菲律宾蛤仔稚贝摄食、呼吸和排泄率的研究

本文利用实验生态学的方法研究了不同温度对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝的呼吸、排泄的影响以及在25℃下菲律宾蛤仔稚贝对4种单细胞藻类的滤食率．实验结果表明，温度对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝耗氧率、排氨率有显著影响，菲律宾蛤仔稚贝在12-32℃范围内，排氨率随温度的升高呈峰值变化，在26℃排氨率达到最大值然后开始下降，耗氧率随温度的升高而增大，耗氧率（OR）和温度（t）的回归方程为：OR=0．0155e^0.696t，R^2=0．9291．O：N也随着温度的升高而升高，菲律宾蛤仔稚贝呼吸Q10平均3．8，排泄Q10平均是1．88．菲律宾蛤仔稚贝在单位时问内（g／h）对4种藻类的滤食率高低依次为扁藻〉小球藻〉金藻〉角毛藻，差异极显著（P〈0．01）。     

宽壳全海笋稚贝呼吸代谢及其对若干环境因子适应性的研究

利用实验生态学的方法研究了不同温度对宽壳全海笋(Barnea dilatata)稚贝呼吸、排泄的影响以及宽壳全海笋对温度、盐度、pH、氨氮、底质等环境因子的适应性。结果表明,温度对宽壳全海笋稚贝的耗氧率、排氨率有显著影响,在14～34℃范围内,耗氧率和排氨率随着温度的升高而增大,排氨率与温度相关方程:y=0.01e0.4379x,R2=0.9948,耗氧率与温度相关方程:y=0.0896lnx 0.0912,R2=0.9558。O∶N(摩尔比)随着温度的升高总体呈下降趋势,稚贝呼吸Q10(温度系数)平均值是2.53,排泄Q10平均值是3.1。宽壳全海笋稚贝的适宜温度和盐度范围分别为15～30℃和15～25;pH的适宜范围为7.0～9.0;氨氮的96h半致死浓度为30.3mg/L,安全浓度为3.03mg/L。不同壳长的宽壳全海笋稚贝对不同厚度泥底质的适应性无明显差异。     

温度、盐度及体重对条石鲷幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

利用实验生态学的方法研究了不同温度、盐度及体重对条石鲷幼鱼的呼吸、排泄的影响。结果表明,不同温度、盐度和体重对条石鲷幼鱼耗氧率、排氨率有显著影响（P〈0.05）。耗氧率随温度的升高而增大。在10-30℃时,条石鲷幼鱼随着温度的升高,排氨率明显升高;S为5-45时,耗氧率先下降再升高,然后再下降,差异显著（P〈0.05）,排氨率先下降再升高;条石鲷幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率随体重的增加而下降。O∶N比也随着温度升高和体重增加而升高,不同温度下条石鲷幼鱼平均O∶N比为95.437,呼吸Q10平均值是1.274,排泄Q10平均值是1.585;S为5-45时,O∶N比的范围是41.662-107.736;不同体重的条石鲷幼鱼平均O∶N比为72.083。10-35℃时条石鲷幼鱼主要以脂肪和碳水化合物为能源,蛋白质其次。     

体重和温度对华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis)耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法对华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率进行了研究。旨在为华贵栉孔扇贝养殖容量的调查及生态生理的研究提供参考,并可为海洋生态系统动力学和贝类能量学研究提供科学依据。实验结果表明,在实验温度(13—33℃)范围内,华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率(OR)和排氨率(NR)与体重(W)都呈负相关,可以用Y=aW-b表示。华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和温度的关系可以表示为OR=-c+b1T-b2T2。在13—28℃温度范围内,华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率随温度的升高而增加,28℃时,耗氧率达到最大值,温度升高到33℃时,耗氧率反而下降。而排氨率与温度的关系可以表示为1NR=c1edT,在实验温度范围内,排氨率随温度的升高则呈持续升高趋势。华贵栉孔扇贝呼吸和排泄Q10值范围分别为0.466—2.471和1.129—2.437。在23—28℃温度范围内,不同规格华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率的比值(原子数O:N)较高。方差分析表明,体重、温度及二者的交互作用对华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率均有极显著的影响(P0.01)。华贵栉孔扇贝的日常代谢明显高于标准代谢,耗氧率和排氨率平均值分别提高29.9%和69.4%。     

体重、温度和盐度对皱肋文蛤耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法对皱肋文蛤(Meretrix lyrata)的耗氧率和排氨率进行研究.实验结果表明:1)在t为13～33℃,S为22.4条件下或S为13～33,t为27.5℃时,皱肋文蛤的单位体重的耗氧率和排氨率与体重呈负相关的幂函数相关.2)温度对耗氧率和排氨率的影响极显著(P＜0.01).t为13～28℃,耗...     

不同温度条件下褐菖鲉幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率

利用静水密闭式呼吸仪,测定了不同温度(10、12、……、30℃)条件下褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率变化.结果表明,温度对幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率均有显著影响(p0.05).温度10~30℃,幼鱼耗氧率、排氨率变化范围分别为0.02~0.30 mg/(g·h)和2.64~10.01μg/(g·h),温度26、16℃时耗氧率和排氨率分别上升至峰值,分别为最小值10℃组的15.00、3.79倍;温度(T)对幼鱼耗氧率R O[mg/(g·h)]和排氨率R N[μg/(g·h)]的影响可分别用多项式表示:R O=-2.00×10-5T4+1.50×10-3T3-3.69×10-2T2+0.397 8T-1.537 6,R2=0.988和R N=3.00×10-5T6-4.00×10-3T5+0.199 6T4-5.111 1T3+70.817T2-501.10T+141 5.80,R2=0.964;幼鱼的氨熵变化范围为0.02~0.19,其蛋白质供能比变化范围为5.64%~56.65%,平均蛋白质供能比为22.56%;各温度跨度代谢率Q10值均值为4.02,18~28℃代谢率Q10值为2.81±0.09与鱼类平均Q10值较接近;各温度跨度组排泄率Q10均值为0.93,对比同一温度跨度组代谢率和排泄率Q10值,代谢率Q10值均大于排泄率Q10值两倍以上,最大组间相差达7倍.因此,幼鱼能量消耗的供能物质以脂肪和碳水化合物为主,蛋白质为辅.此外,温度变化对幼鱼代谢的影响程度明显大于对排泄的影响,且其适宜生长温度为18~28℃.     

不同温度梯度和规格体重对大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)耗氧率(R_O)和排氨率(R_N)的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法研究了不同温度梯度、规格体重等特质对大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)耗氧率(R_O)和排氨率(R_N)的影响,以及氧氮比(O︰N)对大弹涂鱼能源物质的分析。结果表明,当温度恒定时,大弹涂鱼的耗氧率和排氨率分别随大弹涂鱼体重的增加而下降,体重(W)与单位体重的耗氧率之间的关系呈负指数相关。温度和体重对大弹涂鱼耗氧率、排氨率均有显著影响(F0.01)。随着温度的升高(16—31oC),大弹涂鱼耗氧率明显升高;在31—36oC时,耗氧率从高位缓慢下降;排氨率在此温度范围内,一直上升到最高。大弹涂鱼耗氧率和排氨率随体重的增加而下降,而温度和体重的交替作用对耗氧率、排氨率影响不显著。O︰N比也随着温度升高而下降,不同温度下大弹涂鱼平均O︰N比为23.1,呼吸Q_(10)平均值为1.495,排泄Q_(10)平均值为1.798;大、中规格的大弹涂鱼O︰N比值接近,比小规格鱼的O︰N比值低。16—31oC时大弹涂鱼主要以脂肪和碳水化合物为能源,蛋白质其次。     

(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)耗氧率(RO)和排氨率(RN)的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法研究了不同温度梯度、规格体重等特质对大弹涂鱼（Boleophthalmus pectinirostris）耗氧率（R_O）和排氨率（R_N）的影响,以及氧氮比（O︰N）对大弹涂鱼能源物质的分析。结果表明,当温度恒定时,大弹涂鱼的耗氧率和排氨率分别随大弹涂鱼体重的增加而下降,体重（W）与单位体重的耗氧率之间的关系呈负指数相关。温度和体重对大弹涂鱼耗氧率、排氨率均有显著影响（F>0.01）。随着温度的升高（16-31℃）,大弹涂鱼耗氧率明显升高;在31-36℃时,耗氧率从高位缓慢下降;排氨率在此温度范围内,一直上升到最高。大弹涂鱼耗氧率和排氨率随体重的增加而下降,而温度和体重的交替作用对耗氧率、排氨率影响不显著。O︰N比也随着温度升高而下降,不同温度下大弹涂鱼平均O︰N比为23.1,呼吸Q₁₀平均值为1.495,排泄Q₁₀平均值为1.798;大、中规格的大弹涂鱼O︰N比值接近,比小规格鱼的O︰N比值低。16-31℃时大弹涂鱼主要以脂肪和碳水化合物为能源,蛋白质其次。     

不同温度条件下褐菖鲇幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率

利用静水密闭式呼吸仪,测定了不同温度（10、12、……、30℃）条件下褐菖鼬（Sebastiscus marmoratus）幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率变化．结果表明,温度对幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率均有显著影响（P〈0．05）．温度10～30℃,幼鱼耗氧率、排氨率变化范围分别为0．02～0．30mg／（g·h）和2．64～10．01ug／（g·h）,温度26、16℃时耗氧率和排氨率分别上升至峰值,分别为最小值10℃组的15．00、3．79倍;温度（F）对幼鱼耗氧率R0[mg／（g·h）]和排氨率RN[ug／（g·h）]的影响可分别用多项式表示：R0=-2．00×10^-5 T4＋1．50×10^-3 T3-3．69×10^-2 T2＋0．3978T-1．5376,R2=0．988和RN=3．00×10^-5 T6 -4．00×10^-3 T5＋0．1996 T4-5．1111T3＋70．817T2-501．10T＋1415．80,R2=0．964;幼鱼的氨熵变化范围为0．02～0．19,其蛋白质供能比变化范围为5．64％～56．65％,平均蛋白质供能比为22．56％;各温度跨度代谢率Q10值均值为4．02,18～28℃代谢率Q10值为2．81±0．09与鱼类平均Q10值较接近;各温度跨度组排泄率Q10均值为0．93,对比同一温度跨度组代谢率和排泄率Q10值,代谢率Q10值均大于排泄率Q10值两倍以上,最大组间相差达7倍．因此,幼鱼能量消耗的供能物质以脂肪和碳水化合物为主,蛋白质为辅．此外,温度变化对幼鱼代谢的影响程度明显大于对排泄的影响,且其适宜生长温度为18～28℃．     

温度及体重对鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

利用实验生态学方法研究了不同温度及体重对鮸鱼Miichthys miiuy幼鱼的呼吸、排泄的影响。结果表明,不同温度和体重对鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率、排氨率有显著影响(p<0.05),耗氧率随温度的升高而增大并呈指数相关,相关方程为:RO=0.168e0.035 5T(R2=0.960 71);鮸鱼幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率随体重的增加而下降并呈幂函数相关,相关方程分别为:RO=0.613 9W-0.403 1(R2=0.994 3),RN=25.055W-0.287 7(R2=0.997 8)。O/N比也随着温度升高和体重增加而升高,不同温度下鮸鱼幼鱼平均O/N比值为21.963,呼吸Q10平均是1.415,排泄Q10平均是1.419;不同规格鮸鱼幼鱼平均O/N比值为21.855。10-30℃鮸鱼幼鱼主要以蛋白质为能源,脂肪和碳水化合物其次。随着温度的升高,鮸鱼幼鱼的蛋白质代谢比率降低,而脂肪和碳水化合物的代谢比率增大。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.