显的日变化规律,分别在8:00～9:30和18:00～23:00出现峰值而在12:00～15:30出现谷值;此变化规律反映了大气污染物的日变化特征,但也受到空气湿度变化的影响.应用该仪器时对空气湿度的影响应当予以考虑.     

湿度变化对TEOM~1400a系列环境颗粒物监测仪PM_(10)质量浓度观测的影响

为评价环境湿度变化对TEOM?1400a系列环境颗粒物监测仪进行PM10观测的影响,在2004年1月到2005年1月的观测过程中,获得了30min平均的大气PM10质量浓度,并观测了地面气象条件及降水过程中仪器的响应。结果表明,湿度变化较大时仪器记录的PM10浓度明显受到滤膜上吸附的水汽含量变化的影响。仪器提供的PM10质量浓度反映出明显的日变化规律,分别在8:00~9:30和18:00~23:00出现峰值而在12:00~15:30出现谷值;此变化规律反映了大气污染物的日变化特征,但也受到空气湿度变化的影响。应用该仪器时对空气湿度的影响应当予以考虑。     

北京城区和远郊区大气细颗粒PM_(2.5)元素特征对比分析

为了对比大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5及其所含元素在北京城区与远郊区的特征,在2007年不同季节和2008年北京奥运会期间进行了PM2.5的采样分析。结果表明:城区PM2.5和元素的浓度均高于郊区,元素浓度在城区与郊区具有不同的季节变化特征,春、冬季地壳元素浓度在城区与郊区都有所增加,在城区S元素和其它污染元素在秋、冬季最高,而郊区S元素浓度在夏季最高。污染元素的富集程度夏秋季高于春冬季,郊区高于城区,城、郊两地PM2.5中元素来源相似。雾霾天PM2.5及元素浓度在城区增加明显,奥运期间污染元素的质量分数较奥运前明显降低。     

2009年北京市春季大气颗粒PM_(2.5)和黑碳浓度变化特征

为了评价奥运会后车辆限行、施工减少等措施对北京市大气环境质量的影响,利用黑碳仪和颗粒物在线观测仪,于2009年4月26日—5月16日对北京市大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5质量浓度,2009年4月21日—5月21日对黑碳浓度实行连续观测,采用SPSS11.5和EXCEl2003对数据进行统计分析,获PM2.5和黑碳的日均值、小时均值和观测时段内小时均值的连续变化资料。结果表明:观测时段内PM2.5浓度日均值为(9.3±0.2)μg/m3,低于北京市以往同期记录,达到美国EPA的PM2.5推荐标准。黑碳浓度的日均值为(2319±18)ng/m3,低于我国其他城市和北京市历史记录。说明北京市实行的污染源控制手段收到了明显效果。PM2.5浓度呈现周变化趋势,日变化表现两个峰值。黑碳浓度日变化为一峰一谷,未出现以往研究的两个峰值,推测可能受晚间车辆和烹饪活动的影响,晚间峰值被次日升高趋势遮盖。     

陕西省榆林市冬季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的污染特征

为了探讨陕西省榆林市冬季大气颗粒物的污染特征,2013年11月对榆林市3个采样点进行可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)同步观测,利用离子色谱法和热光分析法测定PM10和PM2.5中无机水溶性离子和碳组分的浓度。结果表明:3个采样点PM10和PM2.5日均质量浓度分别为162、74μg/m3,颗粒物浓度由大到小的采样点为环保旧站、实验中学和环保大厦;PM10中有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度空间分布与颗粒物的相同;PM2.5中有碳组分在环保旧站和实验中学的浓度接近,都大于环保大厦的;无机离子中SO42-和Ca2+浓度最大;PM10与PM2.5整体偏碱性,亏损的阴离子主要是CO32-;扬尘在PM10中的比例远远大于其他组分;PM2.5中碳组分含量较大,其次是土壤尘、硫酸盐、氯化物和硝酸盐等;治理PM10和PM2.5污染应以加强扬尘控制和减少燃煤污染物排放为主。     

保定市区2013年环境空气质量状况及污染原因分析

对保定市6个环境监测国控点2013年的SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5监测数据,按时间段进行了统计分析,结果表明:4种空气污染物季节性污染特征明显,月均浓度在采暖期比非采暖期有显著增加;由于受到燃煤及不利气象条件影响,SO2、NO2月浓度变化曲线呈现冬季高、夏季低的"U"字型分布,采暖期SO2浓度约为非采暖期的3倍。PM10、PM2.5浓度全年波动比较频繁,较大浓度值出现在冬季采暖期。沙尘、扬尘天气和秸秆焚烧对春秋季PM10、PM2.5浓度有贡献。     

秦兵马俑博物馆陶器库房冬季室内空气质量初步研究

于2008年1月30日～3月3日,在秦始皇兵马俑博物馆陶器库开展了室内大气环境调查,同步采集了大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5和NH3样品,获得了PM2.5颗粒中的离子组成,并实时监测了SO2、NOx的浓度变化。结果表明,陶器库中PM2.5平均质量浓度为76.1μg/m3,室外PM2.5平均质量浓度为153.9μg/m3,约为室内浓度的2倍。室内PM2.5中水溶性离子主要由SO42-、NO3-和NH4+组成,平均质量浓度分别为17.5、5.2、5.5μg/m3,它们分别占PM2.5质量浓度的19.7%、5.2%、5.8%。库内NH3平均浓度为4.8μg/m3,室外NH3平均浓度6.6μg/m3,约为室内的1.4倍。室内NO、NO2、NOx浓度日平均分别为4.8×10-9、3.2×10-9、8.0×10-9,SO2浓度日平均为0.9×10-9。研究表明,库内人为活动量对质量浓度、离子浓度和污染气体均有一定影响,库房相对于室外对阻挡颗粒物减少外界影响方面对文物有一定的保护作用,但在阻隔空气污染物和恒温恒湿方面的作用还有待加强。     

通道县城区PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化和特征分析

该文应用了2016～2019年通道县空气自动站的监测数据,研究了通道县大气环境中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度分布特征及污染现状,结果表明:环境空气中PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)质量浓度有明显的年变化、季变化、月变化特征,PM_(10)的年均质量浓度38.0 ug/m~3～81.0 ug/m~3,平均值53.75 ug/m~3;PM_(2.5)的年均值质量浓度范围在23.0 ug/m~3～49.0 ug/m~3,平均33.25 ug/m~3;二者年均值浓度均以2016年居高,超标率最高在2017年;季均质量浓度以冬季污染最重,夏季污染较轻;24 h连续监测时段呈现有周期性的波动规律,特护期峰值一般出现在中午13﹕00～14:00或夜间23:00左右,非特护期PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)在11.00左右出现高端值;月浓度最高值出现在春冬季节的3月、1月和2月,最低值出现在夏季的7月;PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值为40.2%～70.2%,平均61.8%,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度变化基本一致,与城市人群活动、本地污染积累、境外输入污染渗透、气象因素等密切相关。     

沙尘期间大气颗粒PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)化学组分的浓度变化及来源研究

于2006年3月—4月北京沙尘发生期间,监测了沙尘与非沙尘期间悬浮颗粒PM10和PM2.5质量浓度,分析了样品中无机水溶性离子和金属元素。结果显示:沙尘天气导致PM10和PM2.5质量浓度上升,粗颗粒物质量浓度明显上升,细颗粒物受到的影响相对较小。SO42-、NO3-和NH4+为PM10与PM2.5主要水溶性离子。沙尘与非沙尘期间SO42-、NO3-和NH4+浓度变化表现出不稳定性,可能与沙尘的强度和持续时间、来源有关,沙尘下来自于土壤源Ca2+和Mg2+浓度都显然提高。沙尘期间Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Rb和Cs金属元素浓度高于非沙尘期间浓度,并且富集因子系数都小于10,说明主要来自于自然源,而Zn、Se、Cd、Pb和Bi这5种元素浓度随沙尘的侵入并没增加其含量,反而使浓度有所下降,富集因子和富集程度对比表明这些元素主要来自于当地污染源。     

前驱气体对大气细微粒浓度变化影响的研究

重点研究以台湾地区高屏空品区的大寮、美浓、及左营测站为研究标地,以ISORROPIA热力学平衡模式仿真,假设气溶胶形态为稳定状态或亚稳定状态,且有无包含地壳元素,比较仿真结果与实际测量值之间的差异,以了解气溶胶形态为稳定或亚稳定状态下,气溶胶的变化反应。模式效能评估结果显示,在亚稳定状态及有包含地壳元素条件下,其仿真效果最好,且此条件也是较接近实际的环境状态。通过以大寮、美浓及左营测站为标地,以亚稳定状态及有包含地壳元素条件进行讨论,结果显示,在不同季节及不同地区,影响PM2.5浓度的最主要前驱污染物皆不同。此外,PM2.5临界值的结果显示,其前驱污染物对PM2.5浓度变化影响呈现非线性反应及非正比的关系。     

杭州市大气悬浮颗粒PM_(2.5)污染状况及化学组成特征分析

为了解杭州市大气悬浮颗粒物PM2.5污染状况及化学组成特征,2006年在杭州市内布设2个监测点位,按季节进行采样,并对悬浮颗粒物PM2.5中20种元素进行定量研究。结果表明:杭州市区大气中悬浮颗粒物PM2.5的年均质量浓度值为77.5μg/m3,其中S、Si、Ca、K等元素年平均质量浓度大于1.0μg/m3。元素Si、Al、Fe、Mg、V、K、Na、Ti、Mn、Ca、P、Cr、Ni主要来源于地壳,而元素Cl、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Br、S、Se等主要来源于人为排放源。     

室内外细粒子PM_(2.5)和总悬浮颗粒物污染水平的对比研究

为了解室内外空气颗粒物PM2.5和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)的污染状况,自2008年3月24日～4月3日在西安交通大学学生办公室、教师办公室、化学实验室和室外同时采集PM2.5和TSP样品,对其质量浓度及无机水溶性离子组分(Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、NO3-和SO42-)进行了分析。结果表明,室内外PM2.5和TSP浓度都远远高于美国空气质量标准规定的35μg/m3。室内外颗粒物浓度具有相同的变化趋势,且室内总体上低于室外。室内PM2.5在TSP中所占比例在65%～85%,室外在40%左右。室内外TSP和PM2.5中二次污染离子SO42-、NO3-和NH4+占总离子质量的50%以上,主要富集在细颗粒中。NH4+、K+和Cl-在总离子中的比例均为室内大于室外,PM2.5中大于TSP。Ca2+、Mg2+主要富集在粗颗粒上,室外含量远远高于室内。     

The implication of carbonaceous aerosol to the formation of haze: revealed from the characteristics and sources of OC/EC over a mega-city in China

The characteristics and sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM(2.5) in 2006-2007 as well as their impact on the formation of heavy haze in Shanghai were investigated. Daily average concentrations of OC and EC ranged from 1.8 to 20.1 μg m(-3) and 0.5-7.8 μg m(-3) with averages of 7.2 and 2.8 μg m(-3), respectively. The carbonaceous aerosol (OC plus EC) contributed to ～ 27.2% of the total mass of PM(2.5) on annual average. Obvious seasonal variation was observed in both OC and EC. The percentage of secondary organic carbon (SOC) contributed to OC was in a range of 2.4-66.8%, with an average of 40.1%. Three types of haze were classified based on their chemical composition. OC, EC, SO(2)/NO(2) (in turn, SO(4)(2-)/NO(3)(-)) were responsible for the formation of the three types of haze, respectively. The carbonaceous aerosol was one of the key factors in the formation of haze. Local emissions were the dominant sources of OC and EC in warm seasons, and long-range transport had a significant contribution to OC and EC in PM(2.5) in spring and winter in Shanghai.     

Particulate matter characteristics during agricultural waste burning in Taichung City, Taiwan

Agricultural waste burning is performed after harvest periods in June and November in Taiwan. Typically, farmers use open burning to dispose of excess rice straw. PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) measurements were conducted at National Chung Hsing University in Taichung City using a dichotomous sampler. The sampling times were during straw burning periods after rice harvest during 2002-2005. Ionic species including SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Cl(-) and Na(+) and carbonaceous species (EC and OC) in PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) were analyzed. The results showed that the average PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) concentrations were 123.6 and 31.5 microg m(-3) during agricultural waste burning periods and 32.6 and 21.4 microg m(-3) during non-waste burning periods, respectively. The fine aerosol ionic species including Cl(-), K(+) and NO(3)(-) increased 11.0, 6.7 and 5.5 times during agricultural burning periods compared with periods when agricultural waste burning is not performed. K(+) was found mainly in the fine mode during agricultural burning. High nitrogen oxidation ratio was found during agricultural waste burning periods which might be caused by the conversion of Nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) to NO(3)(-). It is concluded that agricultural waste burning with low dispersion often causes high PM(2.5) and gases pollutant events.     

离子色谱法同时测定福州大气PM2.5中无机阴离子和有机酸的研究

本文利用离子色谱法对福州市2015-2016年大气PM_2.5样品中4种无机阴离子(F^-、Cl^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-)和5种水溶性有机物(WSOC)(甲酸、乙酸、乙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸)进行同步测定,结果表明,无机阴离子曲线相关系数大于0.999,有机酸相关系数大于0.994,检出限范围(0.7-25.7)ng/m³,精密度范围(0.3-7.9)%,回收率范围(84.0-116)%,方法性能满足测试要求。SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Cl^-为主要的水溶性无机阴离子,3种离子浓度之和占PM2.5质量浓度的32.6%。5种水溶性有机酸WSOC的浓度均值范围为(0.031-0.308)μg/m³,总和占PM2.5质量浓度的1.6%,其中乙二酸的含量相对最高。总体而言,PM2.5中水溶性无机离子和有机酸浓度的季节变化表现为春、冬季高,夏、秋季低的特点。NO₃^-、乙二酸在夏季表现出不同的浓度特征可能与物质的性质和夏季高温强辐射天气有关。乙二酸与SO42-、NH4+、NO3-有较强的线性相关性,初步推断其主要来源为光化学反应而形成的二次污染物。     

北京冬季PM_(10)中有机碳与元素碳的高分辨率观测及来源分析

运用先进的RP5400碳颗粒物连续分析仪和TEOM1400a气溶胶质量测量仪于2004年冬季对北京大气PM10及碳气溶胶进行了连续观测,得到了PM10、有机碳(OC)、无机碳(EC)和总碳(TC)的日变化特征。观测期间OC、EC、TC、PM10的浓度和OC/EC比值分别为(21.2±16.0)、(8.9±5.1)、(30.2±20.4)、(172.6±98.3)μg.m-3和2.3±0.9。OC,EC和总碳(TC=OC+EC)分别占PM10质量的(12.4±6.4)%、(5.6±2.3)%和(18±9.2)%。OC,EC和PM10浓度变化范围较大,变化趋势相似,明显受风速影响,风速较大时浓度较小。PM10和OC浓度在夜间明显高于白天,但是EC浓度白天和夜间差别不大。EC在早上交通高峰期间达到最高值,显示了机动车排放源的明显贡献。OC/EC比值在夜间(2.4～2.7)明显高于白天(1.9～2.0),这主要是由于机动车白天排放较多,而夜间机动车相对较少以及燃煤排放较多。北京观测到的TC浓度和OC/EC比值均高于美国、日本的同期观测结果。分析表明北京冬季PM10中有机碳和无机碳以一次性排放为主。应用比值法估算出北京冬季PM10中碳气溶胶的来源主要是机动车(75%贡献)和燃煤(25%)。由此可见,北京PM10中碳污染较为严重,且机动车排放占了较大贡献,需要引起重视。     

Statistical analysis of atmospheric trace metals and particulate fractions in Islamabad, Pakistan

Airborne suspended particulate matter was collected on glass fibre filters in urban atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan, using high volume sampler. The particulate samples were analysed for 10 selected metals (Fe, Na, Zn, K, Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni, Co and Cd) by FAAS method. Maximum mean contribution was noted for Fe (1.761microg/m(3)), followed by Na (1.661microg/m(3)), Zn (1.021microg/m(3)), K (0.488microg/m(3)) and Pb (0.128microg/m(3)). The particle size determination on vol.% basis for nine fractions (PM(<1.0), PM(1.0-2.5), PM(2.5-5), PM(5-10), PM(10-15), PM(15-25), PM(25-50), PM(50-100) and PM(>100)) was carried out using Mastersizer. PM(5.0-10) were found to be most abundant in the local atmosphere followed by PM(2.5-5.0) and PM(15-25) while coarse/giant particles (PM(50-100) and PM(>100)) showed lower contribution. The trace metals were found to be mainly associated with smaller particulate fractions up to PM(10-15). Among the climatic parameters temperature has significant relationship with fine particles and airborne metal levels while relative humidity showed negative correlation. The source identification was carried out by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Five metal sources were identified: industrial, vehicular emissions, metallurgical operations, garbage incineration and soil derived dust. The metal levels were also compared with those reported for other rural and urban parts around the world.     

A wintertime study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) in Beijing: assessment of energy structure conversion

Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic (PAHs) in PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) samples collected from 20 sites in Beijing, China in December 2005 and January 2006 were analyzed to determine the composition, spatial distribution and sources. Total PAHs of PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) ranged from 5.2 to 1062.2 ng m(-3) and 7.6 to 759.7 ng m(-3), respectively, categorized as heavier pollution. Among five kind of functional zones involved, industrial center, commercial area and village were heavily polluted. The mean concentration of PAHs in PM(2.5) of 407 ng m(-3) was 1.67-fold of that in PM(2.5-10), which was relatively high compared to the previous studies (winter in 2001 and 2002). The most evident change was the increase of Flu, BbkF and InP, which are believed to be less harmful and related to the increasing use of clean energy. However, pollution distribution was spatially heterogeneous inside the city. The most polluted sites located in the southeast of the city. Unlike previous studies, fluoranthene was the most abundant component quantified, which could be associated with increasing use of natural gas as clean energy. Compositional analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that different kinds of combustion were the main source of the PAHs in PM, though contribution of coal was still evident.     

Concentrations of ambient air particulates (TSP, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10) and ionic species at offshore areas near Taiwan Strait

The concentrations of total suspended particulate (TSP), fine particles PM(2.5) (with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microm), coarse particles PM(2.5-10) (with aerodynamic diameter 2.5-10 microm,), and water-soluble inorganic ions were studied at two offshore sampling sites, Taichung Harbor (TH) and Wuci Traffic (WT), near Taiwan Strait in central Taiwan during March 2004 to January 2005. Statistical analyses were also carried out to estimate the possible sources of particulate pollution. Experimental results showed that the average mass concentrations of TSP, PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) at TH and WT sampling sites were 154.54 +/- 31.45 and 113.59 +/- 31.94 microg m(-3), 54.03 +/- 16.92 and 42.76 +/- 12.52 microg m(-3), and 30.31+/- 9.79 and 24.16 +/- 7.27 microg m(-3), respectively. The dominant inorganic ions at two sampling sites were SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-), and NH(4)(+) for TSP and PM(2.5), but that were Ca(2+), Cl(-), and Na(+) for PM(2.5-10). The concentrations of most particulates and inorganic ions were higher in winter at both two sampling sites, and were higher at TH than WT sampling site in each season. From statistical analysis, air-slake of crust surface, sea-salt aerosols, agriculture activities, coal combustion, and mobile vehicles were the possible emission sources of particulate pollution at TH and WT sampling sites.     

辽宁中部城市群可吸入颗粒物PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的污染水平

利用辽宁中部沈阳、鞍山、抚顺和本溪4个城市2006年8月—2007年10月可吸入颗粒物PM10、PM2.5、PM1的监测资料及同步气象因子的监测资料,分析了其分布特征、污染水平及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:受区域天气系统的影响,4个城市PM10、PM2.5的日均浓度变化趋势基本一致,具有区域分布特征;PM10超标率冬季最高,PM2.5超标率冬季最高,夏季7月份也较高;PM2.5日均浓度占PM10日均浓度的比例夏季或冬季最大,春季4、5月份最小;PM10、PM2.5和PM1之间有很好的相关性;PM10与风速、温度呈负相关,PM2.5和PM1与能见度、风速、温度呈负相关,与相对湿度成正相关。