Studies on a computational model and the stress field characteristics of weld-bonded joints for a car body steel sheet

Based on analyses of the local structure and hardness distribution of weld-bonded joints, a computational model composed of the base metal, the HAZ, the nugget and the adhesive layer is established. Both indentation and the inhomogeneity of the mechanical properties in joints are considered, an annular bonded surface area and a damaged adhesive zone also being taken into account. At the same time, discussions are made on a typical load–displacement curve of weld-bonded joints by the tensile shear test. Using the model established, stress fields of resistance spot welded joints and two types of weld-bonded joints which are made by adhesives with different elastic modulus have been given by the finite element method. In addition, the effect of the weld pitch on the stress and strain fields of two weld-bonded joints are investigated.     

胶焊单搭接头静拉伸力学行为的研究

对比考察了胶接、电阻点焊和胶焊接头的静拉伸剪切强度和断裂特征。结果表明,典型的胶焊接头载荷位移曲线呈双峰形态,兼具纯胶接和纯电阻点焊接头的特征;曲线上第一载荷峰值略低于单纯胶接接头的断裂载荷,第二载荷峰值与单纯电阻点焊接头的强度基本一致。     

铝胶焊双搭接接头上应力分布的数值分析

用弹塑性有限元法研究了胶粘剂弹性模量和焊点相对位置对铝胶焊双搭接接头胶层中应力分布的影响.结果表明,胶粘剂弹性模量对铝胶焊双搭接接头胶层中部和界面附近的应力分布的影响较为显著,采用低弹性模量胶粘剂使得焊点的承载作用突出;采用高弹性模量胶粘剂时,胶层所承担载荷增加.焊点中心位置对铝胶焊双搭接接头胶层中部的应力分布有一定影响,随焊点中心向搭接区左侧移动,铝胶焊双搭接接头胶层中部的应力峰值逐渐增大,等效应力由焊点中心与搭接区中心重合时的55.2MPa增大到焊点中心距搭接区中心7mm时的77.4MPa,增幅达40.2%.因此采用低弹性模量胶粘剂和使焊点中心与搭接区中心重合可以有效提高接头的承载能力.

Abstract：

The influence of the elastic modulns of adhesives and nuggets position on the stress distribution in adhesive-welded double lap joints of aluminum was investigated by elastic-plastic finite element method (FEM). The results obtained show that the influence of the elastic modulus of adhesive on the stress distribution in adhesive-welded double lap joints of aluminum is significant. The load subjected by the nuggets is greater when the elastic modulus of adhesive is lower and the load subjected by the adhesive layer increases when the elastic modulus of adhesive is higher. The effect of nuggets location is also significant when the center of the nugget is moved to the left end of the overlap zone. The peak stress along the mid-bonding line of the aluminum double lap joint increases when the center of the nuggets are moved to near the left end of the overlap zone. The peak value of the von mises equivalent stress increases from 55.2 MPa to 77.4 MPa when the nugget center is shifted from the point at 12.5 mm to 5.5 mm. Therefore, the load bearing ability of the adhesive-welded double lap joints of aluminum can be improved by lower elastic modulus adhesive and the center ovedapping of the nugget and the lap zone.     

热点应力法评定焊接接头疲劳强度的影响因素

将三种方法确定的热点应力作为控制应力,引入焊接接头的疲劳切口系数,由Taylor的临界距离理论得到该系数.通过讨论接头类型、焊缝局部尺寸、板厚以及热点应力的确定方式对疲劳切口系数的影响,揭示热点应力法进行焊接接头疲劳评定的影响因素.结果表明,腹板厚度与焊缝局部几何尺寸对疲劳切口系数的分散性影响较小,但主板厚度的效应明显,由疲劳切口系数得到的板厚效应预测与试验结果接近;以两种外推法为基础构成的热点应力法能明显减少疲劳数据的分散性及其对接头类型与载荷形式的依赖性.     

Mechanical and fatigue behaviour of laser and resistance spot welds in advanced high strength steels

Abstract

A study was carried out on laser and resistance spot welds in overlapped sheets of dual phase advanced high strength steel (DP780) and deep drawing steel (DC04) of 2˙0 mm in thickness. The aim of the study was to investigate the fatigue performance of these joints under tensile shear loading as well as the monotonic performance for applications in the automotive industry. The mechanical properties, failure behaviour and fatigue life analyses of spot welds in similar and dissimilar joints were investigated by experimental and numerical methods. The structural stress concept was used to describe the fatigue lives of spot welded specimens. The results revealed different failure types with different fatigue behaviours for laser and resistance spot welds under the application of cyclic loads at 'high load' and 'low load' levels.     

中低强度钢超声冲击处理焊接接头热点应力设计曲线

用ANSYS计算了对接接头、横向非承载十字接头和纵向非承载角接板的热点应力集中系数K_hs,根据Q235B和Q345B的超声冲击处理焊接接头的相关疲劳试验数据得出经过应力比、板厚和几何不平度修正后的超声冲击处理焊接接头的热点应力设计S-N曲线. 结果表明,经过超声冲击处理后,中低强钢(R_m≤355 MPa)对接接头、横向非承载十字接头和纵向非承载角接板的热点应力S-N曲线的分散性降低,与接头形式无关,可以用一条热点应力设计S-N曲线表达. 在采用热点应力法进行疲劳设计时,选取m=10.0,上述三种类型焊接接头在2×106次疲劳强度级别可统一采用FAT135来表示.     

Effects of dilution and baseplate strength on stress distributions in multipass welds deposited using low transformation temperature filler alloys

Transformation plasticity can be utilised to control residual stresses in steel welds. This requires special filler alloys that transform at a sufficiently low temperature to compensate for accumulated thermal contraction strains. However, the welding parameters needed to optimise the effect in multipass joints have yet to be established. This topic has been investigated by characterising the residual stress distribution in multipass welds fabricated with different welding alloys and baseplates using neutron diffraction to assess the effects of dilution and baseplate strength. While the use of richly alloyed weld metal does enhance fatigue performance in single pass joints, the extent of stress relief that can be derived from transformation plasticity is reduced due to incomplete martensitic transformation when further layers are deposited. For all cases studied, compressive stresses were measured in the weld metal with balancing tensile stress in the heat affected zone of the plate. The magnitude of the tension was observed to be a function of the strength of the baseplate. Recommendations are also presented for the combination of welding and material parameters that lead to the optimum exploitation of transformation plasticity as a method for boosting the fatigue performance of multipass welded joints.     

Non-linear elastic stresses in a thin hard coating/an elastic substrate system subjected to a surface pressure distribution

A hard ceramic coating on elastic steel substrates has been increasingly used in the tribological applications in order to reduce wear rates and friction. In case a surface pressure is applied to the coating surface of a coating–substrate system, the stress and deformation states inside the coating and at the edges of the coating–substrate interface play important role in service life of the coating. In this study, the geometrically non-linear stress analysis of a thin hard coating–elastic substrate system subjected to a surface pressure was carried out using the incremental finite element method (IFEM) based on the small strain–large displacement theory (SSLD). The pressure distribution was considered for plane-strain and axisymmetric cases. The comparison of the stress distributions of an uncoated substrate determined analytically with the results of both the SSLD analysis and the small strain–small displacement (SSSD) analysis showed a good agreement. In addition, the stress analysis of a thin coating/substrate system was carried out based on the SSLD and SSSD theories. The stress distributions along the coating surface, coating–substrate interface and across the coating and substrate were investigated in detail. Both theories showed that the normal and shear stresses became critical in the coating and on the coating–substrate interface regions corresponding to the centre and ends of the surface pressure distribution. These stresses are a probable reason of the coating–substrate detachment encountered in practice. However, the SSSD theory can not predict accurately lower stress and strain variations arising at the edges of the coating and the coating–substrate interface since the SSSD theory neglects the effects of the large displacements whereas the SSLD theory found that the normal and shear stresses and strains at these critical locations had also non-linear variations as the applied load is increased. Increasing the coating modulus resulted in higher stresses in the coating and at the edges of the coating–substrate interface. In case of a thin coating, these critical stresses occurred in the substrate whereas they spread completely inside coating regions neighboring the coating–substrate interface for relatively thicker coatings. The SSLD analysis also predicted lower and non-linear normal, shear stress and strain variations at the critical locations in the coating and on the coating–substrate interface for different modulus ratios and coating thicknesses. Since the peak stresses arising along the coating surface and the coating–substrate interface were dependent on both the coating thickness and modulus it was not possible to determine an optimum coating thickness and modulus ratio reducing all stress components causing the coating failure. However, optimum coating thickness and modulus can be searched in a large solution space using the optimization techniques.     

人工机械心瓣热解碳 / 石墨界面结合强度分析

目的研究人工心瓣热解碳涂层与基体结合强度的影响因素,从而分析提高人工心瓣寿命的途径。方法通过改进的剪切试验法,得到人工机械心瓣热解碳涂层/石墨基体的平均界面剪切结合强度。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立三维模型,对人工机械心瓣热解碳涂层/石墨基体的界面剪切应力进行分析,将分析结果与试验结果进行对比。利用ANSYS验证不同涂层厚度以及不同涂层弹性模量的情况下,界面剪切应力的变化情况。结果试验所得的平均界面剪切结合强度为5.535 MPa,有限元分析得到的平均结合强度值为5.98 MPa。随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层与基体结合强度降低;随着涂层弹性模量的增加,涂层与基体结合强度增大,但弹性模量并非越大越好,应有一个合适的值。结论 ANSYS分析是准确的。制备热解碳涂层时,应尽量薄一些,热解碳的弹性模量相对石墨应尽量大一些。     

Effect of joint design on the failure behaviour of three-stack-up austenitic stainless steel resistance spot welds

Tensile shear tests were carried out on three-stack-up austenitic stainless steel resistance spot welds having four types of joint design. Mechanics-based criteria were applied to reveal the difference in the stress state at the microstructural level. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed evidence of the different stress states for different joint designs. Nugget rotation generated combined tensile/shear stress at the microstructural level. The peak load and the energy absorption of the joints reduced with the growth of the normal component of the global loads. Joints for which both interfaces bear the load were more prone to failure in pull-out mode.     

Finite element analysis of thermal stress in magnetron sputtered Ti coating

The thermal, shear and radial stresses generated in the Ti coating deposited on glass and Si substrates were investigated by finite element analysis (ANSYS). The four-node structural and quadratic element PLANE 42 with axisymmetric option were used to model the Ti coating on glass and Si substrates. The influence of deposition temperature, substrate and coating properties on the generation of thermal stress in Ti is analyzed. It is found that the thermal stress of Ti coating exhibits a linear relationship with deposition temperature and Young's modulus of the coating, but it exhibit an inverse relationship with the coating thickness. The results of simulated thermal stress are in accordance with the analytical method. The radial stress and shear stress distribution of the coating–substrate combination are calculated. It is observed that high tensile shear stress of Ti coating on glass substrate reduces its adhesive strength but high-compressive shear stress of Ti on Si substrate improves its adhesive strength.     

Static shear strength and fatigue life of refill friction stir spot welded AA 6061-T6 sheets

This study was aimed at evaluating the static shear strength and fatigue properties of the newly developed refilled friction stir spot welded AA 6061-T6 joints. The keyhole, the process disadvantage of conventional friction stir spot welding, was refilled successfully, using an additional filler plate, with specially designed tools. Two different tool profiles, namely, convex and concave, were used for the refilling process. Sound and defect free joints were obtained by the refilling process. Joints refilled with convex tools showed better static shear strength than those with the concave ones. The variation of microhardness in different regions of the weld was analysed. Fatigue tests were conducted on the lap shear specimens at a stress ratio of R?=?0·1. The optical micrographs of the welds after fatigue failure in both the conventional and refilled processes were examined to study the fatigue crack propagation and failure modes.     

低弹性模量钛合金用于钛烤瓷的力学分析

钛与烤瓷结合强度的不足制约了临床上钛瓷修复体的应用,本研究尝试引入低弹性模量钛合金烤瓷的概念,并用力学计算方法对金瓷界面承受剪切、中部弯曲载荷等破坏条件予以模拟和分析论证.结果表明,低弹性模量钛合金在承受剪切作用力时界面应力水平低于纯钛6%以上,在承受中部弯曲载荷条件下低弹性模量钛合金需要增加金属基底厚度(>2 mm)才能获得较好的刚度和应力分布,在临床条件下可以满足这一厚度要求.     

Optimal welding parameters for small-scale resistance spot welding with response surface methodology

In this study, Ti–1Al–1Mn thin foils with thickness of 0.05?mm were welded by small-scale resistance spot welding. Welding current, electrode force and welding time have been changed while other welding parameters remained constant. The welded joints were subjected to tensile shear tests for determining the values of shear force and absorption energy. A quadratic model of response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken design was employed in establishing regression equations between input variables (current, electrode force and time) and output variables (shear force, absorption energy, variance of shear force and variance of absorption energy). The models were satisfied in optimising the welding parameters. Besides, the microstructure analysis on the typical spot welds was also conducted.     

Mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel weld/adhesive hybrid bonds

Hybrid weld-adhesive bonding (AB) was used as an approach to improve the mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel resistance spot welds. The weld fusion zone in both techniques was composed of predominantly martensite and δ-ferrite. It was found that the presence of adhesive does not induce excess hardening effect in the fusion zone. It was shown that hybrid AB/resistance spot welding) i.e. weld-bonding) technique can double the peak load and energy absorption of the joints compared to those of the resistance spot welds. To obtain high performance weld-bonded joints, heat generation during welding should be controlled to produce weld bonds with large fusion zone size, but without detrimental effect on the adhesive strength.     

Analysis of manufacturing parameters on the shear strength of aluminium adhesive single-lap joints

An experimental and numerical investigation into the shear strength behaviour of aluminium alloy adhesive lap joints was carried out in order to understand the effect of geometrical and manufacturing parameters on the strength of adhesive bonding joints, with the aim of optimizing shear strength. The adherend material used for the experimental tests was an aluminium alloy in the form of thin sheets, and the adhesive used was a high strength epoxy. Five surface treatments were studied. The surface treatments process using sodium dichromate–sulphuric acid etch (CSA) and abrasive polishing (AP) resulted in improved joint shear strength when compared to acetone cleaning (SW), caustic etch (CE), and Tucker's reagent etch (TR). The decrease in surface roughness was found to increase the shear strength of single-lap joints. An increase in adherend thickness and overlap length was found to increase shear strength which means that an increase in joint rigidity increases its strength. A numerical analysis was developed to explain the effect of the geometrical parameters on rotation angle, stress and strain fields, and failure load. An increase in adherend thickness and overlap length decreases the joint rotation angle, reducing the plastic strain peak and therefore increasing the failure load.     

Effects of processing conditions on the mechanical properties and deformation behaviors of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings: Evaluation of residual stresses and mechanical properties of thermal barrier coatings on the basis of in situ curvature measurement under a wide range of spray parameters

A modified analytical model has been developed to describe the nonlinear elastic response and residual stress in plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on the basis of the measured curvature–temperature plot during the spraying process. Evolution of residual stresses and the nonlinear stress–strain relation of the coating during the cooling stage after deposition were identified and the strain-dependent coating modulus was obtained. Wide ranges of deposition temperature from 200 to 850 °C as well as that of passage thickness from 6 to 58 μm were explored in the experiments because significant changes in the TBC microstructure could be expected. The analyzed results were related to the processing parameters in spraying, such as the substrate temperature and passage thickness. A complicated interplay among the coating microstructure, residual stresses and mechanical properties was identified. Generally with increasing deposition temperature or passage thickness, denser microstructures were observed with an increase in elastic modulus. The nonlinear strain–stress curves of TBCs indicated that the coating modulus increased with compressive residual stress due to closing of microcracks and inter-splat sliding. Moreover, the coating modulus depended not only on the magnitude of residual stress but also on the coating thickness and it was found that the axial force, which is the product of the residual stress and coating thickness, could be used to express their synergistic effect.     

Influence of tool design on mechanical properties of AZ31 friction stir spot welds

Abstract

The influence of tool design on the energy output, microstructural features and overlap shear strength properties of friction stir spot welds made of AZ31 base material is examined. The mechanical properties of AZ31 friction stir spot welds made using three-flat/threaded tools are superior to those in joints made using a tool with a threaded pin at all tool rotational speed settings. It is proposed that the failure load properties are optimised when the friction stir spot welding operation is carried out in such a manner that it produces a large bonded width, a small v/t ratio (the height of the hook region above the sheet intersection divided by the thickness of the upper sheet) and a hook region, which is curved outwards from the tool axis.     

Static and fatigue performance of weld bonded dual phase steel sheets

Abstract

Lap joints of dual phase steel sheets of 1·0 mm were prepared by adhesive bonding, spot welding and weld bonding processes using a one component epoxy base structural adhesive. Mechanical properties of the joints were evaluated by tensile shear and fatigue tests. The size of the weld nugget for both spot weld and weld bond was measured for different welding parameters (current, time) and compared. For identical welding parameters, weld bonded nuggets exhibit higher nugget diameter. Tensile shear strength of weld bonded joints is 40 and 58% higher than spot welded joints and 15 and 39% higher than adhesive bonded joints and for DP590 and DP780 steels respectively. Considering 10⁶ cycles, the endurance limit of weld bonded joint is much higher than spot welded joint but smaller than adhesive bonded joints. Overall the performance of weld bonded joints is superior to those of resistance spot welding.     

Optimization of ceramic strength using elastic gradients

We present a new concept for strengthening ceramics by utilizing a graded structure with a low elastic modulus at both top and bottom surfaces sandwiching a high-modulus interior. Closed-form equations have been developed for stress analysis of simply supported graded sandwich beams subject to transverse center loads. Theory predicts that suitable modulus gradients at the ceramic surface can effectively reduce and spread the maximum bending stress from the surface into the interior. The magnitude of such stress dissipation is governed by the thickness ratio of the beam to the graded layers. We test our concept by infiltrating both top and bottom surfaces of a strong class of zirconia ceramic with an in-house prepared glass of similar coefficient of thermal expansion and Poisson’s ratio to zirconia, producing a controlled modulus gradient at the surface without significant long-range residual stresses. The resultant graded glass/zirconia/glass composite exhibits significantly higher load-bearing capacity than homogeneous zirconia.