基于劈窗算法的Landsat 8影像地表温度反演

陆地表面温度（LST）是表征地表能量交换和地面特征的重要指标,目前遥感技术逐渐成为区域和全球尺度上LST反演的一种便捷工具,而采样不同算法及不同影像的热红外遥感LST反演研究层出不穷,其中基于Landsat数据的反演成果尤为突出。文章利用劈窗算法对Landsat 8遥感影像进行地表温度反演,对比探讨了根据经验值与借助MODIS热红外数据两种不同方式的LST反演结果,并进行北京市热红外波段辐射亮度温度比较,针对地表温度分级进行统计,分析了当地地表温度分布趋势。结果表明：劈窗算法下Landsat 8数据的反演温度更接近实际温度,精度较高且优于MODIS产品;北京市地表温度空间分布格局受地物结构与反射率所制约,高温区主要集中分布于中东部,中低温区分布与林地及水体分布结构较为吻合。     

基于MODIS 数据的南京市夏季城市热岛分析

城市热岛效应是当前城市环境与气候主要研究内容之一。地表温度与气温之间有紧密的联系, 通过遥感反演地表温度已成为研究城市热岛的有效手段。利用MODIS 数据, 获取地表比辐射率与大气透过率2 个基本参数, 运用劈窗算法反演南京市夏季地表温度。基于不同时相的MODIS数据, 对4 幅南京市地表温度反演图像作对比分析, 较好地显示了南京市城市热岛的空间分布、热岛范围和城市热岛强度, 结果表明南京市夏季热岛问题较为严重。     

能量平衡和树型路由的AODVjr改进算法研究

在短距离无线通信技术的研究中,ZigBee的AODVjr算法在保持了AODV的原始功能的基础上,只选择最佳路由路径传输.但由于每个节点需保存路由表,因而增大了路由成本,并且上述算法未提出有效的措施来维持整个网络的能量平衡.确保节点不过度使用或经常空闲对低速率无线网络的节能优化尤为重要.为此提出一种基于能量平衡和树形结构的AOD-vjr改进算法.新算法首先判断传输数据类型,根据不同类型数据采取不同路由发现过程,然后在转发数据选择下一跳路由节点时要估计所有可选路径节点的剩余能量.为避免某些能量低的节点快速耗尽剩余能量而停止工作,在可选路径中选择剩余能量最多的节点完成数据的转发,从而控制网络能量的平衡.仿真结果表明,改进的AODVjr路由算法可有效减少网络开销,延长网络寿命.     

基于稳态能量平衡的支路平衡控制

为避免加热炉支路温度平衡控制时的动态耦合引起系统波动甚至不稳定,本文提出了一种基于稳态能量平衡的加热炉支路平衡控制方案,并进行了收敛性分析.根据稳态能量平衡计算出各支路需调整的流量,使各支路温度趋向一致.支路平衡控制采用长控制周期的稳态控制和区域控制.分析表明,所提出方案易于稳定,且接近稳态下的理想控制.另外,实现了支路温度均衡下加热炉进料总流量自动提降负荷控制.仿真和现场应用结果表明,控制方案合理,效果良好.     

基于能量平衡的WSN簇头选择机制

通过对已有的基于簇的自组织路由算法和簇头选择机制的分析比较,发现经典LEACH算法在选取簇头节点时具有不合理性,提出了一种基于PSO模型的簇头选择机制。以网络总体能量消耗最小为原则,综合考虑节点剩余能量和网络当前平均能量,较好地平衡了无线传感器网络中的能量负载,延长了网络的生命周期。     

基于能量平衡的WSN簇头选择机制

通过对已有的基于簇的自组织路由算法和簇头选择机制的分析比较,发现经典LEACH算法在选取簇头节点时具有不合理性,提出了一种基于PSO模型的簇头选择机制。以网络总体能量消耗最小为原则,综合考虑节点剩余能量和网络当前平均能量,较好地平衡了无线传感器网络中的能量负载,延长了网络的生命周期。     

利用Landsat ETM+影像研究土地利用/覆盖与城市热环境的关系 --以福州市为例

如何更好地研究土地利用/覆盖与城市热环境的关系,将对城市规划、城市生态环境的改善产生积极的影响.本文利用Landsat ETM＋影像的热红外波段,研究城市热岛的分布规律,同时研究了不同土地利用类型的可见光、近红外、中红外与热红外波段的关系,以揭示土地利用/覆盖与城市热环境的关系.研究表明,在卫星影像上,城市建成区的可见光、近红外、中红外与热红外波段的相关性较为显著,通过对不同土地利用类型上可见光波段、近红外、中红外与热红外波段的分析,获取城市建成区上的热环境分布.     

基于自适应标记提取和能量方程的分水岭算法

针对传统分水岭算法的过分割问题,提出一种基于自适应标记提取和能量方程的改进算法。根据图像中的边缘信息和图论方法,得到最短边缘路径,从而自适应地提取出区域标记,进行分水岭变换,用提出的能量方程实现区域合并。利用医学细菌图像对提出的算法进行验证,实验结果表明该算法能有效解决分水岭算法的过分割问题,得到很好的分割效果。     

一种基于AODV的自组网能量平衡路由协议

提出一种考虑节点剩余能量,并且尽量保证网络中各节点能量均衡消耗的路由选择算法EBAODV.该算法基于AODV并且在路由消息中加入能量信息,选择路由时优先选择路径上各节点能量状况都较好的路由,其次选择能进开能量将耗尽节点的路由.仿真表明EBAODV在延长网络整体寿命上明显优于AODV.     

无线传感器网络中节点调度算法的能量平衡研究

针对无线传感器网络能量分布不均匀的特点,提出一种基于能量平衡的节能机制。在随机性睡眠节点调度机制基础上,引入了反映网络能量状态的概念——能量平衡度。依据能量平衡度来修正节点睡眠概率使网络能量平衡。仿真结果显示机制可以保证较高覆盖率下并使网络能量平衡。     

21世纪以来西安城乡梯度土地覆盖变化及对城市热岛影响时空特征

城市快速扩张导致城乡梯度土地覆盖发生显著的变化,引发不透水地表的增加,植被覆盖的减少,从而加剧了城市热岛强度。研究城乡梯度土地覆盖变化引起的城市热岛效应,并揭示城市热岛的时空特征及强度的变化,对城市规划建设、人居环境改善及提升城市生态系统服务功能具有重要的意义。基于Landsat系列4期影像,利用单窗算法反演西安市地表温度,计算热场变异指数得到热力场强度图并对其进行等级划分,结合土地利用/覆盖类型数据分析城乡梯度土地覆盖变化对城市热岛强度的影响。结果表明：①2000年西安市极强热岛效应区占研究区面积的10.58%,逐渐增加到2011年极强热岛效应区域的面积占比达到16.14%,而后到2015年降低为9.00%,整体上西安市城市热岛效应呈现出了先增长后降低的趋势;②2000年到2015年城乡建设用地面积增加了412.76 km2,极强热岛强度的范围随城市建成区的扩张逐年向外扩展;③无热岛效应区约70%位于耕地和林地,水域在无热岛效应中的占比也在逐年增多,从31%增加到了47%。不透水地表面积占比与地表温度有显著相关性,城乡梯度植被和水体面积的增加可以有效地缓解城市热岛强度。     

Determination of sea surface temperature at large observation angles using an angular and emissivity-dependent split-window equation

This paper proposes an angular and emissivity-dependent split-window equation that permits the determination of the sea surface temperature (SST) to a reasonable level of accuracy for any observation angle, including large viewing angles at the image edges of satellite sensors with wide swaths. This is the case of the MODIS radiometer both on EOS Terra/Aqua platforms, with observation angles of up to 65° at the surface, for which the split-window equation has been developed in this study. The algorithm takes into account the angular dependence of both the atmospheric correction (due to the increase of the atmospheric optical path with angle) and the emissivity correction (since sea surface emissivity (SSE) decreases with observation angle). Angular-dependent coefficients have been estimated for the atmospheric terms, and also an explicit dependence on the SSE has been included in the algorithm, as this parameter has values different to a blackbody surface for off-nadir angles, the SSEs also being dependent on surface wind speed. The proposed algorithm requires as input data at-sensor brightness temperatures for the split-window bands (31 and 32 of MODIS), the observation angle at each pixel, an estimate of the water vapor content (which is provided by the MODIS MOD07/MYD07 products) and accurate SSE values for both channels. The preliminary results show a good agreement between SSTs estimated by the proposed equation for off-nadir viewings of MODIS-Terra images and in situ SST measurements, with a root-mean square error (RMSE) of about ± 0.3 K, for which the MODIS SST product gives an RMSE larger than ± 0.7 K.     

一种能量均衡的ZigBee网络路由算法

为进一步改善Zig Bee网络性能以及延长其网络生命周期,提出一种能量均衡的路由算法EARZ(an Energy-balance Routing algorithm for Zig Bee networks)。算法通过改进传统算法的数据传递路径,来调整网络的能量消耗。算法中,源节点和目的节点根据建立的节点能量警告值来选择合适的路径,在平衡网络能量的基础上使路径最短。对算法进行了仿真和实验测试,结果均表明算法比典型的路由算法AODVjr更能有效延长网络的生命周期。     

High-resolution urban thermal sharpener (HUTS)

A high resolution urban thermal sharpener (HUTS) was developed that increases the resolution of thermal infrared (TIR) data to that of visible and near infrared (VNIR) data by fitting the relationship between radiometric surface temperature, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and surface albedo (α). HUTS was applied to TIR data aggregated to 90 m to represent a satellite acquired dataset and validated against the measured 10 m data from an aircraft over San Juan, Puerto Rico. HUTS sharpening reduced the root mean square error of surface temperature at the high resolution by 17% compared to no sharpening and outperformed other sharpening methods. HUTS is proposed as a useful tool to study urban meteorology and climatology at the microscale using ASTER satellite data.     

基于TM和GIS的合肥市热环境研究

利用2007年10月5日覆盖合肥市的TM影像反演了NDVI和LST,并结合GIS技术和城市形态分维理论,分析了合肥市热环境布局以及不同热环境等级与各土地利用类型的关系。结果表明:合肥市地表温度具有东南高、西北低的热岛效应存在,热岛效应的中心并未出现在城市中心区域。LST与NDVI呈明显负相关关系(相关系数为-0.734),NDVI值每升高0.1,LST约降低0.93℃。城建面积加权环境效应贡献指数(WHI)为1.14,对热环境的作用(正向)程度最高;耕地的WHI为-0.51,对热环境的作用(负向)程度最高,且耕地在合肥市各热环境等级中都发挥了独特的作用。     

WSN中基于非线性自适应PSO的分簇策略

如何更大程度地延长网络的生命周期是设计无线传感器网络路由协议时需要考虑的重要因素。针对此问题,提出一种新型的基于改进粒子群优化的分簇算法。该算法调整了传统粒子群优化算法的惯性权重系数,能够避免其过早陷入局部最优;同时考虑到能量均衡和传输路径,将转发节点与簇头协作,以减轻簇头的能耗。仿真对比实验表明,改进算法在合理分配节点和平衡簇结构系统方面具有良好的性能。     

Modelling daytime thermal infrared directional anisotropy over Toulouse city centre

Measurements of thermal infrared (TIR) directional anisotropy (difference between off-nadir and nadir brightness temperatures) performed over the city of Toulouse using a method based on the use of 2 airborne TIR cameras are presented. Results from 3 flights at different times during a summer day (July 15th 2004) and from 1 flight in winter (February 25th 2005) all confirm important anisotropy (up to 10 °C) and hot spot effects as previously reported in literature. A simple simulation approach is then proposed. It is based on the aggregation in any viewing direction of 6 directional temperatures (sunlit/shaded walls/streets/roofs) weighted by their corresponding surface ratios within the scene viewed. The city is described by 18 canyon streets oriented in all directions by 10° steps and the 6 temperatures are determined by integrating simulations of the energy balance model SOLENE repeated for the 18 canyon streets. The surface ratios are computed from images of the studied area generated with the POV-Ray software (Persistence of Vison Raytracer, http://www.povray.org/). This method is described in detail. The modelled anisotropy compares favourably with the measurements on all dates, despite a systematic underestimation ranging between 15 and 30%. The possible sources of discrepancy including sensitivity to the aspect ratio and to the surface parameters and possible impact of microscale structures are briefly discussed and several improvements of the modelling system are suggested.     

Assessment of multi-resolution and multi-sensor data for urban surface temperature retrieval

Data from three thermal sensors with different spatial resolution were assessed for urban surface temperature retrieval over the Yokohama City, Japan. The sensors are Thermal Airborne Broadband Imager (TABI), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Two algorithms were developed for land surface temperature (LST) retrieval from TABI image and ASTER thermal infrared (TIR) channels 13 and 14. In addition, ASTER LST and MODIS LST products were also collected. All the LST images were assessed by analyzing the relationship between LST and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and by spatial distributions of LST profiles, derived from typical transects over the LST images. In this study, a strong negative relationship between LST and NDVI has been demonstrated although the degree of correlation between NDVI and LST varies slightly among the different LST images. Cross-validation among the LST images retrieved from the three thermal sensors of different spatial resolutions indicates that the LST images retrieved from the 2 channel ASTER data and a single band TABI thermal image using our developed algorithms are reliable. The LST images retrieved from the three sensors should have different potential to urban environmental studies. The MODIS thermal sensor can be used for the synoptic overview of an urban area and for studying urban thermal environment. The ASTER, with its TIR subsystem of 90-m resolution, allows for a more accurate determination of thermal patterns and properties of urban land use/land cover types, and hence, a more accurate determination of the LST. In consideration of the high heterogeneity of urban environment, the TABI thermal image, with a high spatial resolution of 2 m, can be used for rendering and assessing complex urban thermal patterns and detailed distribution of LST at the individual house level more accurately.     

Study of Urban Expansion and Driving Factors in Xi’an City based on Nighttime Light Data

The dynamic monitoring of urban expansion information is of great significance to understand the social and economic activities of cities and the implementation and feedback of urban planning.Using DMSP / OLS night-time light image as data source,the urban expansion data were corrected and extracted by using rational function model and threshold dichotomy.By using the light index,urban spatial expansion rate and intensity index and the index of center of gravity migration,The results show that the urban built-up area in Xi’an has expanded 2.2 times from 148 km² in 1993 to 473 km² in 2013.The direction of urban expansion expands from southwest to south and north,and the spatial expansion mode also increases from the early stage The single-core concentric expansion mode gradually transformed into a multi-level nuclear growth expansion mode;thus using gray relational analysis to analyze the socio-economic indicators of the suburbs in Xi’an in 2008~2013 (Weiyang district,Yanta district,Baqiao district and Chang’an district) It is confirmed that secondary industry,population density,tertiary industry and fixed assets of the whole society are the main driving factors of urban expansion in four districts respectively.