氧浓度对典型吸音材料燃烧特性影响

用氧气可变的气体控制系统火焰蔓延仪对聚酯纤维吸音板、阻燃聚酯纤维吸音板、木质吸音板、防火木质吸音板等典型吸音板材在不同的氧气体积分数(16.00%,20.95%,30.00%,40.00%)条件下进行燃烧实验,测定引燃时间、热释放速率、质量损失速率、有效燃烧热等。对比分析贫氧、富氧及正常空气氛围下典型吸音材料燃烧特性,归纳氧浓度对该类材料热释放速率、产烟速率等参数的影响规律。结果表明:相同氧浓度下,阻燃处理试样比未处理试样的热释放速率均值有不同程度的降低;当气体环境从氧气体积分数为20.95%向富氧状态变化时产烟总量随着氧气体积分数的增大而减小。     

好氧微生物耗氧速率的在线测量

耗氧速率是可以表征污水处理中好氧微生物活性的重要指标,论文通过对耗氧速率测量原理的深入探讨,建立了Matlab中软测量模型,实现了对该指标的在线实时软测量。耗氧速率实时测量对于好氧微生物污水处理系统中,维持微生物活性及污水处理效果和效率,有着十分重要的意义。     

甲氧苄啶对好氧活性污泥硝化作用的长期影响

通过考察活性污泥硝化作用、微观结构以及微生物群落结构的变化,研究甲氧苄啶(TMP)对好氧活性污泥的长期影响。结果表明,长期运行过程中不同浓度的TMP均对氨氮的去除有抑制作用,但该抑制作用是可逆的,在25 d后可恢复到高效去除氨氮水平。连续运行30 d后的典型周期试验发现,在不同TMP浓度下,硝化性能在周期内依旧受到一定程度的抑制,但在周期结束时氨氮均能得到稳定去除;此外,在10 mg/L的高浓度TMP条件下,亚硝态氮会出现积累。扫描电镜观察发现,随着TMP浓度的升高,污泥絮体破裂程度加剧,污泥颗粒变小。微生物群落结构分析表明,优势菌群中放线菌门相比拟杆菌门对TMP有更强的耐受性,另外,硝化螺旋菌门对TMP有较强的耐受性,随着TMP浓度的升高,硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度从0. 84%升高至1. 60%;属水平上,TMP对Flavobacterium菌属的抑制最明显。     

厌氧/好氧交替下SBR的短程硝化研究

为了研究过度厌氧对短程硝化的影响,采用SBR反应器,在pH值为7.2～8.0、温度为(23±0.5)℃的条件下,通过控制不同的厌氧段时间考察了厌氧/好氧交替方式下短程硝化的特点,分析了过度厌氧对亚硝酸盐积累率、亚硝化菌和硝化菌的比耗氧速率、脱氮除磷特性、同步硝化反硝化(SND)率及污泥沉降性的影响。结果显示,两个系统对氨氮的去除率都达到了96%,亚硝酸盐积累率稳定在70%左右,即过度厌氧对短程硝化无明显影响;硝化过程中发生了明显的同步脱氮现象,而且在小于0.4 mg/L的范围内,平均溶解氧浓度越高则SND率越高;除磷率都达到了95%,过度厌氧不会增加厌氧阶段的释磷量,吸磷主要发生在好氧前0.5 h,DO浓度越高则吸磷速率越快;两个系统的污泥沉降性都得到了改善,过度厌氧对抑制丝状菌膨胀的强化作用不大。     

燃油消耗对飞机油箱平衡氧浓度的影响

加装惰化系统是飞机燃油箱防爆的重要方式,油箱氧浓度变化规律是惰化系统设计的基础研究内容,燃油消耗作为影响氧浓度变化的因素,对飞机油箱氧浓度变化具有不可忽略的影响。提出一种考虑燃油消耗参量的油箱气相空间氧浓度的计算模型,结合飞机真实飞行的数据中的分段油耗变化关系,分析了各飞行阶段燃油消耗对飞机油箱氧浓度变化的影响,以及初始载油率和燃油温度对平衡氧浓度的影响,并与未考虑燃油消耗下的飞机油箱氧浓度变化情况进行比较。研究结果表明,在爬升、巡航和下降阶段,燃油消耗对平衡氧浓度计算结果影响较大,在滑出、起飞和进近着陆阶段影响较小;在滑出、起飞阶段和在进近着陆阶段,初始载油率对氧浓度的影响不大,而在爬升、巡航和下降阶段,初始载油率越高,飞机油箱的平衡氧浓度值越高,且随着初始载油率的降低,同一飞行高度下的平衡氧浓度值降低。不同海平面温度对各个阶段气相空间氧浓度均具有不同程度的影响。     

烟气脱硫石膏和尾矿粉掺量对硫氧镁水泥性能的影响

研究了不同掺量烟气脱硫石膏、尾矿粉对硫氧镁水泥水化硬化热效应、抗折强度、抗压强度、耐水性能和体积稳定性能的影响.结果表明,烟气脱硫石膏能够提高硫氧镁水泥水化放热峰值温度,并缩短放热峰值温度出现的时间.尾矿粉的掺入能够延缓硫氧镁水泥水化硬化反应速率,提高硫氧镁水泥的抗压强度,降低其抗折强度和耐水性,对硫氧镁水泥的体积稳定性有所改善.     

好氧颗粒污泥吸附Zn2+的研究

以不同粒径的好氧颗粒污泥作为吸附剂吸附水中的重金属Zn2+,分析了颗粒污泥的粒径在不同初始Zn2+浓度和初始污泥浓度下对吸附效果的影响;同时以活性污泥为对照,对比研究了两种吸附剂对重金属Zn2+的吸附效果.研究发现,好氧颗粒污泥具有多孔结构,吸附过程满足一级可逆反应方程;小颗粒的吸附容量较大颗粒的高;颗粒污泥的解吸率均低于普通活性污泥的.可见,好氧颗粒污泥可作为含Zn2+废水的生物吸附剂.     

养鱼池底泥耗氧速率的研究

本文用新的底泥耗氧速率的测定方法,探讨了此方法的精密度和水温及底泥中有机质对鱼池底泥耗氧速率的影响。用此方法研究鱼池底泥耗氧速率.发现在培育期内北力养鱼池底泥耗氧速率一般为0.4～1.6gO_2·m^(-2)·d(-2)·d^(-1),鱼池底泥耗氧速率占鱼池总耗氧的比率在5％～20％之间,还对新老池底泥耗氧速率进行了比较。     

限氧EGSB反应器运行机理的研究

通过EGSB反应器的运行试验考察了限氧条件下的微生物代谢途径.结果表明,适量氧的加入能够提高EGSB反应器对COD的去除率,降低出水VFA浓度;氧化还原电位是限氧EGSB反应器最理想的运行控制参数,一般在～380～- 400 mV之间.从分子水平上讲,为保证限氧系统的理想运行,氧利用率(OUR)必须满足以下条件:通过电子传递系统尽可能多地氧化由发酵途径产生的NADH2或FADH2,而TCA循环被维持在最低水平.为此,对于EGSB反应器内的厌氧产甲烷过程,最有利的措施是向EGSB反应器内加入适量氧,使系统处于最佳产甲烷状态.     

DO对有机物降解速率及污泥沉降性能的影响

就SBR法处理啤酒废水过程中溶解氧 (DO)对有机物降解反应的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,DO浓度对有机物降解速率的影响遵循Monod方程式。当反应过程中DO >2 .0mg/L时 ,有机物比降解速率受DO浓度的影响不大 ;当DO <0 .8mg/L时 ,有机物比降解速率与DO浓度呈正相关。试验中还求得了DO浓度影响有机物降解速率的动力学常数———氧饱和常数 (KO2 )与有机物最大比降解速率 (Vmax) ,同时对反应过程中不同恒定DO浓度与污泥沉降性能之间的关系进行了探讨。     

城市污泥堆肥添加猪粪的功效研究

了解和调控高温堆肥过程中堆体内氧气浓度的变化,对于进一步优化堆肥工艺具有重要的意义.为此,利用自主研发的堆肥实时、在线自动监测系统,考察了城市污泥、猪粪以及城市污泥和猪粪混合堆肥过程中氧气浓度的变化.结果表明,添加猪粪可有效改善城市污泥堆肥的通气性;夏季堆肥的通气性好于冬季;降低堆体高度可以适当减少CTB调理剂的用量,并改善了堆体的通气性.     

Assessment of the Burning Rate of Liquid Fuels in Confined and Mechanically-Ventilated Compartments using a Well-Stirred Reactor Approach

The objective of this work is to provide a ‘support tool’ to assess the burning rate of a pool fire in a well-confined and mechanically-ventilated room using a single-zone model based on conservation equations for mass, energy and oxygen concentration. Such configurations are particularly relevant for nuclear facilities where compartments are generally sealed from one another and connected through a ventilation network. The burning rates are substantially affected by the dynamic interaction between the fuel mass loss rate and the rate of air supplied by mechanical ventilation. The fuel mass loss rate is controlled by (i) the amount of oxygen available in the room (i.e. vitiation oxygen effect) and (ii) the thermal enhancement via radiative feedback from the hot gas to the fuel surface. The steady-state burning rate is determined by the ‘interplay’ and balance between the limiting effect of oxygen vitiation and the enhancing effect of radiative feedback. An extensive sensitivity study over a wide range of fuel areas and mechanical ventilation rates shows that a maximum burning rate may be obtained. For the studied HTP (Hydrogenated Tetra-Propylene) pool fires, the maximum burning rate is up to 1.75 times the burning rate in open air conditions.     

基于EnergyPlus对南京地区应用夜间通风预测

为了对南京地区进行夜问通风的可行性进行预测,选取南京地区某典型办公楼,利用建筑全能耗模拟软件EnergyPlus进行了模拟研究。在典型气象条件下,分别考虑了通风时间,换气次数等因素对室内温湿度及空气比焓的影响。将室内空气焓值的变化等效为空气源热泵空调耗电量,通过对比空调的耗电量与通风风机的耗电量,得出最佳的换气次数,并进行了节能效果分析。结果表明：通风时间选择在室外温度较低的时间段内较为合适。换气次数在不同的通风时间下对应不同的临界点,当换气次数小于临界点的换气次数时,等效空调耗电量大于风机耗电量,此时具有节能效果。当通风时间为6：00～6：30时,换气次数为1-2ac／h时,等效空调的耗电量与风机的耗电量差值的绝对值最大,半小时通风的最大节能达到3．6kWh。     

旧厨房空调换气系统改进及测试分析

酒店旧厨房空调换气系统的设计方法存在问题，而导致换气次数高、热能消耗过大。根据不同换气次数条件下污染物浓度分布特点和酒店厨房自身的运作特点，对送风方式、送风位置和排风系统配置做了改进。以组合风幕送风方式将室外新风直接送到炉灶周围和厨师呼吸区污染物浓度超标部位，高效率地满足煤气燃烧需氧量要求、快速稀释超标部位污染物浓度；利用风幕的空气动力控制污染物溢出，减少残留率；采用主、副送排风系统，在煤气用量高峰段和非高峰段分开使用。改进后测试结果表明：换气次数30次／h时厨师呼吸区CO、CO2浓度不超标，残留率减少16％，炉子燃烧状况良好，系统节能显著，运行效果稳定。     

A simple respirometric technique for assessing compost stability

Stability is an important compost quality characteristic, but also one that is difficult to measure. A simple respirometric technique for the assessment of compost stability (SOUR test) was developed, that utilises a dissolved oxygen probe to measure changes in the oxygen concentration in an aqueous compost extract, under conditions ensuring optimum microbial activity and maximum reaction rates. A fully automated procedure is described and possible problems are discussed. The method was used to follow changes in stability of sewage sludge composts from a commercial plant using the windrow composting system. Two different batches of material were monitored. Results were compared with three other stability tests, a respirometric method utilising solid compost samples and the COD and optical density of compost water extracts. Both respiration tests indicated increasing compost stability with processing time and gave significant correlation both with compost age and with each other. The SOUR of the raw mixture was different for the two batches (9.3 and 18.4 mg O₂/g VS/h), but after composting and maturation both dropped to about 1 mg O₂/g VS/h. Measuring the respiration rate of an aqueous compost suspension rather than a solid compost sample offers certain advantages: the test is not affected by variations in the matric water potential of the samples; there is immediate contact between substrate, microbes and oxygen leading to maximum reaction rates; and the gas–liquid barrier for oxygen diffusion at the surface of the compost particles is omitted. The COD and the optical density of the water extracts did not show clear trends and did not allow any conclusions about compost stability to be drawn.     

A simulation-aided factorial analysis approach for characterizing interactive effects of system factors on composting processes

A simulation-aided 2-level factorial analysis approach is proposed to characterize the interactive effects of composting factors (i.e. temperature, moisture, oxygen content and initial biomass concentration) on composting processes. To screen the important effect factors when high-order interactions occur, normal probability plot is applied to the result analysis. The results show that the factors have various effects on the composting process in different stages. At the 24th hour, the factors do not show significant effects on the composting process. At the 72nd hour when the composting process reaches active stage, the factors have important effects on the composting process, and their interactive effects are also significant. At the 144th hour, temperature and oxygen content still have effects on the composting process, but not as significant as those at the active stage. These findings could be useful for guiding composting-process operation and management and developing associated control strategies in different composting stages.     

Numerical investigation on the ingress of particulate matter from ambient air into the inlet of a building air handling unit

The transportation of ambient particulate matter (PM) from outdoor air into the inlet of a mechanical building ventilation system is poorly understood. No studies have examined the effect commonly used commercial air handling unit (AHU) inlet designs have upon the migration of PM from the ambient environment into the building ventilation system, and implications of this on energy consumption and indoor air quality (IAQ). Through the numerical analysis of commercial AHU inlets, the differences in concentration of PM in ambient air and that within AHUs were determined, more commonly referred to as Aspiration Efficiency (AE %). A 20–50% difference in particle concentrations between ambient air and the in-AHU concentration was observed between forward and rear-facing AHUs relative to ambient wind direction and speed, and at the maximum ventilation flow rate. Furthermore, a decrease in the ventilation flow rates resulted in a significant reduction in PM concentrations entering the rear-facing AHU. Increasing the Stoke number led to lower AE as a continuous decrease was observed for both rear-facing inlets. The findings of this paper show that AHU inlet design has significant implications on IAQ and building energy consumption, and scope exists to design these inlets to impact both aspects positively.     

Measurements of N2O and CH4 from the aerated composting of food waste

Emissions of N2O and CH4 from an aerated composting system were investigated using small-scale simulated reactors. The results show relatively high emissions of N2O at the beginning of composting, in proportion to the application amount of food waste. After 2 days, the N2O emission decreased to 0.53 ppmv on average, near to the background level in the atmosphere (0.45 ppmv). The addition of composted cattle manure increased N2O emissions not only at the beginning of composting, but also during the later period and resulted in two peak emission curves. Good correlation was observed between the N2O concentration at the air outlet and NO2- concentration in waste, suggesting a generation pathway for N2O from NO2- to N2O. Methane was only detected in treatments containing composted cattle manure. The high emission of methane illustrates the involvement of anoxic/anaerobic microorganisms with the addition of composted manure. The result suggests the existence of anoxic or anaerobic microsite inside the waste particles even though ventilation was employed during the composting process.     

Kinetics of the chemical oxidation of polysulfide anions in aqueous solution

The kinetic properties of the chemical oxidation of aqueous polysulfide solutions have been studied in phosphate-buffered systems at pH 7-12, at temperatures between 20 and 40 degrees C, and ionic strength between 0.05 and 0.50 M. Polysulfide solutions were mixed with a buffer solution of known dissolved oxygen concentration, after which the decrease in the oxygen concentration of the solution was measured in time. The rate of oxygen consumption can be described by the empirical relation d[O2]/dt= -k[Sx(2-)][O2](0.59) . The reaction rate constant k is moderately dependent on pH and goes through a maximum at pH 10. The rate of oxygen consumption for polysulfide solutions is approximately four times higher than for sulfide solutions. At pH values below 9, reaction products were formed according to Sx(2-)+3/2O2-->S2O3(2-)+(x-2)S(0) . At pH values higher than 9, more thiosulfate and additional sulfide were formed, which is attributed to the low chemical stability of the sulfur of oxidation state zero, formed upon polysulfide oxidation. Our results strongly suggest that hydrolysis of this 'nascent' elemental sulfur to HS- and S2O3(2-) is faster than hydrolysis of crystalline inorganic sulfur or colloidal particles of biologically produced sulfur, and has a significant contribution already at 30 degrees C and pH 10.