Lateral–torsional buckling of cold-formed channel sections subject to combined compression and bending

This paper presents an analytical study of the flexural buckling and lateral–torsional buckling of cold-formed steel channel section beams subject to combined compression and bending about their major and minor axes. For channel section beams a bending about the minor axis creates a non-symmetric pre-buckling stress distribution, which has a significant influence on the lateral–torsional buckling of the beams. This kind of feature has not been discussed in the existing literature. The focus of this present study is the interaction between the compression load and the bending moments about the major and minor axes. It has been found that for a section subject to combined compression and the major-axis bending the bending moment will decrease the critical compression load, although the critical value of the largest compressive stress in the section actually increases with the applied bending moment. However, for a section subject to combined compression and the minor-axis bending the effect of the bending moment on the critical compression load depends on the direction of bending applied. For bending that creates a compressive stress in the lips the bending moment will reduce the critical compression load. However, for bending that creates a compressive stress in the web the bending moment has almost no influence on the critical compression load.     

体外横向预应力加固简支空心板梁桥工艺研究

针对空心板桥发生的病害及其原因的分析,采用增设横向预应力体系,使桥板横向下缘混凝土处于受压状态,平衡了横向弯矩,消除了应力集中的薄弱环节,空心板间可以同时传递竖向剪力和弯矩,改善了桥梁的横向分布,提高装配式板桥的承载能力。     

连续双向板支座负弯矩钢筋的断点

讨论了钢筋砼连续双向板当棋盘式布置活荷载时的破坏构及其与负弯矩钢筋断点的关系．通过塑性理论分析（屈服线法）给出负弯矩钢筋断点的解析式子．     

压型钢板-混凝土双向组合板实用计算方法

根据压型钢板-混凝土组合板的受力特点,讨论单、双向组合板的判断标准;提出双向组合板实用计算中考虑泊松比影响的跨中弯矩修正方法;对双向组合板荷载传递与各向同性的普通混凝土楼板的区别进行比较,提出方便实用的荷载传递计算方法。     

Numerical investigation of inelastic buckling of steel–concrete composite beams prestressed with external tendons

The ultimate resistance of a continuous composite beam is governed by either distortional lateral buckling or local buckling, or an interactive mode of the two which is sharply different from the torsional buckling mode in a bare steel beam. A finite element model is developed and based on the proposed FE model, inelastic finite element analysis of composite beams in negative bending is investigated, considering the initial geometric imperfection and the residual stress patterns and the FE results are found agree well with the test results. Parametrical analysis is carried out on the prestressed composite beams with external tendons in negative bending. Factors that influence load carrying performance and buckling moment resistance of prestressed composite beams are analyzed, such as initial geometric imperfection, residual stress in steel beams, force ratio, which is defined as the extent of prestressing force and negative reinforcement in the beams, as well as the slenderness ratios of web, flange, and beams. By varying cross-section parameters, 25 groups of composite beams under negative uniform bending with initial geometric imperfection, residual stress as well as different force ratios, 200 beams in total are studied by means of the FE method. The computed buckling moment ratios are drawn against the modified slenderness proposed by the authors and compared with the Chinese Codified steel column design curve. It is demonstrated that the tentative design method based on the Chinese Codified design curve can be used in assessment of buckling strength of composite beams in a term of the modified slenderness defined.     

Fatigue crack growth behavior of a 170 mm diameter stainless steel straight pipe subjected to combined torsion and bending load

In a nuclear powerplant, the rotary equipment, such as a pump directly fitted with hanger in the piping system, experiences torsional and bending loads. Higher crack growth rate occurs because of this torsional load in addition to the bending load. Hence, it is necessary to study the fatigue behavior of piping components under the influence of combined torsional and bending load. In this study, experimental fatigue life evaluation was conducted on a notched stainless steel SA312 Type 304LN straight pipe having an outer diameter of 170 mm. The experimental crack depth was measured using alternating current potential drop technique. The fatigue life of the stainless steel straight pipe was predicted using experiments, Delale and Erdogan method, and area-averaged root mean square–stress intensity factor approach at the deepest and surface points of the notch. Afterward, the fatigue crack growth and crack pattern were discussed. As a result, fatigue crack growth predicted using analytical methods are in good agreement with experimental results.     

Theoretical investigations on load‐bearing capacity of RC flat‐plate framed structures subject to middle column loss

This paper presents theoretical studies on load‐bearing capacity of reinforced concrete flat‐plate framed structures. The existing methods for determining load‐bearing capacity of simply supported slabs are first reviewed, and their limitations are presented. An energy‐based refined method is then proposed to enhance the accuracy of the existing methods by considering the contributions to internal energy dissipation due to the extension of reinforcing bars along yield lines, the additional resultant bending moment from membrane forces, and the sectional bending moment along yield lines of slabs. The refined method for simply supported slabs is extended for fixed supported slabs, and thus, the load‐bearing capacity of reinforced concrete flat‐plate structures subject to a middle column loss is analytically determined. The performance of the proposed method is validated against test results and also verified against finite element analyses. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effect of reinforcement ratio, slab thickness and aspect ratio on the stiffness, and yield‐line resistance of structures. It is found that for the fixed supported slabs, it is reasonable to assume negative yield lines along the slab edges to consider the effect of obvious concrete crushing along the edge. Square slabs have higher ultimate loads than rectangular slabs, due to a longer horizontal yield line in the middle in the rectangular slab, which has detrimental effect on the sectional ultimate bending moment. The numerical results show that the reinforcement ratio has little effect on the initial bending stiffness and yield‐line resistance of slabs for a given slab thickness and aspect ratio. The initial stiffness and yield‐line resistance increase as the slab thickness increases. For the same reinforcement ratio and slab thickness, a larger aspect ratio leads to a lower initial bending stiffness, yield‐line resistance, and stiffness in tensile membrane action stage, due to a longer yield line along which tensile membrane forces have a detrimental effect on the sectional bending moment.     

建筑结构单向楼板内力有限元分析

本文对承受横向线荷载的单向板进行了有限元分析,研究了弯矩在横向板带和纵向板带内的分布比例关系,进而对楼板中设置暗梁等常见设计做法进行了探讨,并对单向板的设计提出一些建议.     

体外预应力连续组合梁预应力筋拉力计算方法及全过程受力分析

对体外预应力钢-混凝士连续组合梁进行全过程受力分析时,需准确计算预应力筋的拉力,因此,对预应力组合梁中预应力增量及全过程受力分析的计算方法进行了研究.根据梁体自身在荷载作用下的变形条件,采用几何方法给出了各种布筋形式下体外预应力筋伸长量的计算方法;基于共轭梁法,并考虑连续组合梁内力重分布,采用迭代法得到了预应力连续组合...     

Comparative study of load distribution ratio of various piled raft foundations based on coupled stiffness matrix

Load distribution ratio of piled raft foundation was investigated based on an interactive foundation analytical method that considers the coupling effect between the stiffness of the superstructure, the piled raft, and the soil. Series of numerical analysis was performed to verify the proposed analytical routine in comparison with various methods and field measurements. Through the comparative studies between various piled rafts with different aspects, it was found that the proposed analytical method derived accurate results in structural response compared with actual field data, in settlement, load distribution ratio, and raft bending moment. And it was also found that the proposed analytical method was capable of considering interaction between superstructure and foundation in predicting the behavior of building structures. As a result, it was found that in most cases, the pile in the piled raft foundation supports a majority portion of the structural load. However, for cases where the length of the pile was short and acts as a short column, the load distribution ratio between raft and pile may be overturned and shows significantly different behavior and load distribution ratio.     

型钢混凝土复合受力构件受扭性能的试验研究

为研究型钢混凝土构件的复合受力性能,以扭弯比为研究参数,对5根型钢混凝土构件进行复合受力试验,详细描述了试件在不同扭弯比作用下的加载过程及破坏形态,得到型钢混凝土构件的弯型和扭型两种破坏形态。试验表明:扭弯比是影响型钢混凝土构件弯扭破坏形态的重要因素,适当的弯矩存在能显著提高型钢混凝土梁的抗扭强度。对试验数据分析得到型钢混凝土构件的弯扭相关方程。     

地铁上盖层间隔震结构竖向地震响应

为了考察地铁上盖大底盘-层间隔震塔楼在竖向地震作用下的响应,对大底盘-层间隔震塔楼竖向振型的特点、周期和振型质量参与系数进行了分析。在设防烈度竖向地震作用下,通过振型分解反应谱法和时程分析法考察大底盘-层间隔震塔楼结构的基底剪力、隔震垫反力和转换梁内力,研究塔楼高度、隔震层竖向刚度等参数对大底盘-层间隔震塔楼竖向地震响应的影响。结果表明:大底盘-层间隔震塔楼结构存在塔楼竖向主振型,随着塔楼高度增高,竖向主振型的周期和振型质量参与系数逐渐加大; 在设防烈度竖向地震作用下,塔楼底部竖向地震力与重力荷载代表值之比(垂重比)的平均值为0.35,比非隔震塔楼平均增大4.6%; 隔震垫竖向地震反力与重力荷载代表值下反力之比(反力比)的平均值为0.30; 大底盘转换梁竖向地震下弯矩与重力荷载代表值下弯矩之比(弯矩比)的平均值为0.31; 随着塔楼高度增大,垂重比、隔震垫竖向反力比以及转换梁弯矩比均相应减小。     

Experimental study on curved composite beams subjected to combined flexure and torsion

There are situations in which a composite steel–concrete beam is subjected to torsion, such as members that are curved in plan or straight edge beams. The concrete slab and steel beam contribute to the torsional strength and stiffness of a composite steel–concrete beam, but this composite action is usually ignored in design codes of practice, which leads to conservative designs. Therefore, this paper investigates the ultimate strength of curved in place composite steel–concrete beams. Eight curved in plan composite steel–concrete beams have been tested under a single applied load at mid-span. Partial shear connection has also been considered in these tests. The composite steel–concrete beams have been designed with different span/radius of curvature ratios. This paper further supports the view that, in the presence of flexure, there will be an increase in the torsional moment capacity, but the flexural moment capacity does not greatly increase in the presence of torsion. A model has also been presented to represent the bending–torsion interaction for curved in plan composite steel–concrete beams with full and partial shear connection.     

单箱双室箱梁对称弯曲时的局部扭转效应

为研究单箱双室箱梁在对称竖向荷载作用下的受力特征,基于横截面的荷载等效原理与荷载分解,分析了单箱双室箱梁对称弯曲时的局部扭转效应。基于截面的剪力流平衡和箱室受力分解,得到了局部扭转的等效荷载及应力计算式。通过与有机玻璃模型试验和有限元模拟结果的对比,验证了局部扭转效应计算式的正确性,并获得了单箱双室简支箱梁的局部扭转效应下的应力分布规律。研究表明,单箱双室箱梁在仅中腹板作用竖向荷载及两边腹板作用相等竖向荷载时,均存在纵向弯曲和局部扭转的组合变形模式。局部扭转由约束扭转、畸变和横向弯曲效应组成,在截面引起纵向应力和横向应力。局部扭转效应的理论计算结果与模型试验和板壳有限元分析结果吻合良好,表明基于截面剪力流等效的局部扭转荷载求解方法对双室箱梁是适用的;单箱双室箱梁的局部扭转效应在荷载作用点附近截面最为突出,截面上、下缘纵向应力和横向应力以中腹板为拐点呈折线分布,其应力分布和大小与荷载在横截面上作用的部位紧密关联;对算例箱梁,局部扭转效应产生的纵向应力可达初等梁弯曲应力的25%。     

悬挑环板的内力计算

本文根据弹性平板理论推导出在均布荷载、内外边缘集中荷载作用下悬挑环板板内任一点的内力计算公式 ,可供工程设计应用。     

Coupled static and dynamic buckling of thin walled beam by spline finite element

For the coupled static and dynamic buckling of thin walled beam subjected to various forces, such as axial force, uniform bending moment, and bending moment due to concentrated and distributed lateral forces, the spline finite element method is employed to obtain the dynamic stiffness matrix. Second order effects of the axial force and moment are considered. A doubly symmetric cantilever beam with uniform cross-section is investigated. Extensive static and dynamic interaction diagrams are plotted. The effects of warping rigidity, torsional rigidity, axial tension and compression on moment buckling, moment on axial buckling compression, higher buckling modes are discussed in detail. The spline finite element method is proved to be very efficient for the present problem and many interaction diagrams can be plotted easily. Some new results are presented. The methodology is based on finite element formulation and therefore it can be easily extended to analyze structural frames.     

Analysis of catenary action in steel beams using a simplified hand calculation method, Part 1: theory and validation for uniform temperature distribution

This and the companion papers present, in detail, the development and validation of a simple analysis method of catenary action in steel beams at elevated temperatures, which may be adopted as the basis of a design calculation method. Although the analysis is suitable for beam behaviour over the entire temperature region, the present discussions will emphasize on catenary action. The main assumptions of the analytical model are the beam’s deflection profile and interaction between axial load and bending moment. The beam’s deflection profile depends on its loading condition and end rotational restraint. For simply supported beams under distributed load or beams with complete end rotational restraint, the beam deflection profile may be assumed to be a polynomial that satisfies the beam’s geometric boundary conditions. For simply supported beams under point loads, the beam’s deflection profile may be assumed to take the shape of its free bending moment diagram. For flexible end rotational restraints, linear interpolation may be adopted as a function of the degree of end rotational restraint. For combined axial load and bending moment, the proposed analysis allows the beam’s axial load to change in isolation and the beam’s bending moment is then calculated from the axial load-bending moment interaction equation. This is a simplifying assumption that does not comply with stress distribution in the beam. It will be found that this method will predict higher catenary forces, which is on the safe side. This paper will present validation studies, by comparing results of the proposed method and numerical simulations using ABAQUS, for beams with uniform temperature distribution. The companion paper will give additional equations to be used in the proposed method and validation examples for beams with non-uniform temperature distributions.     

考虑梁板相互作用的现浇混凝土肋梁楼盖静力试验与理论分析

为研究现浇混凝土双向板肋梁楼盖梁板的相互作用,对柱支承混凝土双向板肋梁楼盖中的中区格板和边区格板模型进行了竖向加载试验,观测了这两种区格板模型中板、梁及柱的裂缝发展及破坏过程;分析了梁、板的荷载-挠度曲线以及板、梁和柱的荷载-钢筋应变曲线;采用线弹性理论、塑性理论和等效框架法分别计算了板控制截面的弯矩值并与试验值进行比较。根据试验与分析,对楼盖结构中梁与板的相互作用进行了分析。结果表明：这两种区格板肋梁楼盖模型均发生梁 板破坏模式;按线弹性理论和塑性理论（板破坏模式,不考虑梁板相互作用）所得板控制截面弯矩值与试验值差别较大,而按等效框架法和塑性理论（梁-板破坏模式,考虑梁板相互作用）所得弯矩值与试验值吻合较好。按塑性理论的梁 板破坏模式,分析了这两种区格板楼盖的极限荷载,分析结果与试验结果比较吻合。     

大跨梁网预应力分区张拉的影响分析

针对长沙百米深矿坑冰雪世界工程中部3×10⁴ m²预应力平台,为了比较分区施工与设计一次成形的差异,基于有限元软件MIDAS/Gen,对其施工全过程进行有限元模拟。在自重荷载作用下,对比了分区施工与一次成形梁的弯矩图;在自重荷载与预应力荷载的共同作用下,对比了梁的弯矩图和梁底、梁顶的应力云图,从工程施工角度提出了分区施工的技术措施。结果表明:梁跨中与支座的总弯矩是相等的,由此说明分区施工模拟分析是可行的;分区张拉施工取得的效果与设计一次成形预应力张拉的效果基本吻合。     

Elastic, full plastic and lateral torsional buckling analysis of steel single-angle section beams subjected to biaxial bending

Flexural strength limits of steel single-angle section beams should be calculated based on the full plastic moment capacities, local buckling resistance and lateral torsional buckling capacities of the angle sections. The angle section beams are generally under the effect of external loads applied along the direction of geometrical axes parallel to their legs, so that they cause simultaneous biaxial bending about both principal axes. The behavior of angle sections under biaxial bending is complicated. The stress distribution of the critical points of the section cannot be easily determined since all specific points need to be checked. Furthermore, the design specifications require the consideration of the full plastic moment capacities of angle sections. This brings up the question of determining the required increase in first yield moment in order to attain full plastic moment capacities. Since single-angle section beams are thin walled slender structural members, they cannot be designed only according to their elastic and plastic moment capacities. Lateral torsional buckling and local buckling cases need to be considered in determining nominal design moments. In this study, the bending moment about the minor principal axis is assumed to be less than or equal to the moment about the major principal axis. Under that condition the first yield moment capacities, the interaction diagrams between first yield and full plastic moment capacities and critical lateral torsional buckling moments are calculated. These values are obtained by means of dimensionless coefficients, and design procedures have been given for the case of biaxial bending for single-angle section beams taking LRFD [LRFD Load and resistance factor design of single-angle members. Chicago (IL): American Institute of Steel Construction; 2000] rules into account.