青藏高原地震层析成像的研究进展

为研究青藏高原地壳上地幔深部结构构造特征,近年来开展了大量的宽频地震探测工作。笔者收集了最近十几年来在青藏高原内部及其周缘布设的宽频带临时台网和固定台站情况,综合论述了宽频地震层析成像方法在青藏高原深部结构探测,如地壳低速层、印度岩石圈地幔俯冲、青藏高原北部构造研究中所取得的成果。     

中国海城地震区地壳与上地幔构造特征的研究

研究表明,海城地震区地壳与上地幔构造特征可以归纳为如下四点:1.震区所处的辽南地区,其地壳是由高速与低速相间的成层介质组成,地壳与上地幔结构不论纵向和横向都是不均匀的,且被深大断裂切割为若干块体;2.本区地壳按其界面分布特征可分为上层地壳、中层地壳和下层地壳;3.本区地壳介质在纵向及横向上均存在明显的不均一性;4.海城地震震源区位于耿庄——海城上地幔局部隆起东侧的中层地壳上部。     

华南东南部上地幔远震P波速度结构及意义

本研究利用114个固定台站记录的121个远震事件,以钦杭结合带为中心,采用天然地震层析成像构建了华南东南部上地幔P波速度结构模型。研究结果表明：（1）钦杭结合带、武夷成矿带以及南岭成矿带的深部结构存在着差异,说明3个成矿带经历了不同的构造演化过程;（2）江绍断裂的上地幔中存在着低速异常,推测该低速异常为从地幔过渡带或者下地幔上涌的热物质,与钦杭结合带和武夷成矿带的成矿作用有着密切的关系;（3）下扬子地区上地幔底部的高速异常可能为拆沉的岩石圈,而华夏板块上地幔顶部的高速异常则有待进一步研究。本研究的结果为认识华南东南部的深部结构提供了新的证据。     

大陆岩石圈有效弹性厚度与有关地球物理参数的关系--以泉州-黑水地学断面为例

大陆岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te)是反映岩石圈综合强度的参数,它反映了岩石圈的整体特征。分析岩石圈有效样性厚度与反映深部地质特征的有关地球物理参数之间的关系,对研究控制Te的因素、各因素之间的关系以及探索大陆构造与大陆动力学等具有重要意义。泉州一黑水地学断面Te与地壳厚度、热岩石圈厚度、均衡重力异常、磁性构造层底面深度、上地幔低速层顶界面深度、上地幔低阻层顶面深度之间的关系研究表明：Te与大地热流关系密切的“热”地球物理参数磁性构造层底面深度、热岩石圈厚度相关性好;与地壳厚度有一定的相关性;上地幔低速层顶界面深度和上地幔低阻层顶面深度与大陆岩石圈Te相关性均较差。     

中国大陆特大型矿床地球物理背景研究

在研究中国数10条地球物理剖面(地震、大地热流、大地电磁测深剖面)和中国大陆及邻区剪切波三维速度结构资料的基础上,给出中国大陆地壳上地幔三维结构模型。讨论了中国特大型矿床产出的深部地球物理背景。指出特大型矿床虽然为数极少,但也具有成“点”“带”“面”的分布特征。大多数大中小矿床分布在不同构造单元的边界附近。特大型内生多金属矿床主要产在岩石圈地幔减薄部位、软流圈上隆(地震波垂向低速)区、地壳上地幔的横向不均匀区的变换带(地壳上地幔薄弱     

全国重力图的地质-地球物理解释

前言区域地球物理在发展地质基础理论和地震预报、成矿预测方面均具有非常重要的意义。东太平洋条带状磁异常的发现,古磁极的研究为全球构造学说奠定了基础;应用区域地球物理资料研究深部结构证明地壳与上地幔间存在着物质与能量的交换;地震低速带,磁大地电流高导电区的     

南海东北部及其邻近地区地壳上地幔P波速度结构

利用中国地震台网和ISC台站记录的P波到时数据,采用球坐标系有限差分地震层析成像方法反演了南海东北部及其邻近地区壳幔三维P波速度结构,并分析了不同地质单元的构造差异及其深部特征。结果表明:南海东北部表现出陆架地区的岩石层特性,属于华南大陆向海区的延伸,岩石层厚度较大,现今不存在大规模的地幔热流活动,推测大陆边缘张裂作用仅限于地壳内部而没有延伸进入上地幔,具有非火山型大陆边缘的深部特点。中央海盆附近上地幔P波速度明显降低,与海盆下方地幔热流活动密切相关。不同的速度异常特征表明:华南大陆暨台湾地区属于欧亚大陆的正常地壳或是与菲律宾海板块相互作用产生的增厚型地壳,冲绳海槽则是弧后扩张产生的减薄型地壳。滨海断裂带作为华南大陆高速异常和南海北部高速异常的分界,代表了一定地质时期华南地块和南海地块的拼合边界。断裂附近的上地幔低速异常揭示了闽粤沿海岩浆作用的深层动力机制。吕宋岛弧、马尼拉海沟、东吕宋海槽的速度异常与其所处的特殊构造位置有密切的关系,清晰地反映出岛弧俯冲带的地壳结构差异;台湾南部至吕宋岛弧的上地幔低速异常揭示了两个重要火山链的深部构造特征,北吕宋海脊下方100 km深度的条带状高速异常有可能代表了俯冲下沉的岩石层板片。     

华南东部地区上地幔P波速度结构研究

基于华南东部宽频地震流动台阵的观测资料,采用三维有限差分走时成像法(FDtomo),开展了华南东部地区地壳-上地幔三维P波速度结构成像研究,结果显示华南东部地区水平面内速度分布差异较大,约163 km以上的地壳到上地幔下扬子地块存在近EW向的相对低速异常,而华夏地块则为高速异常,约163 km以下的上地幔下扬子地块和华夏板块速度异常发生反转,且两者大致以江山—绍兴断裂带为界呈反对称,对比显著。笔者认为该结构特征反映了晚中生代扬子克拉通岩石圈的拆沉过程。这一成果对理解中国东部中生代以来的构造演化以及壳幔的动力学过程提供了新的证据。     

利用不规则网格地震层析成像研究2008年日本岩手地震及岛弧火山活动(英文)

为了深入了解日本东北俯冲带的地震构造及火山活动,利用布设在日本列岛上密集地震台网所记录到的高质量浅震及深震到时数据,反演求得了该区域地壳及上地幔的三维P波和S波速度结构。为了最大程度地利用地震数据提取模型空间中更为精细的速度结构信息,采用不规则网格模型采进行地震层析成像反演。所得的高分辨率成像结果清晰地显示,2008年岩手地震(M 7.2)位于高低速异常的转换区,而且震源区的地壳介质非均匀性极强。在震源区的下地壳及上地幔顶部存在着明显的低速异常,可能代表了岛弧岩浆和流体在该深度处的储集。研究结果表明,2008年岩手地震的产生受到了来自上地幔楔的岩浆和流体的影响,且这些岩浆和流体与俯冲太平洋板块的脱水作用有着密切的联系。     

地球深部壳-幔边界的层束精细结构与物理属性研究

地球深部壳幔边界的介质结构和属性在地球内部圈层结构,特别是岩石圈结构与深层动力过程的研究中占有重要地位。这不仅由于它是地壳与上地幔的分界,而且它与深部物质的分异、调整及其深、浅物质的运移和耦合密切相关。研究结果表明:①通过地震宽角反射和近垂直反射波场效应可分辨其精细结构;②壳幔边界具有高低速相间的薄层、层束状多态结构;③来自壳幔边界复杂结构的地震反射波和宽角反射波具有明显的和各异的波场特征,并具有明显的动力学响应;④壳幔边界是一个主体由榴辉岩组构的化学界面;⑤给出了壳幔边界的广义模式。     

On the seismic structure of Indian upper-mantle regions

Several velocity models on upper mantle regions of the world have been postulated during the last two decades. There has been a broad agreement amongst seismologists that upper mantle has got two transition zones, though the models differ in detail. These zones have been found to occur around ‘400 km’ and ‘650 km’ depth ranges with varying thicknesses of the zones. A limited number of such studies have been made on the upper mantle structure of the Indian subcontinent. High positive velocity gradients were reported to exist around the above depth range. Evidence for lateral heterogeneities has also been found. We address some problems like refinement of Indian upper mantle velocity models specially after considering the effect of scattering and attenuation on the short periodP-waves. The study of proper positioning of the cusps of the travel-time branches and their extension is essential as well. In our opinion, analysis of such problems would help in the better understanding of the nature of propagation of seismic waves and mechanism of earthquakes. Complexity of seismic signatures observed is another major problem and may also be taken into consideration.     

俯冲物质深地幔循环——地球动力学研究的一个新方向

地球上发生的各种地壳运动,大规模的火山喷发,不同深度不同规模的地震活动,规模宏大的山脉和高原的形成,以及地球历史上发生的大陆漂移运动,都被认为与板块构造活动密切相关.但这些运动的动力源究竟来自何方?如何去发现和证明它们的存在以及从理论上去认识和解释,是当今地球科学面临的巨大挑战,也是今后很长一段时间内地球科学的前沿和热...     

Seismic anisotropy tomography: New insight into subduction dynamics

Body-wave and surface-wave tomography, receiver-function imaging, and shear-wave splitting measurements have shown that seismic anisotropy and heterogeneity coexist in all parts of subduction zones, providing important constraints on the mantle flow and subduction dynamics. P-wave anisotropy tomography is a new but powerful tool for mapping three-dimensional variations of azimuthal and radial seismic anisotropy in the crust and mantle. P-wave azimuthal-anisotropy tomography has been applied widely to the Circum-Pacific subduction zones, Mainland China and North America, whereas P-wave radial-anisotropy tomography was applied to only a few areas including Northeast Japan, Southwest Japan and North China Craton. These studies have revealed complex anisotropy in the crust and mantle lithosphere associated with the surface geology and tectonics, anisotropy reflecting subduction-driven corner flow in the mantle wedge, frozen-in fossil anisotropy in the subducting slabs formed at the mid-ocean ridge, as well as olivine fabric transitions due to changes in water content, stress and temperature. Shear-wave splitting tomography methods have been also proposed, but their applications are still limited and preliminary. There is a discrepancy between the surface-wave and body-wave tomographic models in radial anisotropy of the mantle wedge beneath Japan, which is a puzzle but an intriguing topic for future studies.     

青藏高原莫霍面的研究进展

本文首先简要回顾了莫霍面的发现，介绍其基本性质，然后对青藏高原莫霍面研究的重要进展进行了评述。在区域尺度上，被动源地震(天然地震)方法研究结果勾勒出青藏高原地壳及岩石圈底部的深部构造轮廓。然而受分辨率的限制，天然地震结果给出的地壳及上地幔结构的细节不足。近年来已经用分辨率达到几千米甚至百米级的主动源地震(包括宽角反射与折射地震和深反射地震)方法，揭示出青藏高原地壳及上地幔的精细结构。本文对近30年来深地震探测获得的青藏高原各个地块的莫霍面深度、壳幔结构和上地幔盖层速度等基本数据进行了较系统的分析，并对青藏高原莫霍面研究存在的有关问题进行了讨论。     

Metallogeny linked to mantle dynamics in the Sanjiang Tethys region as inferred from P-wave teleseismic tomographic study

The Sanjiang Tethys tectonic domain is one of the major metallogenic belts in China. The magmatism and metallogeny in this region have been variously attributed to break-off of the subducted slab, delamination of the lower crust or lithosphere, and mantle plume upwelling. Previous seismic studies have identified prominent heterogeneity of velocity structure in the crust and mantle in this region. Here we synthesize teleseismic data recorded by China seismic networks and mobile seismic stations to generate tomographic images at various depth sections in the Sanjiang Tethys region. Our results clearly indicate zones of low velocity perturbation associated with mantle upwelling, which might suggest extensive crust-mantle interaction which possibly acted as the trigger for magmatism and metallogeny in this region.     

用数字地震资料探测上地幔深部间断面的研究

对利用数字地震波形资料探测上地幔深部间断面的研究进行了综述,并特别对利用宽频带资料的研究结果进行了介绍。在对80年代以来的研究状况进行概述的基础上,对目前存在的困难进行了分析。     

Multiscale seismic tomography and mantle dynamics

In this article we first introduce the methodology of multiscale seismic tomography and the way to interpret the obtained tomographic images, and then review the significant recent results of multiscale seismic tomography with emphasis on mantle plumes and subducting slabs. Global and regional tomography shows that most of the slab materials under Western Pacific and East Asia are stagnant in the mantle transition zone before finally collapsing down to the core–mantle boundary as a result of large gravitational instability from phase transitions. Local and teleseismic tomography studies have imaged clearly the subducting slabs and arc magma chambers in the upper-mantle wedge, indicating that geodynamic systems associated with arc magmatism and back-arc spreading are related to deep processes, such as convective circulation in the mantle wedge and dehydration reactions of the subducting slab. Because most hotspots are located in poorly instrumented continental and oceanic regions, 3-D crust and upper-mantle structure is determined for only a few hotspots such as Iceland, Yellowstone and Eifel which are covered by seismic networks, and plume-like slow anomalies are revealed under those hotspots. Global tomography has revealed deep mantle plumes under the major hotspots such as Hawaii, Iceland, Kerguelen, South Pacific and Africa. Strong lateral heterogeneities are revealed at the bottom of the mantle, which are associated with the deeply subducted slabs and the birth of mantle plumes. A thorough understanding of the deep Earth structure will only be achieved by a combination of more effective seismic imaging techniques and dense coverage of global seismic networks, particularly in the oceans.     

热柱、超级热柱及其成因的研究进展

从20世纪地幔热柱假说问世,经过30多年的发展,在地幔热柱的全球分布、鉴别特征、形态学和成因理论方面都有了长足的进步。特别是通过下地幔不均匀性的研究,发现了下地幔中存在的超级热柱和下地幔底层中的超低速带,为探讨热柱成因提供了重要依据。     

Was Archean Dharwar Craton ever stable? A seismic perspective

Indian shield comprising a number of Archean-Proterozoic cratons, forms one of the most dynamic, sheared and deformed continental segment amongst all stable areas of the earth. However, for a long time it has been believed that its lithosphere remained unaffected by episodic tectono-thermal and volcanic perturbations. Using available seismic data, an attempt has been made to study the seismic structure of the south Indian shield in order to examine the effects of such mantle processes on its overall crust-mantle structure. Our study suggests that by and large, Indian crust is intermediate to mafic in composition. On an average, only a couple of kilometers of the initially formed upper (granitic-gneissic) crust now remains in place and a thick chunk of the original lower crust has been consumed by the underlying thermally buoyant mantle due to sub-crustal erosion and then subsequently replaced by possibly as much as about 16 km thick magma layer on either side of the Moho. This study throws a new light on the geologic and geodynamic evolution of this region and contradicts the hitherto believed paleo-stability of the Indian shield.     

地震波各向异性：窥测地球深部构造的“探针”

地震波各向异性日益成为不可忽视的地质地球物理现象。地球内部不同圈层（地壳、地幔和地核）都存在着地震波各向异性，并表现为不同的规模（小到单矿物和岩石，大到地体甚至上地幔）和强度。通过地震波各向异性可以间接获取岩石圈厚度、地球深部结构与构造变形、地球动力学和地幔对流等信息。主要从地震波各向异性的表现形式、原因及地质地球物理意义等方面对近年来大洋俯冲带、大陆裂谷、地幔转换带和大陆碰撞造山带（青藏高原）等构造环境中的研究成果进行了评述，讨论了各向异性[JP2]研究中需要重视的几个问题：①剪切波分辨率；②矿物组构研究；③其它各向异性成因机制。还强调了各向异性研究与流变学、高温高压岩石物理实验相结合的新方向。