纺织用甲壳素纤维的研究进展

甲壳素及甲壳胺纤维具有生物可相容性、生物可降解性、无毒性及良好的抗菌性能等特点,已经被应用于纺织服装行业以及医用卫生材料的生产中。介绍了纺织用甲壳素及甲壳胺纤维的制备方法及几个国内外甲壳素纤维品种,分析了甲壳素纤维的应用领域。     

甲壳素纤维制备过程中溶剂体系的选择比较

可吸收甲壳素缝合线由于受到生产规模的限制而使得大规模的临床应用受到限制。甲壳素缝合线制备的原料是甲壳素纤维,而甲壳素纤维生产工艺的关键是选择合适的溶剂,以制备可纺性良好的纺丝原液。文章对甲壳素和壳聚糖纺丝原液溶剂的选择进行了归纳,并对他们的性能进行比较,并对溶剂选择的发展趋势进行展望。     

间接法生产甲壳素纤维

由于天然甲壳素结晶度高,在湿法纺丝过程中溶解甲壳素时需要使用价格较高的有机溶剂。甲壳素脱乙酰基后得到的甲壳胺可以很方便地溶解在稀醋酸水溶液中,经喷丝孔挤出后用稀碱中和沉淀即可得到甲壳胺纤维。在甲壳胺纤维上加上乙酰基后可以得到再生甲壳素纤维。介绍了在用乙酸酐处理甲壳胺纤维制备再生甲壳素纤维过程中,反应时间、反应温度、乙酸酐用量对乙酰化的影响。     

新型仿生化纤维的制备与纤维性能评价

为提高纤维素纤维和壳聚糖纤维的生物相容性能并保持纤维原有的力学机械强度,在其单纤维纺丝溶液中添加原胶原蛋白、丝素蛋白、甲壳素等,经湿法纺丝,考察了各种混合纤维的密度、直径、纤度、强度、伸长率等性能的变化。研究结果表明:壳聚糖纤维中混合原胶原蛋白后,纤维纤度增加,但对纤维的伸长和强度影响不大;当原胶原蛋白含量达10%时,纤维伸长率最大。纤维素纤维因添加了丝素后,强度、伸长下降,但添加第三组分甲壳素后表现出优异的机械性能。扫描电镜对混合纤维的形貌分析证实了生物材料与甲壳素、壳聚糖及纤维素间存在着良好的共混相容性,对纤维性能起到改善的作用。     

甲壳素纤维的开发与应用

本文简要介绍了甲壳素的制取及利用甲壳素纺制低强低伸型甲壳素纤维；利用甲壳素酯化制成甲壳素乙酯／甲酯，然后制成高强低伸型甲壳素纤维的两种工艺技术路线。阐述了甲壳素纤维有医疗卫生方面的产品开发和应用。     

甲壳素纤维的成形、改性及应用研究进展

介绍了甲壳素纤维目前的国内外发展现状。阐述了甲壳素的纤维成形及改性方法,纤维成形方法有湿法纺丝、发酵法;改性方法有交联法、间接生产法、涂层法及物理共混法。同时简要概括了甲壳素纤维在混纺纱、织物及非织造布的拓展应用。     

甲壳素及其衍生物纤维的研究进展

回顾了用不同溶剂溶解甲壳素并纺制纤维的尝试,以及壳聚糖乙酸水溶液的纺丝工艺和通过后处理提高壳聚糖纤维强度的方法;对甲壳素和壳聚糖的化学改性和衍生物纤维的制备作了综述。     

医用天然高聚物纤维

天然高聚物纤维具有合成纤维无法比拟的良好的生物相容性、可生物降解性等优良性能，因此其在卫生医学领域的应用得到了广泛关注。介绍了海藻酸纤维、甲壳素类纤维、蛋白纤维等天然聚合物纤维作为医用材料的研究进展。     

甲壳素和甲壳胺纤维质量的影响因素

概述了影响甲壳素和甲壳胺纤维质量的因素,如甲壳素和甲壳胺的品质、纺丝原液的溶剂选择及浓度的确定、凝固浴的确定;简述了通过化学改性来改善甲壳素和甲壳胺纤维性能;介绍了国内外为改善纤维质量所作的最新研究。     

甲壳素和壳聚糖纤维的开发与应用

介绍了甲壳素和壳聚糖纤维的发展历史，以及甲壳素纤维的制备方法和开发及应用近况。     

Investigation of the clean patterning possibilities on cotton socks through laser technology

The aim of this research is to reveal the effect of laser treatment at different resolutions (10, 20 and 30 dpi) and pixel times (80, 100 and 120 μs) on reactive dye uptake of cotton fabrics and the fastness values obtained. Yellowness index, Fourier Transform–infrared analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis and bursting strength tests were applied to samples. The samples treated with laser were dyed in lighter shades than the untreated ones, with all three of the reactive dyes used in the experiments. In general, colour yield values decreased when the resolution and pixel time increased. However, no significant change was observed in washing, rubbing, light and perspiration fastness values. The possibilities of obtaining various patterns on cotton socks dyed with reactive dyes by laser treatment at different resolutions and pixel times were also investigated. According to the results, it was determined that if laser treatment was not applied to some parts of reactive dyed cotton socks, and 10 dpi 100 μs and 20 dpi 100 μs laser was applied to other parts of those socks, then it was possible to obtain patterns with different shades of the same colour on the socks. On the other hand, laser application after dyeing does not have a negative effect on fastness values. After determining the optimum conditions for the laser process, non-see-through tights were produced with cotton yarn on the front and polyester/elastane yarn on the back, and patterns were obtained by applying laser treatment before or after dyeing via sample scale industrial production.     

涤纶拉伸变形丝平衡时间与物理性能的关系

通过探讨平稳时间对涤纶拉伸变形丝(DTY)袜带风格、物理指标及集束状态等物理性能的影响,评价了不同平衡时间的DTY对客户使用的适宜性,为细化生产管理提供了参考。     

活性炭改性涤纶短纤维的研发及应用

将粉碎好的竹炭颗粒均匀地分散在聚酯切片中,纺制成具有吸附、抑菌等功能的活性炭改性涤纶短纤维。用该种纤维可以制成具有一定功能的毛巾、保暖内衣、袜子、床垫、口罩、工业滤材等产品,应用非常广泛。     

Water and Effluent Charges and Water-consumption Studies on Six Product Groups for the Knitting Industry

Charges for water and effluent are rising and problems of availability of the former and disposal of the latter are growing. Extensive relevant studies by Hatra of water consumption and conservation, in the dyeing of nylon hose, nylon socks, acrylic garments, wool garments, wool hank, and synthetic knitted fabric, completed some years ago, are outlined with emphasis on factors leading to economies.     

X-ray CT observation of a “mosaic-tiling” structure and a “worm-like” structure in the ternary polymer blends

Two novel phase-separation morphology are reported in the ternary polymer blends of poly(propylene)/nylon-12/poly(lactic acid) by utilizing a high-contrast X-ray computerized tomography. One is a “mosaic-tiling” structure, where each of three components forms equally-sized droplets in a three-dimensional tessellation manner. The other morphology is a “worm-like” structure. Two components of the three form successive droplets like stripe socks. These results strongly suggest the wide variety of the phase-separation morphologies in ternary polymer blends.     

Antimicrobial N‐halamine coatings synthesized via vapor‐phase assisted polymerization

An N‐halamine monomer, 3‐allyl‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (ADMH), was synthesized by a Gabriel reaction of 5,5‐dimethylhydantoin and 3‐bromopropene. Antimicrobial coatings of poly[1‐(4,4‐dimethyl‐2,5‐dioxoimidazolidin‐1‐methyl)ethylene] were prepared on plasma‐treated PET fabrics via a vapor‐phase assisted polymerization (VAP) process using gasified ADMH as monomer. The coatings endow the PET fabrics with an antimicrobial efficiency greater than 80% for both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus after chlorination of the N‐halamine polymer with dilute bleach solution. The obtained antimicrobial effect has remarkable durability that can bear over 30 times of stringent laundering tests. Compared with other antimicrobial finishing methods, the VAP methodology offers great advantages in needless of organic solvents and small consumption of monomer. It has potential applications in a wide variety of fields such as hygienic clothing, underwear, socks, and medical textiles. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41824.     

Antibacterial N‐halamine coating on cotton fabric fabricated using mist polymerization

3‐Methylallyloxy‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (MH), an methacrylate monomer containing N‐halamine moiety, was synthesized by 5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (DMH) and methacryloyl chloride. Antimicrobial coating of poly[1‐methyl‐1‐(4,4‐dimethyl‐2,5‐dioxoimidazolidin‐carbonyl)ethylene] (PMH) was prepared on cotton fabrics via “mist polymerization” using MH as monomer. The coating gave the cotton fabric with efficient antibacterial function with remarkable durability. In the antibacterial tests, the bacteriostatic reduction rate is greater than 99.78%, and can be maintained over 99.00% even after 30 washing cycles. Compared with other antimicrobial technologies, mist polymerization offers advantages such as achieving antimicrobial function by small consumption of monomer, forming coatings on single‐side of the fabrics, and minimizing the damages on the original properties of cotton during the finishing process. It can be applied in a wide variety of textile products such as sportswear, underwear, socks, and medical textiles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44897.     

Aquatic Toxicity Effects and Risk Assessment of ‘Form Specific’ Product-Released Engineered Nanomaterials

The study investigated the toxicity effects of ‘form specific’ engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and ions released from nano-enabled products (NEPs), namely sunscreens, sanitisers, body creams and socks on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Spirodela polyrhiza, and Daphnia magna. Additionally, risk estimation emanating from the exposures was undertaken. The ENMs and the ions released from the products both contributed to the effects to varying extents, with neither being a uniform principal toxicity agent across the exposures; however, the effects were either synergistic or antagonistic. D. magna and S. polyrhiza were the most sensitive and least sensitive test organisms, respectively. The most toxic effects were from ENMs and ions released from sanitisers and sunscreens, whereas body creams and sock counterparts caused negligible effects. The internalisation of the ENMs from the sunscreens could not be established; only adsorption on the biota was evident. It was established that ENMs and ions released from products pose no imminent risk to ecosystems; instead, small to significant adverse effects are expected in the worst-case exposure scenario. The study demonstrates that while ENMs from products may not be considered to pose an imminent risk, increasing nanotechnology commercialization may increase their environmental exposure and risk potential; therefore, priority exposure cases need to be examined.     

面向跌落仿真的手机外壳注塑成型优化

手机跌落往往会造成外壳的脆性断裂,其原因主要是由于塑件在成型过程中存在熔接痕,影响了其强度。这里通过Moldflow软件分析制定浇口位置的5个方案,根据这5种方案判断熔接痕可能存在的位置,针对熔接痕的位置制定跌落仿真方案,通过跌落测试确定最小应力的熔接痕位置,从而选择对应浇口位置方案,最后进行成型优化。采用这种方法,可以提高塑件的质量,减少成本,缩短产品开发周期。