厦门地区酸沉降造成的影响及经济损失估算

厦门地区的酸沉降主要为SO₂和酸雨,而酸雨对该地区的农作物?森林乃至生态环境造成较严重危害?综合厦门地区酸沉降造成的经济损失约为每年5292.8万元,占厦门地区年国民生产总值的0.98%,故由酸沉降的影响造成的损失必须引起高度重视。      

Effects of acid deposition on forests in south China

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷｉｔｈｔｈｅｆａｓｔｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｏｆｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙａｎｄｓｈａｒｐｌｙｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｏｆｅｎｅｒｇｙｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎｐｒｉｍａｒｉｌｙｃｏａｌ，ａｉｒｐｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄａｃｉｄｄｅｐｏｓｉｔ...     

山西省煤炭开采环境损失的经济核算

以环境经济学的经济外部性理论为依据,识别采煤过程中生态环境的外部不经济因素,应用环境价值评价法,对这些不经济因素进行量化和货币化,初步建立了省域煤炭开采环境污染和生态破坏经济损失核算体系.以2003年为基准年,核算了山西省煤炭开采环境污染和生态破坏的经济损失量.结果表明:2003年山西省煤炭开采环境污染与生态破坏造成的损失约为286.746 8×108元,折合每t煤损失63.79元.其中环境污染年损失61.979 4×108元,折合每t煤损失13.78元;生态破坏损失224.767 4×108元,折合每t煤损失50.00元.依据该核算结果,1978─2003年山西省累计采煤约65×108 t,所造成的环境损失约为4　100×108元.      

“煤改燃”技术在焊丝行业中的案例研究

焊丝行业是高耗能行业,同时也是污染物产排大户。以"煤改燃"技术在天津y焊丝有限公司的实施为案例,简述该技术实施后的节能减排效果,以2014年为例,分别实现SO_2、NO_x、烟尘和废渣减排4.01,24.63,2.02,1252 t;且节约能源消费500多万元,该技术的应用具有显著的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益。     

Assessment of China's economic loss resulting from the degradation of agricultural land in the end of 20th century

Land degradation is a consequence stemming from both natural processes and social economic activities. On the bases of analyzing general situation of agricultural land degradation in China, the monetary estimating methods such as market value method and shadow engineering method were used to quantitatively assess the economic loss resulting from land deterioration. Results showed that the economic loss in 1999 was 326.8l billion RMB Yuan, which accounted for 4.1% of GDP in the same year of China. If taking five items namely farmland conversion, soil erosion, salinization, decline in reservoir functions, and siltation in waterways and, comparing with that in 1992, the percentage of economic loss to GDP has increased by 1.5 in the only 7 years.     

Eco-environmental benefit assessment of China''''s South-North Water Transfer Scheme——the middle route project

IntroductionInordertoalleviateseverewatershortagesinnorthChina ,ChinesecentralgovernmenthavestartedtoimplementtheSouth NorthWaterTransferScheme(SNWT) ,whichwilltransferwaterfromYangtzeRiverbasininthesouthtoHuang Huai Hai(YellowRiver ,HuaiheRiverandHaiheRi…     

Eco-environmental benefit assessment of China's South-North Water Transfer Scheme--the middle route project

This paper assess the eco-environmental benefits that may come from the middle route project of China‘s South-North Water Transfer Scheme(SNWT) with principles and methods of eco-economics and planning reports of SNWT‘s middle route project. Some benefits were calculated in monetary units. To make sure that the results can be comparable with normal monetary indices, concrete assessment objects and the parameters are prudently selected according to the major characteristics of the project and its water import region. Primary assessment revealed that in different project construction stages, the benefit could be more than 13.07 billion RMB Yuan in 2010 and 19.79 billion RMB Yuan in 2030, respectively. The monetary value tends to increase with social-economic development. To realize these potential benefits, however, calls for more endeavors.     

Assessment of China''''s economic loss resulting from the degradation of agricultural land in the end of 20th century

IntroductionUnderanintegratedactionofhumaneconomicactivitiesandsomeadversenaturalfactors,farmlanddegradationisadynamicprocessthatcanleadtoanunbalancingofecologicalsystems,worseningofsoilquality ,adeclineinsoilrenewablecapacity ,andaweakeningofsoilcarryingcapacity.Usually ,thedegradationofagriculturallandincludesadiminishingofvegetation ,soildeterioration ,andnaturaleco environmentaldegradation .Farmlanddeteriora tionhasatwofoldmeaning :qualityandquantity .Allofthephenomenaandprocessesbroughtab…     

Effects of ground-level ozone (O_3) pollution on the yields of rice and winter wheat in the Yangtze River Delta

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎＣｈｉｎａ ,ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｕｎｐｒｅｃｅｄｅｎｔｅｄｃｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎｌａｎｄｕｓｅ ,ａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｏｆＮＯｘａｎｄＶＯＣｓｈａｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｔｏｔｈｅｄｏｕｂｌｅｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｐａｓｔ 11ｙｅａｒｓａｎｄｒｅａｃｈｅｓｔｈｅｓａｍｅｌｅｖｅｌａｓＵＳＡａｎｄＥｕｒｏｐｅ(Ｅｌｌｉｏｔｔ,1997) .Ａｓａｒｅｓｕｌｔ,ｔｈｅｇｒｏｕｎｄ ｌｅｖｅｌＯ3ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔ…     

Effects of ground-level ozone (O3) pollution on the yields of rice and winter wheat in the Yangtze River Delta

Effects of elevated O3 on the yields of rice and winter wheat were studied by using open-top chambers(OTCs).Results showed that compared to the control treatment,200 ppb,100ppb,50ppb treatments caused a 80.4%,58.6%and 10.5% decrease in grain yields per winter wheat plant and a 49.1%,26.1% and 8.2% decrease in grain yield per rice plant,respectively.According to the dose-response relation educed from OTCs experiment and the monitor data of O3 concentrations in spots,it was estimated that the yield losses of rice and winter wheat resulted by O3 pollution in the Yangtze River Delta region in 1999 were 0.599 million ton and 0.669 million ton,economic losses were 0.539 billion RMB Yuan and 0.936 billion RMB Yuan,respectively.     

某焦化厂污染场地环境损害评估案例研究

以某大型焦化厂土壤和地下水多环芳烃、苯污染损害评估为例,采用资源等值分析法分别开展场地土壤和地下水污染环境损害评估,并对评估结果的不确定性进行分析.结果表明,损害评估的数额（27.1亿元）与实际污染修复成本（20.5亿元）具有较大差异,损害评估额明显大于污染治理修复成本;社会贴现率的取值（1%~5%）选择对土壤污染损害评估结果影响最大,污染含水层厚度（3m~9m）、含水层孔隙度（0.25~0.35）、社会贴现率（1%~5%）和单位地下水修复成本（4000~5000元/m²）等因子对地下水污染环境损害评估的结果影响较大.资源等值分析的方法作为评估工业场地土壤和地下水污染理论和技术上较为可行,但需要精细化的立法和明确的技术导则来规范损害评估的内容、程序和方法.     

SO2排放造成的森林损失计算:以湖南省为例

SO₂排放对我国的森林生态系统造成了严重的损害,因而损失计算对于SO₂控制具有重要意义,但是目前仍缺乏有效的方法计算不同排放水平下的森林损失.本研究以硫沉降超临界负荷作为计算森林损失的参数,推导了适用于我国硫沉降导致森林损失的剂量-响应函数,并以湖南省为例,以1995为基准年,计算了2000年～2020年高中低3种SO₂排放方案下的森林损失.研究结果表明,随着今后湖南省经济和能源消费的增长,森林损失将继续增加.高排放方案下2020年SO₂排放将增长1.2倍,但森林损失增长4.3倍,边际损失高于6000元/t.在当前排放水平下对SO₂排放进行削减,边际效益达到1500元/t,因此控制SO₂具有显著的经济效益.对湖南案例的不确定性分析显示,计算方法有较高的可靠性.研究结果为区域SO₂控制策略的优化提供了支持.     

新疆二氧化硫排放环境学习曲线及减排潜力研究

基于2005—2010年SO2排放量和经济发展数据,对该时段的SO2排放环境负荷变化进行分析并以此数据构建了新疆三大地区万元产值SO2排放量随人均GDP变化的环境学习曲线;以所建立的环境学习曲线为依据,分析2005—2010年万元产值SO,的减排潜力,并对新疆“十二五”期间不同地区万元SO2的节能减排潜力进行了预测。结果表明：经济发展水平越高的地区,万元产值SO2排放环境负荷越小,减排潜力越小;经济发展水平越低的地区,万元产值SO2排放环境负荷越大,减排潜力也越大。研究结果将为“十二五”自治区SO2排放总量控制及减排指标提供科学依据。     

Technology-side carbon abatement cost curves for China’s power generation sector

China is among the largest emitters of carbon dioxide (CO₂), worldwide Thus, its emissions mitigation is of global concern. The power generation sector is responsible for nearly half of China’s total CO₂ emissions and plays a key role in emissions mitigation. This study is an integrated evaluation of abatement technologies, including both low-carbon power generation technologies and retrofitting options for coal power plants. We draw marginal abatement cost curves for these technologies using the conservation supply curve method. Using scenario analysis for the years 2015 to 2030, we discuss the potential performance of abatement technologies. Marginal costs for the analyzed abatement technologies range from RMB ? 357.41/ton CO₂ to RMB 927.95/ton CO₂. Furthermore, their cumulative mitigation potential relative to the baseline scenario could reach 35 billion tons of CO₂ in 2015–2030, with low-carbon power generation technologies and coal power abatement technologies contributing 55% and 45% of the total mitigation, respectively. Our case study of China demonstrates the power generation sector’s great potential to mitigate global emissions, and we suggest nuclear power, hydropower, and the comprehensive retrofitting of coal power as key technology options for the low-carbon transition of the energy system and long-term emissions mitigation strategies.

     

Estimating health damage cost from secondary sulfate particles--a case study of Hunan Province, China

IntroductionChina’senergyusepattern ,characterizedbyadominatingrelianceoncoal,hasledtosevereSO2pollutionandresultinghealthdamage .Withconsumptionsoffossilfuelsstilltogrow ,totalhealthdamageisanticipatedtoincrease ,whichwillbeagreatchallengetoChina.Thischallengerequirescomprehensivehealthimpactassessmenttoguideenvironmentalpolicyandreorientpublicopinioninfavorofeffectivepreventiveaction .Generally,the“ImpactPathwayApproach”(Krewit,1 999;Thanh ,2 0 0 0 ) ,whichlinkstheemissiontoconcentrat…     

氮氧化物在闽南地区酸雨中的贡献

通过对闽南地区降水?雾水和空气质量等数据的分析,说明闽南地区酸雨是燃煤和光化学烟雾混合型污染;闽南地区降水的SO2-₄/NO-₃比值是我国主要酸雨区中最低的,NO_x是闽南地区酸沉降形成的重要致酸前体物之一;闽南地区酸沉降中的NO-₃主要来源于当地的源排放。      

中国煤炭资源不均衡性及流动轨迹

应用洛伦茨曲线对中国煤炭资源分布、生产及消费情况进行了分析,结果表明:煤炭分布与生产表现出了高度的一致性,在空间上表现出显著的不均衡性(0.716 1/0.683 8>0.4),而消费与人口则表现出了较好的均衡性(0.273 8<0.4)。煤炭产消地的分离,导致了中国煤炭的北煤南运、西煤东运。2009年中国煤炭输出源地有:山西、内蒙古、陕西、贵州等省份,煤炭交汇中心有:河南、安徽、河北等省份,煤炭汇流中心有:山东、江苏、浙江等。从源地来看,山西的煤炭资源服务范围不断缩小,服务强度主要集中在邻近的省份,山西煤炭主要通过煤运北、中通道,输往华北,部分运往华东,南通道运输沿线的煤炭输往河南、江苏、山东、湖北等地。近年来内蒙古煤炭外运量不断增加,主要服务东北地区。鄂尔多斯的煤炭资源通过京包、神黄铁路运往华北、东北等地。蒙东煤炭资源主要经集通铁路供应辽宁、吉林等省。陕西的煤炭资源主要经陇海线运往华东、中南地区。贵州的煤炭除服务西南地区外,大量资源通过南昆、黔桂铁路运往广西、广东。随着"三西"地区煤炭资源的不断开发,铁路外运能力不足将成为煤炭外运的瓶颈。规划煤炭资源服务区域,调整和改扩建山西南部、内蒙古西部、新疆煤炭外运通道将成为优化煤炭资源流动的核心。     

我国核电与煤电环境影响的外部成本比较

应用影响路径分析和生命周期分析方法建立了核电能源链与煤电能源链的外部成本计量框架,对二者的环境影响的外部成本进行了比较评价.结果表明:煤电能源链向环境排放的污染物直接导致酸雨、降尘和全球变暖等环境效应,对人体健康、植被、生态系统、材料和清洗等造成明显影响;而核电能源链未发现可察觉的环境影响.从污染物(SO₂,NO_x,PM和CO₂)排放看,煤电能源链比核电能源链高2个数量级;煤电能源链的辐射影响是核电能源链的40倍;煤电能源链总的外部成本是核电能源链的115倍.比较可知:①核电是清洁的能源,其比煤电更有利于环境;②以煤为主的能源结构是环境问题的主要原因之一;③现行的能源价格机制中没有合理地体现环境成本.应通过节约能源、提高能源效率、改善能源结构、发展清洁能源技术、外部成本内部化以完善能源价格机制等途径促进能源的可持续发展.      

2019年京津冀重污染天气应急响应经济损失评估

基于多区域投入产出模型,测算了2019年京津冀地区13个城市重污染天气应急响应对本地区造成的直接经济损失、通过产业链传导造成的间接经济损失和区域间溢出效应.研究发现,应急响应对地区经济的影响具有明显的间接性和溢出性.河北省承担的经济损失高于天津和北京,其中石家庄市面临的经济损失规模最高（97.51亿元）,邢台市面临的经济损失占地区经济总产值的比重最高（2.60%）.天津和北京承担的经济损失分别为56.89,56.61亿元,占地区经济总产值比重分别为0.40%和0.16%.重污染天气应急响应对于高能耗、高污染部门造成的冲击较大,例如,化学工业、石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业等.研究结果对于京津冀大气污染联防联控有一定的借鉴意义,现行的空气质量奖惩问责制度的“以偿代补”效果并不理想,建议尽早建立京津冀跨区域空气质量横向补偿机制.     

闽南地区生态环境对酸沉降的临界负荷研究

报道了闽南生态环境对酸沉降临界负荷的研究结果。考虑到干、湿２种沉降形式,试用了１种新的酸沉降临界负荷计算方法:用树木和农作物的SO₂容量代表酸性干沉降的临界负荷,用土壤酸缓冲容量计算酸性湿沉降的临界负荷。结果表明:闽南的干、湿酸沉降临界负荷均大大高于现实酸沉降负荷