右美托咪定在老年前列腺汽化术中的临床效果分析

目的 探讨右美托咪定在老年前列腺汽化术中的麻醉效果.方法 200例前列腺汽化术患者随机分为A组和B组,两组病例均采用腰醉-硬膜外联合麻醉.A组输注右美托咪定,手术开始前10 min按0.5μg/kg剂量输注右美托咪定,之后以0.5μg/kg/h维持;B组静脉输注生理盐水.分别记录两组麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后(T1)及用药后5 min(T2)、30 min(T3)、60 min(T4)MBP、HR、RR和SpO2,并进行Ramsay评分.结果 T0时两组病例中MBP、HR、RR以及Ramsay评分无统计学差异,A组病历T2时MBP为(98±8)mmHg、HR为(84±9)次/分,均低于T0时的(106±7) mmHg及(88±12)次/分(P＜0.05),而Ramsay评分T2时为(3.1±0.4)分高于T0时的(2.0±0.1)分(P＜0.05); T2～ T4时B组MBP、HR、Ramsay评分均低于A组(P＜0.05),T1～ T4时两组RR、SpO2无统计学差异.结论 右美托咪定复合腰醉-硬膜外联合麻醉在老年前列腺汽化术中的麻醉效果满意,能产生良好的镇静效果,值得临床推广.     

依托咪酯复合咪达唑仑与芬太尼在人工流产术中的效果观察

目的 观察依托咪酯复合咪达唑仑与芬太尼用于无痛人工流产术(人流)的临床效果及安全性.方法 将80例早孕患者随机分为两组,依托咪酯组(E组)和丙泊酚组(P组).E组5～10s内静脉缓注芬太尼咪达唑仑合剂(0.1ml/kg),接着静脉缓注依托咪酯;P组5～10s内静脉缓注芬太尼(0.1ml/kg),接着静脉缓注异丙酚(1ml/6s);记录麻醉开始诱导前(T0)、意识消失时(T1)、扩宫颈时(T2)及术毕苏醒时(T3)的平均动脉压(MAP)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、心率(HR);意识消失时间、苏醒时间、行走恢复时间,丙泊酚用量及依托咪酯用量,不良反应发生情况.结果 两组间各时点MAP、HR比较:在T1时点,E组高于P组;组内各时点MAP、HR比较:E组T1时点较T0低,P组T1时点较T0、T2、T3时点低.意识消失时间E组短于P组;低血压、心动过缓的发生率E组低于P组;肌阵挛的发生率E组高于P组.结论 依托咪酯与咪达唑仑、芬太尼合理配伍,为无痛人流等短时诊疗性操作提供了较理想的静脉麻醉选择.     

老年患者前列腺电切术持续泵注右美托咪啶的应用效果

目的 探讨右美托咪啶在老年患者经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)中应用的疗效及安全性.方法 96例老年男性患者随机分为右美托咪啶组和丙泊酚组,每组48例,分别给予右美托咪啶和丙泊酚持续泵注麻醉,比较两组术中MAP、HR波动情况,术后苏醒时间,术后Ramsay镇静评分.结果 右美托咪啶组患者术中MAP、HR更为稳定,术毕两组患者苏醒时间差异无明显统计学意义,右美托咪啶组术后1、2、4 h Ramsay镇静评分较高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 右美托咪啶持续泵注麻醉可安全有效地应用于老年患者TURP,尤其适用于血流动力学不稳定,术后烦躁发生率高的老年患者.     

氢吗啡酮复合右美托咪定术后镇痛对老年前列腺癌患者炎性因子的影响

目的观察氢吗啡酮复合右美托咪定术后镇痛对老年前列腺癌患者血清炎性因子的影响。方法选择拟行腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术的老年患者50例,随机分为吗啡复合右美托咪定组(MD组)和氢吗啡酮复合右美托咪定组(HD组),每组25例。2组麻醉诱导和维持方法相同。术毕前30 min, MD组予吗啡0.05 mg·kg~(-1), HD组予氢吗啡酮10μg·kg~(-1)后接静脉镇痛泵,镇痛液配方分别为吗啡0.5 mg·kg~(-1)联合右美托咪定2μg·kg~(-1)和氢吗啡酮0.1 mg·kg~(-1)联合右美托咪定2μg·kg~(-1),均用氯化钠注射液稀释至100 m L。分别于术前和术后2、 12、 24、 48 h检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、 IL-8和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,观察并记录患者术后各观察时点疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分及不良反应发生情况。结果术后12、 24、 48 h HD组静息痛及运动痛VAS评分均显著低于MD组(P <0.05)。与术前比较,2组术后各观察时点血清TNF-α、 IL-6、 IL-8和CRP水平均显著升高(P <0.05),同时点HD组表达水平显著低于MD组(P <0.05)。HD组术后恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒的发生率显著低于MD组(P <0.05)。结论氢吗啡酮复合右美托咪定用于老年患者前列腺癌术后镇痛效果好,不良反应少,可在一定程度上抑制炎性因子的表达。     

依托咪酯用于人工流产术的观察

我院自2004年1月开始在人工流产术中采用依托咪酯脂肪乳液静脉麻醉镇痛300例，取得满意效果，报道如下：     

依托咪酯用于门诊人工流产术的观察

依托咪酯用于门诊人工流产术的观察山西医学院第一附属医院麻醉科（０３０００１）王春燕，张秀茹，张艳萍山西医学院第一附属医院妇产科（０３０００１）张仙鹤依托咪酯（Ｑｔｏｕｉｄａｔｅ）是一种催眠性静脉全麻药，它具有起效快，作用时间短，苏醒平稳的特点。近年来...     

右美托咪定对老年患者经尿道前列腺电切术后认知障碍的影响

目的:研究右美托咪定(DEX)改善经尿道前列腺电切手术后认知障碍的作用。方法:选取2008年1月至2012年12月,经尿道前列腺电切术后出现认知障碍的患者70例分为两组。观察组(n=35)患者麻醉成功后给予DEX,对照组(n=35)给予同等剂量生理盐水。对两组患者心率、平均动脉压、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度等进行观察,并进行精神状态、舒适度、镇静效果、应激因素等评分,比较两组患者不同时段的生命体征、情绪波动和手术后不良反应。结果:观察组患者不同时间点生命体征情况明显优于对照组,DEX干预下患者寒战反应降低,明显提高了舒适度。内科疾病、麻醉因素、脑缺氧对术后认知障碍有一定影响。结论:DEX对老年患者经尿道前列腺电切术后的认知障碍具有良性影响。     

右美托咪定与咪达唑仑在OSAHS术中应用效果的比较

目的观察并比较右美托咪定与咪达唑仑在OSAHS术中对患者血流动力学及术后并发症的影响。方法选取择期行OSAHS的患者80例,随机分为两组,右美托咪定组(D组)和咪达唑仑组(M组),每组40例。D组给予1μg/kg的右美托咪定。M组静脉注射0.04 mg/kg咪达唑仑,两组分别给予丙泊酚3 mg/kg,罗库溴铵6 mg/kg诱导,诱导顺利后插管,术前给予格拉司琼及地塞米松,术后给予吗啡50μg/kg,观察并比较两组患者在注药前(T1)、注药后(T2)、插管后(T3)、手术开始15 min(T4)、开始30 min(T5)及入恢复室后(T6)等各时点的生命体征(HR及MAP),以及不良反应的发生情况。结果 D组在T2、T3、T4、T5、T6各时点的HR明显低于T1,且明显低于M组的相应时点(P<0.05);在M组,T2时点的MAP明显低于T1,且明显低于D组相对应的时点,而在T3、T4、T5时点的MAP明显高于D组相应的时间点(P<0.05);在复苏室过程中,M组患者疼痛发生率为65.0%,躁动发生率为20%,而在D组分别为25%和2.5%,明显低于M组(P<0.05);D组需要增加七氟烷吸入浓度辅助的例数比M组少,但是差异并无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论相对咪达唑仑,右美托咪定应用于OSAHS手术中,麻醉能较舒适、平稳地满足小儿OSAHS手术要求,是更好选择。     

Degraded and undegraded carrageenans and experimental gastric and duodenal ulceration

The prevention of histamine-induced gastric and duodenal ulceration in the guinea-pig has been examined using a series of undegraded and degraded carrageenans. Undegraded carrageenans were active at lower doses than degraded carrageenans. The high viscosity of the undegraded carrageenans in solution prevented their use in larger doses. Degradation of carrageenan without serious loss of sulphate, gives a product which allows the dose to be increased to an extent that its effect more than offsets the slight loss in activity caused by the degradation. No single feature of carrageenan structure can be related to anti-ulcer activity although degradation, and hence reduction of molecular size, generally reduces activity. Sulphate contents over 30% have little apparent effect on activity; κ-carrageenans were not consistently different in anti-ulcer activity from Λ-carrageenans. This contrasts with the antipeptic activity of carrageenans where κ-carrageenans are less active than their Λ-counter-parts. As with antipeptic activity, the degree of anti-ulcer activity is probably determined by a combination of structural features which includes molecular size and polyanionic properties.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Alcohol and Substance Use and Abuse in Women and Children

No abstract available for this article.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.