定西市安定区不同水土保持措施结构下综合效益评价

依据土壤侵蚀原理和生态经济学原理等理论,基于DPSIR模型,构建了适合区域水土保持综合效益评价的指标体系,运用灰色关联投影法,对定西市安定区不同水土保持措施结构下的综合效益进行了科学系统的评价。评价结果表明:1993年、2000年和2010年水土保持综合效益投影值分别为0.116 1,0.190 3,0.218 4。水土保持综合效益值在2010年达到最大,其相对应的措施结构为该地区水土保持综合治理较优的措施比例结构。     

农户参与水土保持的福利效应:概念、内涵与评价指标框架

[目的] 系统梳理农户参与水土保持的福利效应概念、内涵与评价指标框架,为水土保持福利效应的综合评价提供依据。[方法] 结合已有研究报道、相关标准等,阐释水土保持福利效应的概念与内涵,厘清水土保持效益与水土保持福利效应的逻辑关系,梳理水土保持福利效应的评价尺度并提出福利效应评价指标框架。[结果] 水土保持福利效应具有评价客体明确、价值可货币化、与参与程度高度相关、个体差异和群体一致等内涵特征。水土保持福利效应评价是对水土保持效益评估的深化和拓展,二者是被包含与包含的关系。水土保持福利效应评价应立足于水土保持效益综合评价,其指标框架包含经济福利、社会福利和生态福利等多个要素。[结论] 当前人们对农户参与水土保持的福利效应关注不够。水土保持福利效应的评价着眼于政策性水土保持工程,其评价指标和方法未形成统一认识,还需进一步研究水土保持福利效应的理论及方法体系,以便为新时代水土保持建设提供决策支持。     

基于GIS的区域水土流失生态风险评价

 为了给区域尺度的水土流失治理、规划及评价提供科学的依据,将"风险评价"的概念引入水土保持学科之中,定义了区域水土流失生态风险评价的概念,提出了评价的方法与步骤,构建了区域水土流失生态风险评价模型框架,并以延河流域为例进行了应用。结果表明:延河中游及安塞县和宝塔区为优先治理区;证明区域水土流失生态风险评价可以为政府水土保持管理决策提供参考。     

区域水土保持效益评价指标体系及评价方法研究

水土保持效益评价是水土保持科学体系中的重要内容。本文讨论了指标体系的选取原则和方法,分析了"国标"的优劣,提出了区域水土保持效益评价指标体系,同时介绍了常用的效益计算和评价方法,最后对效益评价的未来趋势进行了展望。     

川东丘陵区水土保持综合效益评价

水土保持综合效益评价指标众多,不同地区由于自然、社会和经济条件相差很大,评价指标的选取也不同。在对川东丘陵地区进行实地调查、走访、查阅当地资料、专家咨询的基础上确定了包括目标层、准则层和指标层的三级评价指标体系,包括20个评价指标,这些指标以量化为主,基本能够反映区域水土保持综合效益。在对不同效益评价方法进行分析的基础上,提出了利用层次分析法进行水土保持综合效益评价的方法,对丁家河小流域治理后水土保持综合效益进行了评价,结果表明,治理后小流域水土保持综合效益得分值为0.091 6,各准则层效益表现为社会效益调水保土效益生态效益经济效益,评价结果与当地实际相符合,表明本研究所建立的评价指标体系合理,评价方法可行,可应用于川东丘陵区水土保持综合效益评价,为川东丘陵区水土保持综合治理提供依据。     

水土保持生态修复效益评价探讨

近年来,水土保持生态修复综合效益评价指标体系及评价方法的研究发展迅速,总结原有成果并推陈出新有助于寻求更为科学、系统、实用的评价指标体系和评价方法。研究对水土保持生态修复综合效益评价的指标进行归类和分析并对主要的评价方法进行评述,在此基础上确立了评价原则、建立了一套涵概生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的综合评价指标体系。     

藉河流域水土保持效益评价

为了客观定量评价天水藉河示范区一期和二期的水土保持效益,结合国家标准和示范区实际情况,建立了一套适合该区的水土保持效益评价指标体系,并用该指标对该区调水保土效益、经济效益、社会效益和生态效益进行了评价。结果表明:选取的评价指标体系和采用的评价方法能较为全面地反映水土保持的综合效益,具有一定的区域适宜性;示范区通过两期水土保持生态工程建设,取得了显著的调水保土、生态、经济和社会效益。本研究对水土保持效益评价体系的完善以及示范区可持续发展具有积极的作用。     

水土保持综合效益评价的熵权系数法应用

针对水土保持综合效益评价中客观存在的不确定性和各因素相互联系及相互制约性,提出运用熵权系数法解决水土保持综合效益评价问题,建立熵权系数法评价模型。实例分析结果表明,熵权系数法评价模型用于水土保持综合效益评价简单可行,具有较强的适用性和应用性,可广泛应用于各种评价中。     

陕南秦巴山区小流域水土保持治理综合效益评价

从自然环境和社会经济特征出发,选取具有代表性的窑沟小流域水土保持示范区为研究对象,通过实地调查和基础资料的收集,应用生态经济学的理论和方法,筛选并建立了一套比较完善的效益评价指标体系;运用层次分析法和多层次模糊评价法对该示范区的水土保持治理综合效益进行了定量评价。评价结果显示：窖沟流域的综合治理取得了显著的成效,2006年、2007年、2008年的综合效益指数分别为55,65,77,生态经济系统进入初级良性循环阶段。三大效益中生态效益和社会效益明显,效益指数分别从2006年的58,81增加到2008年的98和100。     

南方红壤区小流域水土保持综合效益定量评价方法探讨——以江西兴国县为例

选择了南方红壤区水土流失严重的江西省兴国县境内的治理程度存在一定差异的塘背河、廖公坑、蕉溪河3个小流域为对象,选择了涉及生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的共30个评价指标,对3个小流域的水土保持综合效益进行了综合定量评价和比较。结果表明:(1)构建的评价指标体系和采用的评价方法能较为全面地反映水土保持的综合效益,具有一定的区域适宜性。(2)针对同一区域多个小流域一起进行评价,有利于通过对比揭示不同流域水土保持效益的差异及其产生的根源,对指导今后的水土保持工作具有重要的现实意义。(3)兴国县3个小流域通过积极的治理投入,均取得了显著的生态、经济和社会效益。(4)由于治理投入和治理时间的差异,3个小流域的水土保持综合效益尚存在一定的差异,塘背河小流域生态效益、经济效益、社会效益以及综合效益均最高;廖公坑小流域治理中等,生态效益和社会效益最低;蕉溪河小流域治理较差,经济效益最低。各流域应抓住自身水土流失治理存在的主要问题,采取具有针对性的措施以进一步搞好小流域的水土保持工作。     

Participatory soil and water conservation planning using a financial analysis tool in the West Usambara highlands of Tanzania

Despite decades of soil and water conservation (SWC) efforts in Tanzania, the adoption of the recommended SWC measures by farmers is minimal. In the past, SWC plans did not incorporate farmers' knowledge, and the economics of SWC was not given much attention at the planning stage. This research evaluated the applicability of two tools for participatory soil erosion mapping using farmers' indicators of soil erosion and financial analysis of SWC measures at the planning stage. The two tools were evaluated in Kwalei catchment in the West Usambara highlands, Tanzania. The participatory soil erosion‐mapping tool uses farmers' indicators of soil erosion to identify, classify and map soil erosion at the catchment level. The financial analysis tool involves farmers in a stepwise analysis of the costs and benefits of SWC measures before the implementation. The erosion‐mapping tool increased farmers' awareness on the severity of soil erosion problems, and they realised the need for SWC plans at both field and catchment scales. With the financial analysis tool farmers participated in the cost and benefits analysis and were able to select SWC options that were feasible under their socio‐economic situation. The two tools were able to demonstrate that farmers' participation in SWC planning increases the acceptance of SWC measures because they solve problems that are perceived by themselves. The financial analysis tool demonstrated how farmers could make selection of SWC measures that are feasible under their biophysical and economic condition if they are informed about the costs and benefits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adaptation of soil quality indices and application to three tillage systems in southern Illinois

Sustainability of agricultural management systems has become an issue of wide public concern and international debate. One result is that soil quality assessment has been suggested as a tool for evaluating sustainability of soil and crop management practices. Our objective was to adapt a soil quality index to assess the effects of three long-term tillage systems on sloping Grantsburg silt loam soil. Soil quality was evaluated using a framework that included three soil functions: (1) resist erosion (water relations), (2) provide plant nutrients (nutrient relations), and (3) provide a favorable root environment (rooting relations). A score for each of these functions was computed using measurements (indicators) that were normalized with one of the three (more is better, optimum, or worse) scoring functions. Six different indices were developed from a basic framework. Modifications included changing the weighting factors, threshold limits, or type of scoring function applied to indicators, and the addition of air-filled and water storage porosity to the nutrient and rooting relations functions. Changing threshold limits and the type of scoring function used for surface residue improved the correlation between water relations and soil loss. The addition of porosity indicators increased the sensitivity of nutrient and rooting relations functions to yield and cone index, respectively, and resulted in a better correlation between porosity indicators and plant population. Computing soil quality indices helped to combine different soil properties and processes into a simple tool that explained changes in complex soil properties in response to different tillage practices. This supports previous studies suggesting that computing soil quality indices and functions could be useful for selecting management practices to maintain or improve soil quality. Our results demonstrated that adjusting threshold limits for local conditions can make the function ratings more or less sensitive to the management practices being evaluated.     

Participatory soil and water conservation planning using an erosion mapping tool in the central highlands of Kenya

Despite several approaches that aimed at mobilising East African farmers to embrace soil and water conservation (SWC) activities, farmers hardly responded since they were seldom involved in the planning of SWC activities. Two tools that employ farmers' participation were developed and applied at Gikuuri catchment in Kenya. The first tool involved farmers to map soil erosion using their own indicators and determine the soil erosion status at catchment scale. This formed the basis upon which they undertook to plan for SWC measures at catchment scale. Farmers also predicted crop yield losses based on the soil erosion status. Farmers widely approved the soil erosion status map since their own indicators and perceptions were used. The second tool provided cash flow trends for a variety of SWC activities and farmer situations. Farmers can use land with a high, moderate or low erosion status and often have rather different socio‐economic settings. The net benefits over 5 yr for bench terraces, fanya juu terraces and grass strips were illustrated to assist farmers in making informed decisions on SWC adoption. The two tools increased awareness on the need for collective actions among farmers and showed fields that cause run‐on on downslope fields. The improved awareness of erosion problems and the related financial consequences increased farmers' willingness to share the investment costs for cut‐off drains. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于C-D函数的长汀县水土保持投资贡献测算

水土保持投资效益测算是水土保持项目评估中的重要内容,但既有效益测算方法很难排除非水土保持因素的贡献,也难以测算系统的综合效益.运用Cobb-Douglas生产函数理论分析了水土保持投资对当地农业经济增长的贡献.结果表明,长汀县农业投资产出弹性最高,科技和制度创新贡献则较低.1999-2009年11a间,水土保持投资贡献了长汀县同期农业GDP的5.20％,产投比为5.9.随着农业物质资本投入的快速增长,水土保持投资对农业GDP的贡献逐年降低,这可能会抑制农户水土保持投资的积极性.     

关于我国水土保持科学的内涵与研究领域问题

 根据《中国大百科全书·农业》及《中国大百科全书·水利》中水土保持条目的定义说明中国水土保持科学的内涵及范畴。指出:水土保持的内涵是山丘区及风沙区水土资源的保护、改良与合理利用;水土保持科学的研究范畴包括水土流失规律、水土保持规划、水土流失综合治理技术措施、水土保持管理、水土保持效益评价等。还提出了近期需要特别重视的研究课题。     

Farmers' knowledge and perceptions of soil erosion and conservation measures in the Central Highlands,Kenya

A lack of appreciation of Kenyan farmers' knowledge and their perceptions of soil erosion and soil conservation measures was the reason for low adoption of recommended technologies. This research was carried out to identify the criteria that farmers used to distinguish farm‐types and to use these types to evaluate different knowledge levels and perceptions of soil erosion and existing soil and water conservation (SWC) measures in the Central Highlands of Kenya. Community meetings and semi‐structured household surveys were carried out in a small catchment, with 120 households. Results partly support the idea of using farmer‐developed criteria to distinguish among land managers with reference to a farm‐type classification. Criteria distinguishing three classes of land managers (good, moderate and poor) were significant with regard to the following land husbandry practices: use of hybrid or recycled seed and use of organic and/or inorganic fertilizers. Farmers were aware of on‐going soil erosion and of several erosion control measures. Whereas a majority of farmers preferred grass‐strips as a SWC measures, they did not recognize agroforestry as a form of SWC measure. Farmers perceived that SWC measures could successfully increase crop yields and soil‐water retention, and increase land value. In general, farmers did not perceive that SWC measures successfully prevented erosion phenomena, given the evidence of on‐site erosion indicators. They attributed the continued erosion to high rainfall, steep slopes, lack of maintenance and poorly designed SWC measures. They did not consider poor soil‐cover, up‐down tillage and tall trees to be the causes of erosion. Farmers faced several constraints in adopting SWC measures: lack of labour, tools, capital and know‐how to construct the measures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国黄土丘陵区水土保持与生态恢复模式（英）

以水土流失为主要特征的生态退化是黄土丘陵区最突出的生态经济问题,水土保持和生态恢复是解决这种问题的关键所在,因而探索与当地的社会经济和环境条件相适应的水土保持和生态恢复模式是非常重要的。本文以8个小流域以及延安中尺度水土保持与生态恢复试验示范区为基础,回顾了黄土丘陵区的水土保持与生态恢复研究和实践。为了评价这些试验示范模式的环境与社会经济效应,采用了参与式评估方法研究了这些模式的有效性。结果显示不同尺度的水土保持和生态恢复在当地的经济发展和环境改良中扮演了非常主要的角色,也为未来黄土高原生态可持续的经济发展模式提供了一个全新视角。同时,本文有助于增强这种共识,即随着社会经济条件的改善,生态重建是能够扭转当前生态持续退化的现状而实现可持续性的。     

Social and economic factors affecting the adoption of soil and water conservation in West Usambara highlands,Tanzania

Accelerated soil erosion is one of the major constraints to agricultural production in many parts of the Tanzanian highlands. Although several soil and water conservation technologies have been developed and promoted, the adoption of many recommended measures is minimal and soil erosion continues to be a problem. This research was conducted in order to determine the social and economic factors that influence adoption of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures in the West Usambara highlands, Tanzania. For this research a household survey, group discussions and transect walks were undertaken. A total of 104 households were interviewed and several fields were visited during the transect walks. Data was analysed with the use of cross‐tabulation, cluster analysis, factor analysis and chi‐squared methods. The results obtained indicate that involvement in off‐farm activities, insecure land tenure, location of fields and a lack of short‐term benefits from SWC are among the major factors that negatively influence adoption of SWC measures. Membership in farmer groups, level of education, contacts with extension agents and SWC programmes were found to be positively influencing the adoption of SWC measures. Recommendations to facilitate adoption of different SWC measures include: integration of social and economic factors into SWC plans; the creation of more awareness among farmers of soil‐erosion effects and long‐term benefits of SWC; the development of flexible SWC measures to cater for different farm patterns and a participatory approach to SWC at catchment level rather than at individual farmers' fields. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.