灭幼脲对小地老虎、粘虫及黄粉(虫甲)幼虫内部器官和组织的作用及毒理

小地老虎[Agrotis ypsilop (Rottemberg)]、粘虫[Mythimna separata(Walker)]及黄粉(虫甲)(Tembrio molitor L.)的幼虫经灭幼脲处理后,含几丁质组分的体壁表皮层、气管壁内膜和中肠围食膜等组织,分泌激素的咽侧体、前胸腺等内分泌腺体,以及代谢器科管脂肪体,都分别出现明显可辨的组织学改变和病理症状,同是地表现一些差异程度并不显著的现象.根据中毒症状和组织学的改变,本文详细分析和讨论了死幼脲处理后对上述两种夜蛾幼虫和一种拟步(虫甲)幼虫的毒理学基础.     

灭幼脲对粘虫不育作用的机理

通过一系列组织学观察和生物化学测定,研究了灭幼脲在粘虫Mythimna seporata(Walkcr)雌蛾体内及其所产卵内的作用及影响。 灭幼脲(50ppm)经雌蛾连续取食后,卵巢中DNA、RNA的合成及卵巢对血淋巴中蛋白质的吸取均被促进, 卵巢细胞核中DNA、RNA及蛋白质的含量均比正常雌蛾增加,卵巢发育及卵子形成亦被促进,产卵量正常。粘虫生殖系统未受灭幼脲的抑制。胚胎发育阶段细胞核及线粒体中DNA的含量均因雌蛾取食灭幼脲而降低,但胚胎发育并不中断,幼虫分化可达黑头期。灭幼脲导致粘虫所产卵不能孵化的主要原因在于幼虫分化过程中体壁及气管系统的形成受到严重抑制。体壁皮细胞缩小呈扁平形,无细胞核,连成线状,有断裂;原表皮缺乏或极薄。虫体内无气管分布。幼虫死于卵壳内。灭幼脲的不育作用和直接杀卵作用实质上都是对正在分化幼虫中几丁质合成的抑制。本文对灭幼脲的毒理机制进行了讨论。     

灭幼脲引起两种幼虫表皮组织病变的显微观察

本文研究了灭幼脲引起黄粉(虫甲)(Tenebrio mclitor)和粘虫(Mythimna separata)幼虫的中毒征象和组织学病变.低剂量能引起幼虫蜕皮障碍,但看不到明显的组织学病变.高剂量处理,不仅引起了严重的中毒征象,而且伴有明显的组织学病变:内表皮生长停滞,真皮细胞排列异常,在内表皮和真皮细胞之间出现附加层和球状颗粒.对这些现象进行了较细致的讨论.     

抑太保对亚洲玉米螟表皮酚氧化酶及几丁质酶活力的影响

采用饲喂法,抑太保(Atabron,IKI-7899)对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis幼虫的LC₅₀约是灭幼脲Ⅰ号的1/10.体内和体外实验表明,抑太保及灭幼脲Ⅰ号均能导致幼虫表皮酚氧化酶及几丁质酶活力显著增高.与对照相比,饲喂抑太保及灭幼脲Ⅰ号,五龄幼虫表皮酚氧化酶活力分别增长276.00%和28.00%、几丁质酶活力分别增长42.25%和13.62%;腹腔注射抑太保及灭幼脲Ⅰ号,五龄幼虫表皮酚氧化酶活力分别增长74.86%和37.98%、几丁质酶活力分别增长68.18%和28.86%.我们认为,酚氧化酶及几丁质酶活力的增高应是抑太保及灭幼脲Ⅰ号导致玉米螟死亡的重要原因.     

灭幼脲作用机制的研究进展

<正> 灭幼脲(Diflubenzuron,TH-6040)是一类高效低毒并有一定选择性、而又比较广谱的新型杀虫剂。因为它的杀虫效应比较慢,为区别于普通杀虫剂,有人提议称之为制虫剂。关于它对昆虫的作用机制,目前还不很清楚,国内近年虽有不少有关综述,但一般只认为,灭幼脲主要作用于昆虫的体壁,抑制表皮几丁质的合成,使昆虫的蜕皮变态受阻而死亡。尽管有不少工作证明灭幼脲是抑制了几丁质合成酶     

灭幼脲对亚洲玉米螟胚胎气管系统形成的影响

初产下的亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)卵,经灭幼脲处理,观察发现:具有抑制几丁质合成性能的灭幼脲对该种害虫的胚胎发育阶段不导致中断,而对气管系统的发生和形成产生严重阻碍.卵内幼虫近孵化时不能开始气管呼吸,生命活动停滞,死于卵壳内.这观察结果可阐明灭幼脲的杀卵机制,并指出更好地应用灭幼脲的途径.     

Effects of periplocosides P and E from Periploca sepium on the proteinase activities in the midgut of larvae of Mythimna separata and Agrotis ypsilon ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

从杀虫植物杠柳Periploca sepiutm Bunge根皮中分离得到的杠柳新苷P具有很高的杀虫活性,为了探索其杀虫机理,采用经典的昆虫蛋白酶活性测定方法,比较研究了杠柳新苷P和无杀虫活性的杠柳新苷E对东方粘虫Mythimna separata与小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon 6龄幼虫中肠类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性的影响.结果表明:对东方粘虫弱碱性类胰蛋白酶,杠柳新苷P表现出强激活作用(酶活性为对照的3.43倍),激活时间可长达8h,而杠柳新苷E则无明显激活作用.杠柳新苷P和E对东方粘虫弱碱性类胰蛋白酶活性的影响二者差异显著(P=0.01),杠柳新苷P药后2,4和8h,东方粘虫中肠弱碱性类胰蛋白酶的活性分别是杠柳新苷E药后的15.4,106.8和242.7倍.酶活性测定结果还表明,与东方粘虫相比,小地老虎中肠类胰蛋白酶活性相对较低,且杠柳新苷P的激活作用也较弱,这可能是杠柳新苷P对东方粘虫具杀虫活性,而小地老虎对其不敏感的原因之一;另外,杠柳新苷P和E对试虫中肠类凝乳胰蛋白酶活性均无明显影响.据此推测,杠柳活性成分新苷P对东方粘虫中肠弱碱性类胰蛋白酶的激活作用可能是造成试虫中毒的机理之一.     

粘虫幼虫肠道蛋白水解酶特性的研究

本文研究了粘虫(Mythimna separata Walker)幼虫蛋白水解原酶和粗提的幼虫肠道蛋白水解酶的一些主要生化特性.实验结果表明:幼虫肠道蛋白水解酶温培后仍然保持最大酶活的最适温度是25℃,最适pH是11,从pH和酶活关系的曲线图可知原酶在pH9和10之间有一个“峰肩”,然而粗提酶则没有. 新鲜收集的幼虫原酶在30℃下经过2小时培养后,酶的活性可以提高10%.本研究也为寻找合适的粘虫幼虫蛋白水解酶的温度处理和作用条件提供了理论依据.     

杠柳新苷P和E对东方粘虫和小地老虎幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性的影响

从杀虫植物杠柳Periploca sepium Bunge根皮中分离得到的杠柳新苷P具有很高的杀虫活性, 为了探索其杀虫机理, 采用经典的昆虫蛋白酶活性测定方法, 比较研究了杠柳新苷P和无杀虫活性的杠柳新苷E对东方粘虫Mythimna separata与小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon 6龄幼虫中肠类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明： 对东方粘虫弱碱性类胰蛋白酶, 杠柳新苷P表现出强激活作用（酶活性为对照的3.43倍）, 激活时间可长达8 h, 而杠柳新苷E则无明显激活作用。杠柳新苷P和E对东方粘虫弱碱性类胰蛋白酶活性的影响二者差异显著（P=0.01）, 杠柳新苷P药后2, 4和8 h, 东方粘虫中肠弱碱性类胰蛋白酶的活性分别是杠柳新苷E药后的15.4, 106.8和242.7倍。酶活性测定结果还表明, 与东方粘虫相比, 小地老虎中肠类胰蛋白酶活性相对较低, 且杠柳新苷P的激活作用也较弱, 这可能是杠柳新苷P对东方粘虫具杀虫活性, 而小地老虎对其不敏感的原因之一; 另外, 杠柳新苷P和E对试虫中肠类凝乳胰蛋白酶活性均无明显影响。据此推测, 杠柳活性成分新苷P对东方粘虫中肠弱碱性类胰蛋白酶的激活作用可能是造成试虫中毒的机理之一。     

阿维灭幼脲对马尾松毛虫幼虫的毒力测定

运用阿维灭幼脲生物复合剂对3-4龄的马尾松毛虫幼虫进行毒力测定,用机率分析法求得马尾松毛虫的死亡率与阿维灭幼脲剂量对数—机率直线,建立毒力回归线。研究表明,25%阿维灭幼脲悬浮剂对3-4龄幼虫的致死中稀释浓度为49.6倍液,即LC50=5.04 mg.L-1;阿维灭幼脲悬浮剂与尿素混合剂对3-4龄的致死中稀释浓度为52.5倍液,即LC50=4.76 mg.L-1;25%阿维灭幼脲悬浮剂10倍稀释液对3-4龄马尾松毛虫幼虫的LT50为0.57 d,到50倍稀释液时LT50为7.35 d;25%阿维灭幼脲悬浮剂与尿素混合剂10倍稀释液对3-4龄马尾松毛虫幼虫的LT50为0.71 d,到50倍稀释液时LT为6.13 d,随着浓度稀释倍数的增加,致死中时间延长。研究结果可为今后马尾松毛虫的林间防治提供科学依据。     

马尾松毛虫蛋白质、核酸酶和羧酸酯酶与耐药性的关系

马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctatus Walker)幼虫蛋白质含量、羧酸酯酶和多酚氧化酶活力与虫龄大小成正相关;氰戊菊酯处理后,兴奋期的蛋白质含量和羧酸酯酶活力上升,到抑制期均降低到正常虫体的水平,而多酚氧化酶的变动不大。正常虫体中脱氧核糖核酸酶(DNase)和核糖核酸酶(RNase)的活力存在差异:DNase从3—5龄幼虫随虫体增大而上升,到6龄时明显降低;RNase与虫龄大小成负相关;氰戊菊酯处理后,DNase便开始下降并低于正常虫体的水平,而RNase在兴奋期上升,到抑制期下降亦低于正常虫体水平。结果说明,除多酚氧化酶外,蛋白质、核酸酶和羧酸酯酶均与耐药性存在一定的相关性,研制酶的抑制剂具有实用意义。根据毒力测定结果,马尾松毛虫幼虫随虫龄增大而耐药力增加,氰戊菊醋对5龄幼虫是3龄的2.8倍,6龄是4龄的2.3倍。因此,掌握在4龄前进行药物防治是合理的。     

马尾松毛虫蛋白质、核酸酶和羧酸酯酶与耐药性的关系

马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus Punctatus Walder)幼虫蛋白质含量,羧酸酮酶和多酚氧化酶活力与虫龄大小成正相关;氰戊菊酯处理后,兴奋期的蛋白质含量和羧酸酯酶活力上升,到抑制期均降低到正常虫体的水平,而多酚氧化酶的变动不大。正常虫体中脱氧核糖核酸酶(Dnase)和核糖核酸酶(Rnase)的活力存在差异：Dnase从3-5龄幼虫随虫体增大而上升,到6龄时明显降低;Rnase与虫龄大小成负相关;氰戊菊酯处理后,Dnase便开始下降并低于正常虫体的水平,而Rnase在兴奋期上升,到抑制期下降亦低于正常虫体水平。结果说明,除多酚氧化酶外,蛋白质、核酸酶和羧酸酯酶均与耐药性存在一定的相关性,研制酶的抑制剂具有实用意义。根据毒力测定结果,马尾松毛虫幼虫随虫龄增大而耐药力增加,氰戊菊酯对5龄幼虫是3龄的2.8倍,6龄是4龄的2.3倍。因此,掌握在4龄前进行药物防治是合理的。     

马尾松毛虫过氧化氢酶及过氧化物酶与耐药性的关系

马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus幼虫体内存在着过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)。4龄幼虫的CAT和POD活力较大,其次是6龄幼虫,5龄幼虫的CAT和POD活力较4龄和6龄幼虫低。醚菊酯(etofenprox)处理后,在兴奋期(30 min),CAT和POD活力水平上升。4龄和6龄幼虫在抑制期(50 min以后),CAT和POD活力呈波动式上升,接近死亡时下降。5龄幼虫的CAT和POD活力呈波动式上升,接近死亡时下降。5龄幼虫的CAT在抑制期保持比正常虫体高的活力。结果表明,马尾松毛虫4龄、5龄和6龄幼虫与耐药性存在一定的相关性,研制酶的抑制剂具有实用意义。根据毒力测定结果,马尾松毛虫幼虫对醚菊酯的耐药力,5龄是4龄的1.43倍,6龄是4龄的1.72倍。因此,药物防治的合理时期应掌握在4龄以前较适宜。     

Effect of tinopal LPW on the insecticidal properties and genetic stability of the nucleopolyhedrovirus of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The influence of an optical brightener, Tinopal LPW, on the activity of a purified genotype of the nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), was determined in second to fifth instar (L2-L5) S. exigua. When mixed with viral occlusion bodies (OB) 1% Tinopal LPW significantly reduced the median lethal dose (LD50) of the virus in all instars compared with insects treated with SeMNPV alone. Levels of enhancement, as determined by LD50 values, ranged from 2.6- to 580-fold, depending on the instar. The greatest enhancement occurred on the two later instars, L4 (70-fold) and L5 (580-fold), which show a much higher resistance to SeMNPV infection than earlier instars. The median time to death (MTD) values were not significantly different in any instar among larvae treated with SeMNPV + Tinopal LPW and those treated with SeMNPV alone. Larval development in SeMNPV + Tinopal LPW treated larvae was retarded, in second and fourth instars, compared with controls or larvae treated with SeMNPV alone. The OB yields from SeMNPV treated larvae were almost 1.6-fold greater in second instars (9.3 x 10(6) OBs/larvae), and 1.9-fold greater in fourth instars (1.9 x 10(8) OBs/larvae), than those obtained in larvae treated with SeMNPV + Tinopal LPW. The addition of 1% Tinopal LPW to the virus suspension did not alter the genotypic composition of viral progeny during four successive passages of the virus.     

小地老虎变态期间马氏管超微结构与酯酶活性的变化

本实验用光镜和电镜观察了小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon Rottemberg幼虫在变态期间马氏管超微结构的变化及成虫马氏管的重组过程,同时还研究了变态期马氏管酯酶的活性.结果表明:(1)变态期间马氏管外形完整,除至预蛹期隐肾复合体解体外,其余无明显变化.(2)变态期间管壁细胞变化显著.幼虫6龄末期马氏管细胞结构开始变化,主要特点为:细胞质电子密度高,充满了核糖体颗粒,微绒毛萎缩,线粒体从萎缩的微绒毛中退出进入细胞质,基膜内褶破坏.进入预蛹期幼虫马氏管细胞解体:基膜内褶、顶端微绒毛、线粒体及细胞质内的其它细胞器消失,并形成自体吞噬泡,细胞质内仅存细胞核及各种类型的液泡.但是在变态期间因底膜始终存在,故马氏管外形不变;至蛹后期,成虫马氏管细胞在原位重组,基膜内褶由浅变深,微绒毛由短变长,线粒体内嵴从无到有.(3)变态过程中羧酸酯酶和酸性磷酸酯酶的活性变化趋势基本相同,以六龄幼虫最强,预蛹期次之,蛹期最低.     

Susceptibility of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) isolated in the Azores: effect of nematode strain and host age

The armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth), is a serious pest to the Azores's pastures. In laboratory bioassays we tested the susceptibility of this insect to entomopathogenic nematodes isolated in Azores: Steinernema carpocapsae Az20, Az150, and A48 strains, S. glaseri Az26 strain and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Az33 strain. The A48, Az20, and Az150 strains caused parasitism rates of 96.6, 90, and 53.3%, and mortality rates of 63.3, 46.6, and 23.3%, respectively, to sixth instar. The Az33 strain caused a parasitism rate of 73.3% and a mortality rate of 40%; whereas, the Az26 strain caused a parasitism rate of 40% and no mortality. A linear response dose-parasitism with a positive regression (r2 = 0.993) was observed in insects exposed to S. carpocapsae Az150 strain. Positive regressions were also observed between mortality and dose rate for S. carpocapsae A48 (r2 = 0.980), Az20 (r2 = 0.956), and Az150 (r2 = 0.963) strains, and H. bacteriophora Az33 strain (r2 = 0.999). Fourth instars were the most susceptible to the A48 strain, followed by the fifth instars, while the sixth instars were the less susceptible, with LD50 values of 26.2, 62.8, and 320.7 infective juveniles, respectively. The lethal time for each of the tested instars was 32.3, 35.5, and 49.2 h, respectively. The invasion rate was 33.5, 28.2, and 40.8 nematodes per treated larvae in the fourth, fifth, and sixth instars, respectively.     

蓖麻蚕个体发育中蜕皮甾类滴度的变化

用放射免疫分析法(RIA)测定了蓖麻蚕(Philosamia cynthia rieini)从卵期到成虫个体发育整个过程的蜕皮甾类(MH)水平.卵期在6天时有一个MH峰.一龄到四龄各龄均有一个MH峰,出现在停食前一天,导致幼虫蜕皮.五龄期有两个MF峰.第一个小峰出现在第三天,使进食的幼虫向预蛹转化;第二个高峰在上簇两天后,导致蛹表皮的形成.与其它鳞翅目昆虫一样,蛹期只有一个MH峰,发生在蛹期的前半段.成虫期血淋巴内MH含量很低.     

Choristoneura fumiferana entomopoxvirus prevents metamorphosis and modulates juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid titers

Larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, infected with C. fumiferana entomopoxvirus (CfEPV) continue to feed and grow without undergoing metamorphosis and die as moribund larvae. The lethal dose (LD(50)) and lethal time (LT(50)) values for fourth instar larvae are 2.4 spheroids and 25.2 days, respectively. One hundred percent of the control fourth instar larvae, which were fed water instead of virus, pupated by 18 days post feeding (PF). Only 30% of the larvae that were fed the LD(50) dose and none of the larvae that were fed the LD(95) dose pupated by 18 days PF. Of the control larvae, 95% became adults by 24 days PF, whereas in the treated group only 2% of larvae that were fed the LD(50) dose and none of the larvae that were fed the LD(95) dose became adults by 24 days PF. Some of the virus-treated larvae died as either larval/pupal or pupal/adult intermediates. These phenotypic effects were similar to the larval/pupal and pupal/adult intermediates, resulting from treating larvae with juvenile hormone (JH) or its analogs, which suggests that EPV may cause such abnormalities by modulating JH and/or ecdysteroid titers. In untreated sixth instar larvae the JH titer decreased to low levels by 24 h after ecdysis and remained low throughout larval life. EPV-fed sixth instar larvae had 2112 pg/ml on day 0, 477 pg/ml on day 1 and 875 pg/ml on day 8 of the sixth instar. Control larvae contained 860 ng of ecdysteroids per ml hemolymph on day 8 of the sixth instar, whereas EPV-treated larvae of the same age (30 days PF) had only 107 ng of ecdysteroids per ml of hemolymph. Thus, EPV infection results in increased JH titer and decreased ecdysteroid titer. Northern hybridization analysis was performed using RNA isolated from control and EPV-fed larvae and cDNA probes for (i) juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), which is JH inducible, (ii) Choristoneura hormone receptor 3 (CHR3), which is ecdysteroid inducible, and (iii) larval specific diapause associated protein 1 (DAP1), whose expression is larval specific. EPV-treated larvae showed higher levels of JHE and DAP1 mRNA and lower levels of CHR3 mRNA, indicating that they had higher levels of JH and lower levels of ecdysteroids. Thus, our data show that EPV prevents metamorphosis by modulating ecdysteroid and JH levels.     

小地老虎成虫直肠的发生和直肠乳突细胞功能性分化

本研究观察了小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon末龄幼虫、预蛹、蛹和成虫的直肠结构及成虫直肠乳突的细胞结构特点。结果表明：(1)成虫直肠是由幼虫的隐肾复合体解体后,原有幼虫直肠细胞经过分裂、重组和分化形成的,关键时期是预蛹至化蛹5d;(2)成虫直肠乳突呈圆盘形,自内向外包括内膜、乳突细胞、底膜、肌肉和围膜5层。乳突细胞按结构和功能特点分为帽状细胞、微气管细胞、网状细胞和盘底细胞4种;(3)试验发现成虫直肠膨大是由乳突体积扩增引起的。细胞结构剖析,直肠乳突有一整套完整而精细的结构,能扩增乳突体积和供应足够氧气及营养。文中还讨论了直肠的多种生理功能。     

Lethal and sublethal effects of a granulovirus on the tomato moth Lacanobia oleracea

A Scottish isolate of Lacanobia oleracea granulovirus (LoGV) was tested against larvae from a laboratory colony of L. oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using the peroral bioassay technique. The median lethal doses ranged from 10(1.38) occlusion bodies in first instar larvae to 10(7.45) in fifth instars. Sublethal effects on development and reproduction were observed among the survivors of virus challenge. Larvae dosed as first and second instars had faster developmental rates, and those dosed as fourth and sixth instars had reduced larval and pupal weights, compared to their respective controls. There was a 15% reduction in the number of eggs laid by adults that developed from infected larvae, but no reduction in egg viability. The F(1) generation did not show significantly greater mortality than controls, suggesting a lack of transovarial transmission. The significance of these results in terms of pest management of the tomato moth is discussed.