激光衍射法测量股节长度动态特性

本文首次在国内用激光衍射法测量了肌节长度的动态变化。测量装置主要由光电耦合元件与单板机构成。采样频率在每秒１００到２００次之间可调，测量范围为１．５～３．０μｍ，绝对精度为０．０２μｍ。用６００条／ｍｍ的理想光学衍射光栅随机标定２０次，相对为２．４±１．２％，２０条爪蟾缝匠肌等张收缩的测量表明本装置可以满足一般测量的要求，其中两组典型结果在文中进行了讨论。该方法价廉实用，可为心血管、药理、电生理等     

纯钛表面不同厚度微弧氧化膜的形貌及相结构分析

本研究采用微弧氧化(micro-arc oxidation,MAO)技术,并通过控制微弧氧化处理时间,在经过抛光和清洗的商业纯钛表面分别获得5、10和20μm的TiO2及相关钛氧化物陶瓷膜层。利用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)分析表征膜层厚度及表面形貌,X线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)分析表征膜层晶相组成。结果表明:5μm厚的MAO膜,表面呈多孔状,较为平整,孔径较小。XRD谱线中除了突出的钛基体衍射峰外,只出现了锐钛矿的衍射峰。膜厚为10μm时,表面形貌与5μm相似,但孔径大小分布更为均匀,在2μm左右。XRD谱线中钛峰强度下降,出现了金红石型TiO2的衍射峰,但仍以锐钛矿型TiO2占主导地位。膜厚为20μm时,表面孔径进一步增大,达到4～6μm,同时可见陶瓷层表面有的地方出现了破损和裂纹。XRD谱线中钛峰弱小,金红石和锐钛矿型TiO2的衍射峰仍然分别存在,但所占比例发生变化,同时还出现了Ca(Ti2P3O12)2、CaTi O3的衍射峰。除此之外,不同膜层厚度的表面粗糙度也有较大差异。膜层厚度的改变能够显著影响MAO陶瓷层的特性,通过改变...     

前牙唇面微观纹理的测量技术研究

目的开发小尺度三维形貌测试系统,测量前牙唇面的天然纹理特征,为个性化牙齿修复技术提供实用数据。方法结合体视显微镜及三维数字图像相关方法,研制适用于小尺度物体三维形貌测量的测试系统及软件,评价系统测量精度,测量人体上颌左侧侧切牙唇面的三维形貌特征。结果在17 mm×12 mm的视野范围下,测试系统的精度在面内为0.6μm,离面为5.4μm。测得牙列唇面两条横纹的物理尺寸,其中,长横纹深度83μm,长度5.28 mm;短横纹深度41μm,长度4.24 mm,两条横纹的间距2.85 mm。结论小尺度三维形貌测试系统可以精确测量牙唇面的微观纹理特征。     

利用激光衍射法测量红细胞膜的剪切弹性模量和表面粘度

本文提出了采用新型激光衍射法测量红细胞膜剪切弹性模量（Ｅ）和传统激光衍射法测量红细胞膜面粘度（μｍ）的新方法，我们首先通过红细胞膜在剪切流场中的受力分析，推导出了采用激光衍射法测量这两个参数的理论公式，并采用这一方法测量了红细胞膜弹性模量（Ｅ）为４．４×１０－３ｄｙｎ／ｃｍ，膜粘度（μｍ）为６．５×１０－４ｄｙｎ·ｓ／ｃｍ，与国外文献所报道的用微吸管法测量的结果相一致，实验证实了这种方法的可行性，同时，本文还采用生化手段改变红细胞膜结构，用这一新方法测量得到的、膜结构已改变后的膜剪切弹性模量（Ｅ）和表面粘度μｍ不同于对照组，且表现出明显的量效关系，显示出这种方法的灵敏性。     

膜蛋白交联对红细胞膜变形性及流动性的影响

本文通过不同浓度戊二醛作用于红细胞膜。用新型激光衍射法测量了这些红细胞样品的弹性模量 E和膜粘度 μm。同时通过 DPH标记的萤光偏振法测定了这些红细胞膜的流动性 ,并采用 MSL标记的电子自旋共振波谱技术 (ESR)测量了红细胞膜蛋白运动性的变化 ,并取得了与新型激光衍射法一致的结果。发现膜蛋白构象发生改变 ,膜脂流动性下降 ,红细胞膜剪切弹性模量 (E)和表面粘度 (μm)均呈上升趋势 ,红细胞变形能力下降。并对上述红细胞膜结构改变所引起的微观流变特性的变化进行了初步探讨     

1.44μm脉冲Nd:YAG激光对犬血管照射的量效关系研究

目的研究1．44μm脉冲Nd：YAG激光对犬血管作用的量效关系,评价该机在血管手术应用的可能性。方法采用脉宽640μs,频率5Hz、最大单脉冲能量1J的1．44μm脉冲Nd：YAC激光治疗机,按单脉冲能量0J（对照）、0．2J、0．5J、0．8J,每次照射脉冲数1、5、10、20、40、80进行分组,每组8只比格犬。对犬的股动脉进行活体照射。标本经组织切片制作,显微镜观察,计算机成像与测量,获取汽化带宽度、汽化带深度、凝固带宽度与凝固带深度等数据,经统计学处理,绘制量效关系曲线,分析作用机制。结果最大汽化带宽度为（2027．1±134．6）μm,最大凝固带宽度为（1723．9±121．5）μm,出现在单脉冲能量0．8J、80个脉冲／次剂量组;最大汽化带深度为（683．4±33．2）μm,出现在单脉冲能量0．5J、80个脉冲／次剂量组;最大凝固带深度为（603．7±103．2）μm,出现在单脉冲能量0．8J、10个脉冲／次剂量组。试验从单脉冲能量0．8J、20个脉冲／次剂量组开始发生血管穿孔,无法测量深度数据。结论1．44μm脉冲Nd：YAG激光对犬股动脉作用的组织效应程度与单脉冲能量和每次照射脉冲数呈正相关趋势,有较强汽化作用,凝固层足以产生止血作用。因血管壁较薄,临床应用1．44μm激光垂直照射血管,要注意选择剂量,以防穿孔。     

瞬态椭圆偏振技术用于单根青蛙肌纤维的光学性质测量及收缩动力学研究——弱结合横桥的行为分析(英文)

采用磁光调制技术,结合微机采样和数据处理功能,我们自行设计研制了一套瞬态椭圆偏振测量系统,具采样速度约60μs,比传统的稳态椭圆偏振仪高3个数量级,能用来快速测量样品的光学性质及其动态变化规律。 利用该系统,我们测定了处于松弛状态的单根青蛙肌纤维一级衍射光谱的椭偏特性。实验发现,当肌纤维被动拉伸时,肌小节长度从2.3μm伸长到3.1μm左右时,衍射光的退偏率逐渐减少,而肌小节长度超过3.1μm以后,退偏率稍有增大;在3.1μm左右存在一极小值。这一变化规律与用稳态方法得到的结果基本一致。 肌纤维的光学性质主要来自肌纤维内部粗肌丝骨架和横桥的本征各向异性,以及粗细肌丝规则分布形成的形式各向异性。由于肌纤维处于松弛状态时,其内部横桥与细肌丝的作用方式是弱结合。因此上述结果可以认为,粗肌丝与细肌丝重迭区的弱结合横桥的相对取向要大于非重迭区的弱结合横桥的相对取向,因而随着肌小节长度的被动拉伸,重迭区减少,导致本征各向异性程度下降,而超过3.1μm后由于肌纤维的等容效应,形式各向异性有所提高,造成肌小节长度进一步变长而退偏率稍有回升。     

1．44μm脉冲Nd：YAG激光对犬结肠作用的量效关系研究

目的研究医用1．44μm脉冲Nd：YAG激光对犬结肠作用的量效关系,分析其临床意义。方法采用脉宽640μs、频率5Hz、最大单脉冲能量1J的1．44μm脉冲Nd：YAG激光,按单脉冲能量0J（对照）、0．2J、0．5J、0．8J,每次照射脉冲数1、5、10、20、40、80进行分组,每组5只比格犬,对犬的结肠黏膜进行活体照射。标本经组织切片制作、显微镜观察、计算机成像与测量,获取汽化带宽度、汽化带深度、凝固带宽度与凝固带深度等数据,绘制量效关系曲线,分析作用机制。结果试验可观测到各剂量组组织效应表现,最大汽化带宽度为（1894．2±100．1）μm,最大凝固带宽度为（1790．4±130．6）μm,最大汽化带深度为（1694．8±106．6）μm,出现在单脉冲能量0．8J、80个脉冲／次剂量组;最大凝固带深度为（1044．4±81．7）μm,出现在单脉冲能量0．8J、5个脉冲／次剂量组。结论1．44μm脉冲激光对犬结肠黏膜作用的组织效应程度与脉冲能量和每次照射脉冲数呈正相关趋势,该机对结肠组织有较强汽化作用,凝固层足以保证试验中创面清洁、黏膜无活动出血。     

1.44μm脉冲激光对犬气管壁组织的作用研究

目的探讨医用1.44μm波长脉冲Nd：YAG激光对犬气管壁作用的量效关系及其临床意义。方法采用脉宽640μs,频率5Hz、最大单脉冲能量1J的1.44μm脉冲Nd：YAG激光,按单脉冲能量0（对照）、0.2、0.5和0.8J,每次照射脉冲数1、5、10、20、40、80进行分组,每组5只比格犬,对犬气管黏膜进行活体照射。取照射处气管壁常规制作组织切片,HE染色,显微镜下观察,计算机成像与测量,获取汽化区宽度、深度、凝固带宽度与深度等数据,绘制量效关系曲线,分析作用机制。结果试验可观测到各种组织效应表现,最大汽化区宽度（2508.6±118.0）μm、最大凝固带宽度（1743.3±125.6）μm、最大汽化区深度（2274.8±146.8）μm,出现在单脉冲能量0.8J、80个脉冲/次剂量组;最大凝固带深度（895.8±51.7）μm,出现在单脉冲能量0.5J、80个脉冲数/次剂量组。结论1.44μm脉冲激光对犬气管壁作用的组织效应程度与单脉冲能量和每次照射脉冲数呈正相关趋势。该激光作为手术刀应用有较强汽化能力,其凝固层厚度足以保证术中止血,创面清洁,能满足气管手术的需要。     

脑血管内皮形态与血液缘流保护性屏障

用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜,在开放颅窗的大耳白家兔模型上活体观测激光断层扫描光学切片,切片厚2μm或5μm,家兔血浆用荧光素标记、图像分析系统测量分析不同口径血管的轴流、缘流的荧光辉度,并描绘出辉度曲线。结果表明:在大脑皮质内动脉的口径在50μm以上者,辉度曲线呈"平台"形,在20μm以下者,辉度曲线呈"抛物线"形,这与在研究血管内皮形态时提出的"咀液缘流保护性屏障假说"相符合,证明了"血液缘流保护性屏障"的存在,随文附有血管内皮形态学扫描电镜研究资料。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.