肩袖撕裂MR影像分析

肩袖（Rotator cuff）是一个由冈上肌、冈下肌、小圆肌和肩胛下肌组成的肌腱环，从后、上、前面围绕着肩关节，维持着肩关节的稳定。肩袖撕裂是引起肩部疼痛和功能障碍的常见原因。MRI作为一种无创伤性检查手段，具有较高的软组织分辨力，能够多平面显示肩袖损伤情况，并能够反映其相关病理变化，在肩袖损伤诊断中具有十分重要的价值，已被广泛应用于临床。     

Treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears

Irreparable rotator cuff tears are a challenging problem for patients and surgeons. There are several treatment options, but deciding the correct one for each patient can be difficult. Treatment options include physical therapy, arthroscopy, muscle transfers, reverse shoulder arthroplasty, and hemiarthroplasty. An understanding of the patient’s chief complaint and their functional ability to elevate their arm above horizontal should guide the treatment. This article reviews the current literature on various treatment options for irreparable rotator cuff tears, then outlines an algorithm for determining treatment.     

超声诊断肩袖撕裂

目的 探讨直接及间接超声征象对肩袖撕裂分型的诊断价值。方法 收集52例于我院行肩关节镜手术的患者,所有患者均接受超声检查,计算直接、间接超声征象诊断肩袖撕裂的效能,并比较直接超声征象诊断肩袖撕裂亚型与关节镜结果的一致性。结果 直接征象诊断肩袖有无撕裂、全层撕裂、部分撕裂的准确率分别为90.38%（47/52）、96.15%（50/52）和86.54%（45/52）,且直接征象诊断肩袖撕裂亚型与关节镜结果的一致性较好。在间接征象中,3部位同时出现积液（肩峰下-三角肌下滑囊积液、肩关节腔积液及肱二头肌长头腱腱鞘积液）、三角肌滑囊疝及软骨分界征诊断肩袖撕裂的特异度分别为80.95%（17/21）、90.48%（19/21）及95.24%（20/21）。结论 直接联合间接超声征象诊断肩袖撕裂的分型具有较高的临床应用价值。     

The validity of 9 physical tests for full-thickness rotator cuff tears after primary anterior shoulder dislocation in ED patients

Purpose

This study was undertaken to validate the diagnostic values of 9 different physical tests in emergency department patients with primary anterior shoulder dislocation (PASD) to select the best screening test for full-thickness rotator cuff tear (FTRCT) after PASD.

Methods

A prospective analysis of 49 consecutive patients with x-ray-confirmed PASD was performed. All patients were followed at an average of 6.9 days (ranged from 4 to 10 days) in the emergency department. On the day of follow-up, 9 physical tests (namely, Jobe test, external rotation lag sign test, infraspinatus muscle strength test, dropping test, drop test, liftoff test, internal rotation lag sign test, belly-press test, and belly-off test) followed by shoulder ultrasound scan were performed to detect FTRCT.

Results

The prevalence of FTRCT after PASD is 37% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24%-52%). Fourteen percent of the patients with PASD were complicated with isolated supraspinatus tendon tear, whereas 22% were complicated with supraspinatus tendon tear combined with subscapularis and/or infraspinatus tendon tear. Jobe test has the highest sensitivity among the 9 physical tests being evaluated. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, likelihood ratio for positive test, and likelihood ratio for negative test of Jobe test as a screening test for FTRCT after PASD are 89% (95% CI, 64%-98%), 55% (95% CI, 36%-72%), 53% (95% CI, 35%-71%), 89% (95% CI, 65%-98%), 1.97 (95% CI, 1.29-2.99), and 0.20 (95% CI, 0.05-0.79), respectively.

Conclusions

The prevalence of FTRCT after PASD is 37% (95% CI, 24%-52%). Jobe test has the highest sensitivity (89% CI, 64%-98%) among the tests.     

The validity of the lag signs in diagnosing full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff: a preliminary investigation

Miller CA, Forrester GA, Lewis JS. The validity of the lag signs in diagnosing full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff: a preliminary investigation.

Objective

To investigate whether the lag signs were valid tools in diagnosing full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff.

Design

A same-subject, correlation, double-blinded design was used. The results of the external rotation lag sign, drop sign, and internal rotation lag sign were compared with the criterion standard of diagnostic ultrasound to establish their accuracy.

Setting

A regional orthopedic hospital.

Participants

Consecutive subjects (N=37), 21 women and 16 men, with shoulder pain referred to a consultant orthopedic surgeon specializing in shoulder conditions were recruited for this investigation.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of the lag signs when using ultrasound as the reference test.

Results

The specificities of the drop sign and internal rotation lag sign were 77% and 84%, respectively, which, together with low positive likelihood ratios 3.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-6.7) and 6.2 (95% CI, 1.9-12.0), indicate that a positive result was poor at recognizing the presence of full-thickness tears. The drop sign had a sensitivity of 73% with a negative likelihood ratio of .34 (95% CI, 0.2-0.8), suggesting that a negative test was fair at ruling out the presence of full-thickness tears. The sensitivity of the internal rotation lag sign (100%) supported by the negative likelihood ratio of 0 (95% CI, 0.0-2.5) suggests that a negative test will effectively rule out the presence of full-thickness tears of the subscapularis. A positive external rotation lag sign is the clinical test most likely to indicate that full-thickness tears of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus are present (specificity, 94%). However, the external rotation lag sign did demonstrate a low sensitivity score of 46% and negative likelihood ratio of .57 (95% CI, 0.4-0.9), which means that a negative test will not rule out the presence of full-thickness tears.

Conclusions

The findings of this investigation suggest that a clinical diagnosis of a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff cannot be conclusively reached using one or more of the lag signs.     

关节镜下治疗肩袖损伤21例报告

目的探讨运用关节镜治疗肩袖损伤方面的作用。方法在关节镜下对肩袖损伤进行缝合,同时行肩关节前肩峰成形术。结果本组21例根据美国UCLA功能评分标准进行评定,优良率达95.24%。结论关节镜下治疗肩袖损伤能明确诊断、探查盂肱关节的其他疾患、不损伤三角肌止点、无张力缝合肩袖、术后疼痛轻、可以早期功能锻炼、术后肩关节粘连少、瘢痕少。     

关节镜下治疗巨大肩袖撕裂的效果研究

目的探讨关节镜下治疗巨大肩袖撕裂的效果。方法选取2010年1月-2016年2月该院行全关节镜手术治疗的62例巨大肩袖撕裂患者为研究对象,根据年龄分为老年组(年龄≥65岁,n=23)和非老年组(年龄65岁,n=39),比较两组术前和术后12个月的美国肩肘外科协会(ASES)评分、美国加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)评分和Constant-Murley评分。结果老年组的年龄明显高于非老年组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组患者的性别、病程、病因和有无肩部外伤史等其余基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。全部患者均未出现围手术期并发症,手术均成功完成。两组术后12个月的ASES评分、UCLA评分和Constant-Murley评分均明显高于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术前和术后12个月的ASES评分、UCLA评分和Constant-Murley评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论关节镜微创手术能有效改善巨大肩袖撕裂患者的肩关节功能,在老年患者中同样能取得良好效果,值得临床推广应用。     

Calcific tendinopathy of the rotator cuff. Conservative management with 434 Mhz local microwave diathermy (hyperthermia): A case study

Purpose. To report the effects of local microwave diathermy (hyperthermia) at 434 Mhz on calcific tendinopathy of the shoulder in two middle aged patients.

Methods. Two middle-aged women with calcific tendinopathy of the shoulder were treated with local microwave diathermy (hyperthermia) at 434 Mhz three times a week for four weeks. Plain radiographs and ultrasonography demonstrated calcific deposits in the area of infraspinatus or supraspinatus. Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) and passive Range of Motion (ROM) were used to assess the response to treatment.

Results. At the end of the treatment period, the improvement as measured by the SPADI score was respectively 30% for the first patient and 40% for the second patient with an improvement of the shoulder passive ROM for both patients. The calcific deposits seen on the initial radiographs and ultrasonography were no longer visible. At 1 year follow-up, both patients continued to be symptom free.

Conclusions. Hyperthermia is a safe option in the management of calcific tendinopathy of the shoulder. Prospective randomized controlled studies with long term assessment are needed to further document its therapeutic efficacy.     

Effectiveness of tendon transfers for massive rotator cuff tears: a simulation study

OBJECTIVE To determine what the most effective tendon transfer is in the case of a dysfunctional rotator cuff. DESIGN: A tendon transfer procedure of latissimus dorsi, teres major or a combination of these two to the insertions of either teres minor, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, or subscapularis is simulated using a biomechanical musculoskeletal model of the upper extremity. BACKGROUND: Massive rotator cuff tears are not easily repaired. To compensate for this loss of rotator cuff function other techniques like muscle transfers are developed. METHODS: Three range of motion tasks and six activities of daily living of 24 subjects were measured. Kinematics from these tasks were used as input to the Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model. The muscle parameters of the Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model were modified to simulate a rotator cuff tear and the ability to perform the measured tasks with and without simulated transfer procedures was checked. RESULTS: The highest improvements (28-30%, P = 0.00 ) in the ability to perform tasks were observed after a simulated tendon transfer of either both muscles or teres major alone attached to the supraspinatus or infraspinatus insertion. Although all transfer procedures produce significant improvements (P = 0.00 ), there is a significant difference between the procedures (Chi square=58.8, P = 0.00 ) dependent on attachment site. CONCLUSIONS: According to the simulation procedure used in the current study, a tendon transfer of teres major and latissimus dorsi or teres major alone to the supraspinatus insertion appears to be the most effective procedure in the case of a dysfunctional rotator cuff. Practical factors, like subacromial space, volume of the muscles and tendons, tensile properties and the ability to split the muscles, will finally determine which is the preferred transfer option.     

Biomechanical analysis of tendon transfers for massive rotator cuff tears

OBJECTIVE: To determine why certain tendon transfers are mechanically more effective than other tendon transfers for the treatment of a massive rotator cuff tear. DESIGN: A tendon transfer procedure of latissimus dorsi, teres major or a combination of these two to the insertions of either teres minor, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, or subscapularis is simulated using a biomechanical musculoskeletal model of the upper extremity. BACKGROUND: Massive rotator cuff tears are not easily repaired. To compensate for the loss of rotator cuff function, techniques such as muscle transfers are developed. METHODS: Three range of motion tasks were used as input to the Delft shoulder and elbow model. The muscle parameters of the Delft shoulder and elbow model were modified to simulate a rotator cuff tear. A biomechanical analysis of the transferred muscles was performed, taking outcome variables such as moment arms, muscle length and muscle force into account. RESULTS: Due to the massive rotator cuff tear, an elevation and external rotation moment is lost. When the tendon was transferred to the insertions of infraspinatus or supraspinatus, the humerus was capable of elevating and externally rotating. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of mechanical parameters such as moment arms, muscle length and force it can be concluded that a tendon transfer of the teres major to the supraspinatus insertion will produce the best functional outcome in the treatment of massive rotator cuff tears. RELEVANCE: To find biomechanical evidence for an optimal tendon transfer that will lead to improved treatment of patients with a massive rotator cuff tear.     

超声对肩袖部分撕裂的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声在肩袖部分撕裂诊断中的价值,分析不同超声征象对肩袖部分撕裂的意义.方法 选取我院行肩关节镜手术患者81例,术前均同时行超声和MRI检查,以关节镜检查结果为金标准,比较超声与MRI对肩袖部分撕裂的诊断效能;分析不同超声征象与肩袖部分撕裂的相关性;Logistic回归分析肩袖部分撕裂的影响因素.结果 超声与M...     

双斜冠状位MRI评价肩袖损伤

目的 探讨肩关节MR双斜冠状位扫描对肩袖损伤的诊断价值.方法 对73例患者行前瞻性MR造影检查,除平行于冈上肌FS TSE T2WI斜冠状位扫描外,均加扫双斜冠状位,扫描方向分别平行于冈上肌腱和肱骨长轴.分析斜冠状位和双斜冠状位对肩关节解剖结构的显示效果及肩袖损伤的诊断结果 .结果 双斜冠状位可以100%(73/73)将冈上肌、冈上肌腱以及肱骨长轴同时显示于一幅图像,斜冠状位不能同时显示(0/73).双斜冠状位和斜冠状位对冈上肌腱评价结果 一致性好(K=0.736).双斜冠状位FS TSE T2WI诊断肩袖撕裂的敏感性和特异性分别为92.59%(25/27)、85.71%(18/21);斜冠状位FS TSE T2WI分别为70.37%(19/27)、85.71%(18/21),双斜冠状位诊断的敏感性优于斜冠状位(P<0.05).结论 双斜冠状位能够清楚显示肩关节局部解剖结构,有利于对肩袖损伤做出准确判断.     

关节镜下肩袖间隙滑移技术在巨大肩袖撕裂中的应用

目的观察关节镜下使用肩袖间隙滑移技术修补巨大肩袖撕裂的临床疗效。方法采用回顾性研究方法,选取2015年1月至2019年3月北京市平谷区医院收治的巨大肩袖撕裂患者42例,按照手术方式不同将患者分为切开修复组和关节镜修复组,每组各21例。切开修复组患者使用改良切开修复巨大肩袖撕裂,关节镜修复组患者使用关节镜下肩袖滑移技术修复巨大肩袖。记录并比较患者术前情况,包括患者的VAS评分、肩关节UCLA评分、肩关节Constant-Murley评分、肩袖受伤情况、受伤至手术的时间等。所有患者术后3个月和6个月门诊随访,记录并比较两组患者VAS评分、肩关节UCLA评分、肩关节Constant-Murley评分和末次随访患者满意度评分以评价两种手术疗效。结果两组患者术前各观察指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3个月关节镜修复组VAS评分、肩关节UCLA评分和肩关节Constant-Murley评分分别是4.9±1.2分、29.1±4.5分和72.4±13.9分,而切开修复组上述指标分别为6.3±1.6分、21.7±3.9分和61.8±10.6分。关节镜修复组患者的疼痛VAS评分低于切开修复组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);关节镜修复组患者的肩关节UCLA评分和肩关节Constant-Murley评分均高于切开修复组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后6个月,关节镜修复组VAS评分、肩关节UCLA评分和肩关节Constant-Murley评分分别是3.7±1.3分、32.6±4.7分和82.1±10.8分,而切开修复组上述指标分别为3.9±1.4分、32.8±4.5分和81.5±11.3分,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后末次随访时,关节镜修复组患者的满意度评分(84.3±15.1分)显著高于切开修复组(72.9±12.3分),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论关节镜下肩袖间隙滑移技术能够有效地修复巨大肩袖撕裂,比切开肩袖修复巨大肩袖撕裂术后康复得更快。     

Biomechanics of latissimus dorsi transfer for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears

Background

Latissimus dorsi transfer is the treatment most frequently used for restoring function in shoulders with irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. Yet, functional outcomes of the transfers are unpredictable and vary among patients.

Methods

A three-dimensional upper-extremity computational model was used to simulate and analyze the biomechanical consequences of transferring the latissimus dorsi to four attachment sites: the infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis and teres minor insertions. Functions of a normal shoulder were simulated, as well as those and of a shoulder with a posterosuperior rotator cuff tear before and after muscle transfers were simulated. Parameters such as active and passive moment-generating capacity, and the moment arm and fiber excursion ratio of the transferred muscle were analyzed.

Findings

All muscle transfers resulted in a large increase in shoulder external rotation strength. The latissimus dorsi was an external rotator after the transfer, but the fiber excursion ratio decreased accordingly. When the latissimus dorsi was transferred to the infraspinatus, supraspinatus or subscapularis insertion, it changed from extensor to flexor at the beginning of flexion. The flexion moment arm of the latissimus dorsi after the transfers was generally decreased. Shoulder abduction strength did not improve. Decrease in fiber excursion ratio during abduction and flexion was observed after the transfer. Side effects of the muscle transfers, such as the reduction of active adduction, extension and internal rotation of the shoulder, were explored.

Interpretation

A transfer to teres minor insertion was not recommended. Infraspinatus insertion was found to be a preferred attachment site in latissimus dorsi transfer, provided that the patient had a strong deltoid.     

Diagnosis and treatment of rotator cuff tears in the emergency department

This article will review the diagnosis and management of rotator cuff tears in the emergency departaient. Rotator cuff disease is a common source of shoulder pain. It encompasses a wide range of pathology of the rotator cuff tendons. These lesions can include impingement or tendinitis, and may progress to rupture of the tendons. In considering the emergency department management of cuff tears, it is useful to classify patients by the mechanism of their injury. Proper classification of patients requires a careful history and physical examination. Interpretation of these data is based on an understanding of the entire range of pathology that can affect the tendons of the rotator cuff.