维持性血液透析患者血清脂联素水平分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者血清脂联素（Adiponectin,ADPN）水平和影响因素,及其ADPN与合并症的相关性。方法测定79例维持性血液透析患者和16例健康对照者的血清ADPN（ELISA法）、肝肾功能、血脂、C反应蛋白（CRP）、胰岛素（Fins）,计算体重指数（BMI）、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,及透析患者的尿素清除指数（Kt/V）、标准化蛋白分解代谢率（nPCR）,分组观察合并糖尿病、高血压及心脑血管疾病的MHD患者的血清ADPN,分析血清ADPN与这些参数、合并症的相关性。结果MHD组的血清ADPN显著高于对照组[（13.73±8.64）mg/L比（6.27±3.57）mg/L,P〈0.01]。MHD组血清ADPN与BMI、Fins、HOMA-IR、CRP、三酰甘油（TG）呈明显负相关,与胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）呈明显正相关,Kt/V对血清ADPN水平有一定影响。在合并糖尿病和心脑血管疾病的MHD患者中血清ADPN水平较低。结论血清ADPN在MHD患者中明显升高,与糖脂代谢、动脉硬化关系密切,是一个心脑血管保护因子。     

维持性血液透析患者微炎症状态与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的探讨尿毒症的微炎症状态及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法测定55例尿毒症维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者及30例正常人慢性炎症指标血C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α),同时检测空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血糖(FBS)、血脂及肾功能等指标,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa-IR)作为胰岛素抵抗指标。结果MHD组血CRP、IL-6、TNF-α分别为(5.08±2.53)mg/L、(127.6±104.1)ng/L、(1.63±0.64)μg/L,均高于对照组且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05～0.01)。MHD患者血CRP与Homa-IR、FINS、血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)呈正相关(P<0.05～0.01)。结论MHD患者存在微炎症状态,炎症与胰岛素抵抗密切相关。     

维持性血液透析患者左心室肥厚与血清脂联素水平的关系

目的 探讨尿毒症血液透析患者左心室肥厚与血清脂联素（adiponectin,ADPN）水平的关系.方法 选择北京市平谷区医院肾内科32例维持性血液透析（MHD）患者,分成左心室肥厚组（A组）和左心室厚度正常组（B组）,彩色多普勒超声测定左心室心肌重量（LvM）及计算左心室心肌重量指数（LVMI）;采用酶联免疫法测定血清ADPN水平.比较两组患者LVMI和血清ADPN的关系;并与18例健康体检者进行比较.同时分析左心室肥厚与高血压的关系.结果 MHD组血清ADPN水平显著明显高于正常对照组;A组患者血清ADPN水平低于B组（P＜0.05）;相关分析发现,ADPN与LVM、LVMI呈显著负相关（r=-0.576,P＜0.001）.结论 血清ADPN水平可能与MHD患者左心室肥厚的发生和发展过程存在相关性,与尿毒症心血管疾病关系密切.     

2型糖尿病患者血清视黄醇结合蛋白4与血清超敏C反应蛋白、胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）患者血清视黄醇蛋白4（RBP4）与血清超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、胰岛素抵抗（IR）的关系。方法选取61例首次诊断的T2DM患者作为T2DM组,25例健康体检者作为对照组,检测2组血清RBP4、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 h PBG）、胰岛素（FINS）、hs-CRP水平。同时,测定身高、体质量,计算体质指数（BMI）。采用稳态模型法计算胰岛素抵抗指数（Homa-IR）。结果 T2DM组BMI、血清FBG、2 h PBG、FINS、hs-CRP、RBP4及Homa-IR均显著高于对照组（均P〈0.05）。Pearson相关分析结果显示,血清RBP4水平与BMI、血清FINS及Homa-IR、血清hs-CRP水平呈正相关（r=0.230、0.244、0.393、0.511,P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。多元逐步回归分析结果显示,Homa-IR、血清hs-CRP为RBP4的独立相关因素。结论 T2DM患者血清RBP4、hs-CRP水平显著升高,RBP4可能参与了IR与T2DM的发生、发展,RBP4可能为一新的炎症标志物。     

脂联素与肝源性糖尿病的相关研究

目的检测肝源性糖尿病患者血清脂联素浓度,探讨脂联素与肝源性糖尿病的关系。方法筛选住院的肝源性糖尿病患者30例,同期门诊确诊的初发单纯2型糖尿病29例,查体正常人员（正常对照组）31例为研究对象,分别检测血清脂联素、空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、：丙氨酸转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转移酶（AST）、总胆红素（TBLL）和白蛋白（ALB）水平、并计算胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）和胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）。结果肝源性糖尿病组和初发2型糖尿病组脂联素水平明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．01）;肝源性糖尿病组脂联素水平明显高于初发2型糖尿病组（P〈0．05）。肝源性糖尿病组和初发2型糖尿病组ISI水平明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．01）;肝源性糖尿病组FBG、FINS、HOMA—IR和初发2型糖尿病组FBG、HOMA-IR水平明显高于正常对照组（P〉0．01）;肝源性糖尿病组FINS水平明显高于初发2型糖尿病组（P〉0．05）,而FBG、ISI水平明显低于初发2型糖尿病组（P〉0．05）。脂联素与FBG、HOMA-IR呈显著负相关;与ISI呈显著正相关;与肝功能指标无相关性。结论肝源性糖尿病患者存在明显胰岛素抵抗且脂联素代谢发生异常,两者可能共同影响肝源性糖尿病的发生和发展。     

脑梗死患者体内胰岛素抵抗和红细胞胰岛素受体的关系

背景：流行病学研究显示胰岛素水平升高和冠状动脉疾患相关,代谢研究也表明胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症和非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病、高血压、肥胖及脂质紊乱密切相关.目的：探讨脑梗死患者体内胰岛素抵抗与红细胞胰岛素受体之间的关系.设计：病例-对照观察.单位：吉林大学中日联谊医院神经内科.对象：选择40例2004-01/10在吉林大学中日联谊医院住院的脑梗死患者.同时选取了30例健康的医护人员作为对照组.方法：检测脑梗死患者和对照者的空腹血糖、血清胰岛素及葡萄糖耐量试验后2 h的血糖、血清胰岛素浓度,并将空腹血糖和血清胰岛素浓度的乘积作为胰岛素抵抗指标.采用改良甘氏法检测红细胞胰岛素受体,同时分析胰岛素受体数目与胰岛素抵抗指标的关系.主要观察指标：脑梗死组与正常对照组：①空腹及葡萄糖耐量试验后2 h血糖和血清胰岛素的比较.②胰岛素抵抗指标比较.③红细胞胰岛素受体分析.结果：40例脑梗死患者和30例对照者的数据均进入结果分析,无脱落者.①空腹及葡萄糖耐量试验后2 h血糖和血清胰岛素的比较：脑梗死组空腹血清胰岛素、葡萄糖耐量试验后2 h血糖和胰岛素均大于正常对照组[（13.30&;#177;5.15）,（9.85&;#177;4.36）mU/L,（8.27&;#177;1.65）,（6.32&;#177;1.37）mmol/L,（75.21&;#177;21.12）,（28.26&;#177;6.31）mU/L,P＜0.01,P＜0.001].②胰岛素抵抗指标比较：脑梗死组大于正常对照组（68.69&;#177;22.91,48.36&;#177;10.16,P＜0.001）.③红细胞胰岛素受体分析：脑梗死组每个红细胞膜胰岛素高、低两型亲和力受体数目及最大特异性结合率均小于正常对照组[20.30&;#177;4.50,23.80&;#177;4.10;2 223.80&;#177;509.30,2 610.10&;#177;435.10;（10.62&;#177;3.55）%,（13.21&;#177;2.94）%,P均＜0.01];直线回归与相关分析表明脑梗死患者胰岛素高、低两型亲和力受体数目与胰岛素抵抗指标呈负相关（r=-0.458,-0.439,P均＜0.01）.结论：脑梗死患者体内存在着胰岛素抵抗;胰岛素受体数目减少在胰岛素抵抗引发的脑梗死中起着重要作用.     

肺心病患者胰岛素抵抗的临床研究

目的观察肺心病急性期患者空腹血清胰岛素、空腹血糖、胰岛素敏感指数水平变化,探讨肺心病患者是否存在胰岛素抵抗。方法选择2006年11月至2008年12月在我院住院的31例肺心病急性期患者作为实验组,选择同期健康体检31例作为对照组。2组临床基线资料匹配。所有选定的参选者均测定空腹血糖(FBG)、FINS及胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)。FBG采用葡萄糖氧化法测定,FINS采用酶联免疫吸附法测定,ISI采用李光伟等提出的计算方法进行计算。结果实验组FINS水平明显高于对照组〔(16.63±8.74〕vs(6.08±2.53)μIU/ml,P<0.01〕,FBG水平显著高于对照组〔(6.48±2.33)vs(4.79±0.75)mmol/L,P<0.01〕,ISI显著低于对照组〔(-4.26±0.92)vs(-3.26±0.51),P<0.01〕。结论肺心病急性期患者存在胰岛素抵抗,胰岛素抵抗为其重要的危险因素,这为肺心病患者使用胰岛素增敏剂治疗提供了科学依据。     

非糖尿病终末期肾病患者的胰岛素抵抗与脂质代谢紊乱相关研究

目的 探讨非糖尿病终末期肾病患者胰岛素抵抗指数与相关脂质代谢紊乱的多因素间的相互关系.方法 测定非糖尿病终末期肾病患者100例及40例正常人的血脂、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血糖(FBS)、体重指数(BMI)等相关指标,分析胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa-IR)作为胰岛素抵抗指标与脂质代谢相关指标间的关系.结果 经临床数据分析表明,非糖尿病终末期肾病患者与对照组受试者比较,出现血清甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)明显升高(P＜0.05),Homa-IR升高更为显著(P＜0.01),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)明显减低(P＜0.05),BMI也轻度降低(P＜0.05),但总胆固醇(TC)、FBS、FINS水平变化不大(P＞0.05),同时得到Homa-IR与TG、LDL-C、BMI呈正性关联,与HDL-C呈负性关联.结论 非糖尿病终末期肾病患者的胰岛素抵抗与脂质代谢紊乱之间存在着多因素关联性,为综合性防治非糖尿病终末期肾病提供科学的依据.     

血液透析患者血清脂联素、瘦素与炎症及脂代谢异常的关系

目的 探讨维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者中血清脂联素(adiponectin,ADPN)、瘦素(leptin)的水平及其与炎症及脂代谢异常的相关性.方法测定79例MHD患者(MHD组)和26例健康对照者(对照组)的血清ADPN、瘦素、肝肾功能、血脂、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP),计算体质晕指数(body mass index,BMI)、腰臀围比(waist to hip ratio,WHR),分析血清ADPN、瘦素与MHD患者慢性炎症及脂代谢异常发生之间的关系.结果 MHD组的血清ADPN、瘦素均显著高于对照组(均P＜0.01),二者间呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).MHD组血清ADPN与BMI、WHR及CRP显著负相关,与总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)显著正相关(均P＜0.05).血清瘦素与年龄、BMI、WHR及三酰甘油显著正相关,与HDL-C显著负相关(均P＜0.05).合并慢性炎症的MHD患者血清ADPN水平降低,而瘦素水平升高(P＜0.05).结论血清ADPN、瘦素水平在MHD患者中明显升高,与慢性炎症及脂代谢紊乱关系密切,在心脑血管疾病发生中起重要作用.     

肥胖儿童血清抵抗素与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的研究肥胖儿童血清抵抗素与胰岛素抵抗的相关关系。方法选择肥胖儿童60例为肥胖组,健康儿童60例为健康对照组,测定所有研究对象的空腹血清抵抗素水平及空腹胰岛素浓度,并分析它们与其他生化代谢指标的关系。结果 （1）肥胖儿童的血清抵抗素、体质量指数（BMI）、葡萄糖（FBG）、胰岛素敏感指数（IRI）、胰岛素（FINS）、三酰甘油（TG）、胆固醇（CHO）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平显著高于健康儿童,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,ISI低于健康儿童,差异也有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（2）肥胖儿童血清抵抗素与BMI、FBG、IRI、TG、CHO、LDL-C均呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）,与ISI呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。（3）对肥胖儿童的血清抵抗素、空腹胰岛素及相关生化指标的多元逐步回归分析,显示CHO为影响抵抗素水平最明显的因素,其次为FBG。结论肥胖儿童存在胰岛素抵抗危险因素,血清抵抗素与儿童肥胖的发生及其糖脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗密切相关。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.