猪肾中抗菌药物残留筛选方法研究

本实验用拭子法对猪肾脏中的7种常用抗菌药物（包括青霉素、氨苄青霉素、庆大霉素、新霉素、金霉素、恩诺沙星、红霉素）残留进行了研究。用添加法测定了猪肾组织以上7种药物的检测限和假阴性率。结果表明拭子法对以上药物的检测限均低于我国规定的最低残留限量，并且该方法检测组织中的庆大霉素、新霉素、金霉素、恩诺沙星、红霉素没有发现假阴性．对检测青霉素和氨苄青霉素有假阴性的产生。用国外同类方法（试剂盒）对10种抗菌药物（青霉素、金霉素、红霉素、恩诺沙星、庆大霉素、磺胺二甲嘧啶、三甲氧苄胺嘧啶、林可霉素、喹乙醇、氯霉素）与所建拭子法进行比较．发现它们之间的差异较小。本研究表明：拭子法达到国外试剂盒水平．是一种有效的猪肾组织中抗菌药物残留检测方法。提示：在我国的残留监控中有良好的应用前景。     

TTC法检测牛奶中的抗菌药物

针对用TTC法检测牛奶抗菌药物残留过程中因为在被检乳样中加入指示菌的数量不稳定而影响检测的问题,本研究增设了菌液稀释度试验以确定加入的菌液量。同时,采用TTC法对奶牛场常用的几种抗菌药物检测其在乳中的最低检测浓度。结果是青霉素3μg/kg,链霉素660μg/kg,庆大霉素620μg/kg,卡那霉素6200μg/kg,红霉素30μg/kg,环丙沙星500μg/kg,土霉素100μg/kg,金霉素100μg/kg,磺胺嘧啶100μg/kg。本研究用TTC法对青霉素、红霉素、土霉素、金霉素和磺胺嘧啶的检测灵敏度均达到农业部规定的牛乳中兽药残留最高限量要求。TTC法具有简便、价廉的优点,并且所检测的抗菌素范围较广,符合我国奶牛场中使用抗菌药物种类较多的现状。     

牦牛致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

采集川西北草原红原县牧区具有腹泻症状的牦牛新鲜粪样,分离鉴定出致病性大肠杆菌40株;选取10种常用的抗菌药物对分离菌株进行了药敏试验。结果表明,分离菌株对庆大霉素、硫酸新霉素、氟哌酸、土霉素和恩诺沙星高度敏感,敏感率达100%(40/40),多数菌株对氨苄青霉素、链霉素、头孢唑啉耐药,耐药率分别为50%(20/40)、42.5%(15/40)和40%(16/40)。     

胶体金免疫层析法测定牛奶中β-内酰胺类抗生素和三聚氰胺残留

应用胶体金免疫层析法对牛奶中的β-内酰胺类抗生素和三聚氰胺残留进行检测,考察该法的灵敏度、假阳性率、假阴性率、特异性及准确性。结果表明：用胶体金免疫层析法测定牛奶中的β-内酰胺类抗生素和三聚氰胺,检测限分别为青霉素G 2μg/L、氨苄青霉素3μg/L、阿莫西林4μg/L、苯唑青霉素6μg/L、邻氯青霉素6μg/L、双氯青霉素6μg/L、萘夫西林20μg/L、头孢喹肟20μg/L、头孢哌酮40μg/L、头孢曲松50μg/L、头孢噻呋90μg/L、头孢洛宁10μg/L、三聚氰胺50μg/L,假阳性率不大于5%,假阴性率为0;方法特异性较好,与牛奶中常见的其他抗生素无交叉反应;结果准确可靠,对实际样本的检测结果与液相色谱-质谱/质谱法基本一致。该方法简便、快速、准确、稳定,可作为牛奶中β-内酰胺类抗生素和三聚氰胺残留现场快速检测的一种有效手段。     

高效液相色谱法测定鸡血浆中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星含量

为了研究雏鸡血浆中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星含量及代谢规律,建立了本HPLC方法。血浆样品中的药物采用乙腈提取和净化,荧光检测器检测,激发波长278nm,发射波长450nm;流动相为0.05mol/L磷酸/三乙胺-乙腈(82:18,V/V)溶液。结果表明,血浆中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的含量在0.05～10mg/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999。在低、中、高三个添加浓度(0.05、0.5、10mg/L)下平均回收率在87.26%～106.36%之间,日内变异系数低于8.97%,日间变异系数低于7.92%,检测限和定量限分别为0.01mg/L和0.05mg/L。本方法建立的血浆提取净化和检测条件可用于准确测定鸡血浆中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的含量。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定生鲜乳中四环素类和β-内酰胺类药物残留

试验旨在建立了反相液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定生鲜乳中四环素类和β-内酰胺类药物残留的方法,可用于生鲜乳中四环素、金霉素、土霉素和强力霉素等4种四环素类和阿莫西林、苄青霉素、氨苄青霉素、苯唑西林、氯唑西林、头孢氨苄、头孢噻呋等7种β-内酰胺类药物残留的同时测定。结果表明:11种化合物溶液浓度在1~80μg/L有较好的线性关系,γ>0.99,方法的检出限在0.1～1μg/L。苄青霉素的回收率较低,只有60%左右,其他化合物的回收率均在81%～119%、相对标准偏差在1.23%～14.80%。方法的灵敏度较高,且简便、快速,可以较好的解决目标物极性差别大及牛奶中蛋白质对检测结果的干扰等问题,能够很好的满足生鲜乳中抗生素残留检测的需要。     

家禽常用药物及其用法用量

药物名称别名及主要用途用法与用量注意事项青霉素G(PenicillinG)又名青霉素、苄青霉素抗菌药物肌注:5万～10万单位/千克体重与四环素等酸性药物及磺胺类药有配伍禁忌氨苄青霉素(Ampicillin)又名氨苄西林、氨比西林抗菌药物拌料:0.02%～0.05%肌注:25～40毫克/千克体重同青霉素G阿莫西林(Amoxicillin)又名羟氨苄青霉素抗菌药物饮水或拌料:0.02%～0.05%同青霉素G头孢噻呋(Ceftiofur)抗菌药物肌注:0.1毫克/只用于1日龄雏鸡红霉素(Erythromycin)抗菌药物饮水:0.005%～0.02%拌料:0.01%～0.03%不能与莫能菌素、盐霉素等抗球虫药合用罗红霉素(R…     

五种抗菌药物从猪、鸡饲料至有机肥中的药物残留迁移规律研究

为研究抗菌药物从饲料向畜禽粪肥转移的残留迁移规律,将40头猪和200羽鸡分为饲喂组和空白对照组进行饲喂对照实验和粪便堆肥发酵实验,其中空白对照组使用普通全价饲料,饲喂组在饲料中加入盐酸金霉素50 mg/kg、磷酸泰乐菌素50 mg/kg、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶各50 mg/kg、恩诺沙星150 mg/kg、二甲氧苄啶10 mg/kg,每日及时对各组实验动物粪便进行采集,样品经提取和净化后使用液相色谱-串联质谱进行分析定量。所得结果表明,猪、鸡饲喂含多种抗生素饲料后粪便中可以检出抗菌药物原型,其可能进入有机肥料发酵制作的环节。参照猪、鸡粪便中排出抗菌药物含量峰值建立模型对发酵期间粪肥中抗菌药物含量进行采样测定,结果显示,恩诺沙星、泰乐菌素和二甲氧苄啶在堆肥过程中会由于温度升高和氧化作用发生降解,其半衰期在5周左右,到10周后其含量低于检测限;但金霉素和磺胺对甲氧嘧啶被少量降解,残留迁移风险较高。     

内蒙古呼和浩特及包头地区牛乳房内感染葡萄球菌的药敏试验

对内蒙古呼和浩特和包头地区4个奶牛场或养牛集中区20株已鉴定的奶牛乳房内感染葡萄球菌进行了药敏试验.试验菌株普遍对头孢噻吩、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、新霉素、四环素、氯霉素、洁霉素、红霉素、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、新生霉素高度敏感.从使用青霉素类频繁的牛场分离到的菌株对青霉素G和氨苄青霉素不敏感.     

动物源性食品中β-内酰胺类药物残留检测微生物抑制法的建立

为建立动物源性食品中β-内酰胺类药物残留检测的微生物抑制方法,对敏感菌嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌ATCC10149选择性和特异性、样品提取方法、平板制备条件、方法检出限等技术参数进行研究;对肉、鱼、虾和牛乳等动物源性食品作添加试验进行方法验证.室内验证结果的重复性标准差在3.094%～11.14%,再现性标准差在3.141%～13.30%;室间验证结果无显著性差异.建立的方法可用于动物源性食品中苄青霉素、氨苄青霉素、羟氨苄青霉素、邻氯青霉素、双氯青霉素、苯唑青霉素和头孢噻呋7种β-内酰胺类药物残留检测,且能满足各国限量要求.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.