红河105区块定向井钻井技术

在红河区块进行定向井施工中，存在地层方位漂移量大，自然增或降斜严重的现象，常规增斜或稳斜钻具组合很难达到预期目的，起下钻次数多，纯钻利用率低。针对这种情况，在采用“PDC钻头＋125°单弯螺杆＋欠尺寸扶正器”钻具组合的基础上，配合MWD无线随钻技术，很好的解决了这个问题。     

防斜打快钻井新技术在义东302井的技术实践

义东302井地处胜利油田义东断裂带,本区沙河街组地层倾角较大,岩石坚硬,地层自然造斜力强,极易发生井斜,防斜打快是该地区钻井施工的难点与重点。该井在施工过程中应用了偏轴防斜钻具组合、偏轴钟摆防斜钻具组合,井身质量得到了很好的控制,平均机械钻速达8．58m／h,是义东301井的2．35倍。使用效果表明,在易斜地区钻井,优选PDC钻头,使用偏轴防斜钻具组合和偏轴钟摆防斜钴具组合,利用机械式无线测斜仪随钻监测井斜,能极大地提高钻井速度和控制井斜,有效地实现了防斜与打快的目标。     

钻井防斜打直技术与现场应用

钻井过程中影响井斜的因素很多,且井斜给钻井、完井等作业带来一系列的危害,并造成巨大损失。防斜打直技术是石油钻井一项关键技术。针对钻井中多次出现井斜问题,国内使用较多的除钟摆钻具和满眼钻具防斜技术外,发展了偏轴钻具防斜技术、螺杆钻具配合PDC钻头防斜技术等,近年来又扩大了VDS、SDD、VertiTrak、PowerV等具有主动防斜能力的自动化井斜闭环控制系统的应用,成功地解决了高陡构造、断层、盐层等情况下钻进时的井眼质量问题。     

国内直螺杆钻具组合降斜应用实例与分析

本文以大北油气田使用的螺杆钻具为例，对国内直螺杆防斜钻具的使用上进行了分析，指出各种参数对于不同螺杆钻具组合的防斜、纠斜能力的影响。     

探讨油田钻井防斜打直技术特点及应用发展

钻井过程中影响井斜的因素很多,且井斜给钻井、完井等作业带来一系列的危害,并造成巨大损失。防斜打直技术是石油钻井一项关键技术。针对钻井中多次出现井斜问题,国内使用较多的除钟摆钻具和满眼钻具防斜技术外,发展了偏轴钻具防斜技术、螺杆钻具配合PDC钻头防斜技术等,近年来又扩大了VDS、SDD、VertiTrak、P0werv等具有主动防斜能力的自动化井斜闭环控制系统的应用,成功地解决了高陡构造、断层等情况下钻进时的井眼质量问题。     

基于钻头破岩钻进的下部钻具横向振动特性研究

针对横向振动引起下部钻具失效的问题,基于钻头破岩钻进,并考虑钻具纵横扭耦合以及钻具与井壁随机接触,建立了系统非线性动力学模型,研究下部钻具横向振动特性。结果表明:在常用的牙轮钻头单扶下部钻具组合钻进过程中,钻头横振表现出较强的随机性,根据贝克休斯公司对钻具振动的量化标准,其强度属于剧烈分区;钻铤横振强度随其与钻头距离增大而近似呈指数递减,并在距钻头约50 m以后趋于稳定;钻铤上接的钻杆与近钻头钻铤的横振强度相当;下部钻具横振强度随钻压、转速增大而增大。考虑了牙轮钻头破岩钻进与下部钻柱的交互影响,对进一步揭示下部钻具的横振特性以及参数优选具有积极意义。     

直螺杆的钻具组合在水平分支井侧钻中造斜率预测

拖压对水平分支井悬空侧钻(下称侧钻)影响极大,普通有度数螺杆侧钻时大多滑动定进为主,如因拖压严重无法做到钻头处均匀送钻,无法准确推进钻头处进尺,会对已形成的夹闭墙予以破坏,导致侧钻失败。在用直螺杆且配合合理的钻具组合侧钻时,开动转盘、降低摩阻、减小拖压有利于钻头准确下放,做到均匀送钻,提高侧钻成功率。但因直螺杆自身结构设计,无法对轨迹进行控制,这就需要对带直螺杆的钻具组合进行造斜率的预测,并预测其要使用的井段,提前用带度数螺杆做好其上部的轨迹控制,以确保侧钻成功后轨迹依然符合设计要求。预测带直螺杆的下部钻具组合的造斜能力对准确控制井眼轨迹很重要。本文在用三点定圆法预测造斜能力的基础上,增加了扶正器与井壁间隙对造斜率的影响,并提出对侧钻前轨迹控制的要求。且文中提出的理论计算,在辽河油田沈北区块一体化大包井中实际验证,在工程应用可靠可行,具有现实的现场应用价值。     

单弯单稳导向钻具组合在葵花22井的应用

葵花22井应用单弯单稳导向钻具组合,采用滑动、复合钻进相结合,实现了对并身轨迹的有效控制。同时降低了并下事故发生几翠、减小了作业时问,为后续作业提供了良好的作业环境。本文阐述了单弯单稳导向钻井技术在葵花22井的应用效果,探讨了钻井中相关问题、总结了PDC钻头配合导向钻具组合使用需要注意的问题。     

螺杆钻具加PDC钻头钻井技术

螺杆钻具与PDC钻头组合钻井工艺技术的应用进一步提高了PDC钻头在井底的旋转速度,解决了许多钻井工程上的问题。本文分析了PDC钻头特性,分析了螺杆钻具加PDC钻头钻井技术的应用,对节约钻井成本,提高机械钻速具有重要意义。     

复合钻井技术在油田的应用研究

通过文献调研,对延长油田的地理环境、地质条件、施工设备、钻井工具进行综合分析,对钻井方式、钻具组合、钻井参数等进行优选,采用复合钻井技术,以期提高延长油田的钻井速度,降低钻井成本,提高钻井效益。并通过对钻头钻具结构、影响因素等参数分析,提出适合延长油田的最优参数组合方案。     

Bottomhole assembly analysis by finite difference differential method

This paper presents a three‐dimensional finite difference differential method for bottomhole assembly (BHA) analysis under static loads. The analysis is required to optimize the BHA configurations for drilling directional boreholes in the petroleum industry. The optimization of BHA configurations ensures the controlled cruising of the drill bit to drill the hole along a planned trajectory. The model incorporates the contact response between drillstring and wellbore wall, the upper tangent point problem, stabilizer configurations, bent sub model and other considerations for numerical solutions. The overall formulations are presented in a matrix format within convenient coordinate systems developing a transformation matrix. Key solution algorithms for computer programming are then described in detail. One analytical solution for beams under weight and torque is used to verify the method. Also the analytical solutions of three other simple BHA configurations are used for verification. The verified method is then applied in a series of parametric investigations to characterize the responses of typical BHAs. The BHA responses studied include the side force at bit and lateral deformation of the assembly along its length with varying weights on bit and hole inclination angles for typical building, dropping and holding assemblies. BHAs with bent sub are analyzed with various tool face angles and bent angles. The effect of wellbore curvature on side forces is also demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石油钻井底部钻具组合平面纵横弯曲大挠度分析

本文应用加权余量法,对底部钻具组合平面纵横弯曲静力大挠度问题进行了分析研究,并编制了相应的计算机分析程序,可用来模拟计算各种转盘钻底部钻具组合的力学特性。通过典型计算与分析,本文阐明了底部钻具组合平面纵横弯曲大挠度非线性效应,同时指出了相应的小挠度分析方法的大体适用范围。     

水射流水平钻孔定向技术

水力破煤技术已得到广泛使用,水射流在煤层中长距离钻孔的定向问题成为专家关注的焦点。本文提出利用水力钻头的功能进行钻iL定向控制技术。根据随钻地磁方位传感器测到的水力钻头的方位数据．计算出钻孔的轴线轨迹,与理论数据比较,得到需要调整的钻头的相关数据,改变不对称喷嘴的方位,从而改变钻7L方向。文中假设,随钻地磁方位传感器在相邻两点得到的数据时,钻头的位移是一条直线,推导了钻头质心坐标与随钻测试数据之间的关系方程、钻头相对标准钻孔轴线的距离偏移方程和偏角方程;给出了闭环自动控制系统的纠偏判断条件。模拟计算出定向控制钻头的钻孔轨迹和偏角变化规律。论文得出结论,钻头的偏角是影响钻fL轨迹的关键因素;钻头的位移偏差是由钻头角偏差产生的;水射流定向控制钻头的位移是通过钻头的角度纠偏而修正的。     

基于模糊迭代Q-学习的冶金工业机器人轨迹跟踪控制研究

冶金工业机器人在现代工业生产中扮演着越来越不可替代的角色。由于工业自动化程度的大幅提升,人们对冶金工业机器人的性能也不断地提出新要求,尤其是对其控制系统的稳定性提出了更高的要求。针对目前冶金工业机器人轨迹跟踪精度较低且不具有自适应动态调节特性等问题,提出了一种模糊迭代Q-学习控制算法。以6-DOF（six degree-of-freedom,六自由度）双臂机器人为研究对象,利用Fuzzy工具箱编写模糊控制规则,以机器人产生的位置误差以及位置误差的变化率为模糊控制器的输入量,并引入Q-学习策略,以调整模糊控制器中的量化因子、比例因子以及迭代学习控制中的PD（proportional derivative,比例微分）参数,完成模糊迭代Q-学习控制器的设计。然后,联合ADAMS（automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems,机械系统动力学自动分析）和MATLAB软件搭建6-DOF双臂机器人仿真平台,开展高精度轨迹跟踪的轴孔装配任务模拟。仿真结果表明,6-DOF双臂机器人关节空间的轨迹跟踪精度较高,同时可以完成双臂轴孔协调装配任务,验证了所提出控制算法的有效性和先进性。研究结果可为双臂协作机器人实现高精度轨迹跟踪的轴孔装配提供参考,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

柔性组合结构的大挠度非线性有限元分析

本文应用预应力柔性索的非线性有限元模型,用折算弹性模量考虑索初始垂度的影响,引入主一从控制原理来克服柔性元素和刚性元素共同作用时易产生的方程病态,在结构变位后的基础上建立平衡方程,采用带有动坐标的刚度矩阵迭代法,分析了斜拉桥、悬索桥等柔性组合结构的大挠度问题。应用本文方法,已经成功地分析了多座斜拉桥实际结构。对于一般柔性组合结构,经过二至六次迭代即可达到相当的精度。     

Balancing mixed-model assembly lines: a computational evaluation of objectives to smoothen workload

Mixed-model assembly lines are widely used in a range of production settings, such as the final assembly of the automotive and electronics industries, where they are applied to mass-produce standardised commodities. One of the greatest challenges when installing and reconfiguring these lines is the vast product variety modern mixed-model assembly lines have to cope with. Traditionally, product variety is bypassed during mid-term assembly line balancing by applying a joint precedence graph, which represents an (artificial) average model and serves as the input data for a single model assembly line balancing procedure. However, this procedure might lead to considerable variations in the station times, so that serious sequencing problems emerge and work overload threatens. To avoid these difficulties, different extensions of assembly line balancing for workload smoothing, i.e. horizontal balancing, have been introduced in the literature. This paper presents a multitude of known and yet unknown objectives for workload smoothing and systematically tests these measures in a comprehensive computational study. The results suggest that workload smoothing is an essential task in mixed-model assembly lines and that some (of the newly introduced) objectives are superior to others.     

精密微小装配系统柔性化技术

随着产品的微小型化, 人工装配作业的难度增大, 无法满足高性能微小器件装配的要求, 研制微小装配自动化设备是解决装配难题的有效途径。由于装配任务的多样化, 同时伴随着器件的改进或产品的升级, 以及缩短研发周期等诸多因素, 要求研制的微小装配设备能够对产品的快速变化做出响应。因此, 柔性化微小装配设备的研发是应对这一挑战的关键。本文重点介绍提升微小自动化装配系统柔性化的主要技术和方法, 即设备模块化方法和微小零件操作工具的自动换接, 并总结了研究进展, 在此基础上, 面向某一类微小器件的精密装配,提出了柔性微小装配设备的系统架构, 并简要介绍了基于这些系统架构所研制的精密微自动化装配设备。论文旨在为柔性化微小装配设备的研制提供一定的参考。     

High‐Throughput Fabrication and Modular Assembly of 3D Heterogeneous Microscale Tissues

3D hydrogel microstructures that encapsulate cells have been used in broad applications in microscale tissue engineering, personalized drug screening, and regenerative medicine. Recent technological advances in microstructure assembly, such as bioprinting, magnetic assembly, microfluidics, and acoustics, have enabled the construction of designed 3D tissue structures with spatially organized cells in vitro. However, a bottleneck exists that still hampers the application of microtissue structures, due to a lack of techniques that combined high‐throughput fabrication and flexible assembly. Here, a versatile method for fabricating customized microstructures and reorganizing building blocks composed of functional components into a combined single geometric shape is demonstrated. The arbitrary microstructures are dynamically synthesized in a microfluidic device and then transferred to an optically induced electrokinetics chip for manipulation and assembly. Moreover, building blocks containing different cells can be arranged into a desired geometry with specific shape and size, which can be used for microscale tissue engineering.     

Crack–surface displacements for cracks emanating from a circular hole under various loading conditions

The purpose of this paper is to calculate and develop equations for crack–surface displacements for two‐symmetric cracks emanating from a circular hole in an infinite plate for use in strip‐yield crack‐closure models. In particular, the displacements were determined under two loading conditions: (1) remote applied stress and (2) uniform stress applied to a segment of the crack surface (partially loaded crack). The displacements were calculated by an integral‐equation method based on accurate stress–intensity factor equations for concentrated forces applied to the crack surfaces and those for remote applied stress or for a partially loaded crack surface. A boundary‐element code was also used to calculate crack–surface displacements for some selected cases. Comparisons made with crack–surface displacement equations previously developed for the same crack configuration and loading showed significant differences near the location where the crack intersected the hole surface. However, the previous equations were fairly accurate near the crack‐tip location. Herein an improved crack–surface displacement equation was developed for the case of remote applied stress. For the partially loaded crack case, only numerical comparisons were made between the previous equations and numerical integration. A rapid algorithm, based on the integral‐equation method, was developed to calculate these displacements. Because cracks emanating from a hole are quite common in the aerospace industry, accurate displacement solutions are crucial for improving life‐prediction methods based on the strip‐yield crack‐closure models.     

圆孔对GLARE层合板抗冲击性能的影响

为获得圆孔对玻璃纤维增强铝合金（GLARE）层合板抗冲击性能的影响规律,采用40 J的冲击能量对无孔和含圆孔GLARE层合板进行了落锤低速冲击试验,获得了冲击载荷、挠度和能量-时间曲线。应用ABAQUS/Explicit有限元分析软件对试验进行模拟,并预测了圆孔直径对GLARE层合板抗冲击性能的影响。结果显示:在低速冲击下,GLARE层合板纤维层的失效模式以分层损伤和纤维断裂为主;随着圆孔边缘至冲击中心距离的增加,层合板的冲击载荷峰值提高,而挠度峰值减小;数值模拟结果与试验结果的比较验证了模型的合理性;随着圆孔直径的增大,GLARE层合板的抗冲击性能逐步劣化。