Experimental investigation on the accumulated strain of coarse-grained soil reinforced by geogrid under high-cycle cyclic loading

In this study, a series of cyclic triaxial tests were conducted to study the accumulated strain of coarse-grained soil reinforced with geogrids, and the effect of the number of geogrid layers, confining pressure and cyclic stress amplitude was investigated in detail. The test results show that the final accumulated axial strain of the soils reinforced with geogrids is less than that without reinforcement, and less accumulated axial strain is generated for the specimens with more geogrid layers under identical cyclic loading. The results also show that a higher confining pressure or a lower cyclic stress amplitude yields less accumulated axial strain for the reinforced soils. Furthermore, the plastic shakedown limits are determined by the criterion proposed by Chen et al. It indicates that the plastic shakedown limit increases significantly when one layer of geogrid is incorporated into the specimen and then tends to level off with a continuous increase in the number of geogrid layers. Moreover, a higher confining pressure yields a higher plastic shakedown limit for the soils reinforced with geogrid. The results demonstrated that the use of geogrid can be an effective method to reduce the accumulated deformation of subgrade filling materials under high-cycle traffic loading.     

低填方软土路基中土工格栅的作用特征

为了解低填方软土路基中土工格栅对地基变形的影响,在广州市东新高速公路试验段进行了现场试验。试验路段内填方高度均在3m以下,分别进行了天然地基快速填筑试验、天然地基结合土工格栅加筋及袋装砂井处理地基结合土工格栅加筋等试验,通过对地基变形、土工格栅受力的监测,获得基础参数,进一步分析低填方条件下土工格栅在地基变形、受力特征等方面的作用特征。本文是该段试验成果的一部分,对于超软地基低路堤的设计和施工都有一定借鉴意义。     

Behaviour of geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall with concrete-rigid facing

Monitoring was carried out during construction of a cast-in-situ concrete-rigid facing geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall in the Gan (Zhou)-Long (Yan) railway main line of China. The monitoring included the vertical foundation pressure and lateral earth pressure of the reinforced soil wall facing, the tensile strain in the reinforcement and the horizontal deformation of the facing. The vertical foundation pressure of reinforced soil retaining wall is non-linear along the reinforcement length, and the maximum value is at the middle of the reinforcement length, moreover the value reduces gradually at top and bottom. The measured lateral earth pressure within the reinforced soil wall is non-linear along the height and the value is less than the active lateral earth pressure. The distribution of tensile strain in the geogrid reinforcements within the upper portion of the wall is single-peak value, but the distribution of tensile strain in the reinforcements within the lower portion of the wall has double-peak values. The potential failure plane within the upper portion of the wall is similar to “0.3H method”, whereas the potential failure plane within portion of the lower wall is closer to the active Rankine earth pressure theory. The position of the maximum lateral displacement of the wall face during construction is within portion of the lower wall, moreover the position of the maximum lateral displacement of the wall face post-construction is within the portion of the top wall. These monitoring results of the behaviour of the wall can be used as a reference for future study and design of geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall systems.     

Load sharing characteristics of rigid facing walls with geogrid reinforced railway subgrade during and after construction

Reinforced subgrade for railways (RSR) is a construction method in which reinforced subgrade is constructed first and a rigid facing wall later to minimize the residual settlement after the service of a roadbed. The RSR was designed and constructed at Osong railway test line in Korea. In this study, load sharing capacities from the reinforced subgrade to the rigid facing wall of it were evaluated through long-term measurement, extending 22 months from the start of roadbed construction to the completion of track construction. Under the condition of 0.4 m geogrid vertical spacing installation, the load sharing proportion of horizontal earth pressure of the rigid facing wall was 9%–22% in the lower part, and lesser in the upper part. The strain of geogrid during construction was 0.607%, which was relatively lower than the designed geogrid tensile strain of 5%. The change in geogrid strain after construction was closely correlated with temperature change in the soil.     

Field performance of weak subgrade stabilization with multilayer geogrids

Field performance of weak subgrade stabilization using a multilayer geogrid is presented in this paper. More specifically, the weak subgrade of a liquid retention pond in Nebraska was stabilized. Field measurement of reinforced and unreinforced sections indicated that the multilayer geogrid reinforcement is capable of reinforcing the soils such that the liner soil compaction requirement was met. A significant savings in the cost of liner construction was achieved by utilizing the geogrid solution in this project.     

Centrifuge model studies on the performance of soil walls reinforced with sand-cushioned geogrid layers

This paper is to investigate the effectiveness of encapsulating geogrid layers within thin sand layers, for enhancing the deformation behavior of vertical reinforced soil walls constructed with marginal backfills. Centrifuge model tests were performed on vertical soil walls, reinforced with geogrid layers, using a 4.5 m radius large beam centrifuge available at IIT Bombay at 40 gravities. The backfill conditions, height of soil wall, reinforcement length, and reinforcement spacing, were kept constant in all the tests. A wrap-around technique was used to represent flexible facing. Three different geogrid types with varying stiffness were used in the present study. The walls were instrumented with vertical linear variable differential transformers to monitor surface settlements during the tests. Marker-based digital image analysis technique was used to determine face movements and distribution of geogrid strain along the wall height. The deformation behavior of soil walls, reinforced with geogrid layers encapsulated in thin layers of sand, were compared against a base model having no sand-cushioned geogrid layers. Provision of sand-cushioned geogrid layers and increase in geogrid stiffness were found to limit normalized face movements (S_f/H), normalized crest settlements (S_c/H), and change in maximum peak reinforcement strain (dε_pmax). Sand-cushioned geogrid layers were also found to limit the development of tension cracks behind and within the reinforced zone. Significant reduction in rate of maximum face movement (dS_fmax/dt) and rate of maximum peak reinforcement strain (dε_pmax/dt) was observed, with an increase in value of normalized reinforcement stiffness (J_g/γH²) of geogrid layers. The analysis and interpretation of centrifuge model tests on soil walls, constructed with marginal backfills and reinforced with sand-cushioned geogrid layers, indicate that their performance is superior to the walls without sand-cushioned geogrid layers.     

土工格栅加筋挡土墙支护性能敏感参数分析

对某工程土工格栅加筋挡土墙支护结构采用分离式有限元法建立模型,对加筋挡土墙进行计算,对影响加筋挡土墙工作性能的填土性质、加筋间距、加筋长度和筋材弹性模量等敏感参数进行分析,通过计算并和实际监测数据进行对比分析,得出其侧向变形敏感参数对其侧向变形的影响规律,为相关工程土工格栅加筋挡土墙的设计和施工提供参考依据。     

交通荷载作用下加筋土路基残余变形减小的机理分析

应用有限单元法对交通荷载作用下加筋土路基进行隐式动力分析,并基于累积塑性变形的计算和影响因素分析,揭示加筋减小路基土残余变形的机理。分析结果表明:对于级配碎石基层沥青混凝土路面,加筋改善路基表面的压应力分布,减小传递到路基表面的剪应力,加筋后路基土上部80cm范围内动偏应力大大减小,而动偏应力是引起路基残余变形的重要因素之一;另一方面,交通荷载作用下,路基土的累积塑性变形主要发生在路基上部100cm范围内。因此,加筋后路基土累积塑性变形的减小,主要是由于加筋减小交通荷载作用下路基土上部的动偏应力;土工格栅刚度越大,动偏应力减小越显著。     

云南省某高速公路隧道岩溶段处治技术研究

以云南省某高速公路隧道岩溶段为研究背景,以隧道的勘察设计资料及岩溶段揭露的整个过程为基础,研究了隧道岩溶发育规律,运用TGP、地质雷达和超前地质钻孔等预报技术进行了溶洞段超前地质预报,综合分析后得出了该溶洞的发育情况,结合数值分析的成果提出了一种新的溶洞处理方法,即将该段岩溶处治方案分为洞内和地表两部分,洞内处治采取超前地质预报+超前局部断面帷幕注浆+超前预支护+旋喷桩基底加固+衬砌结构加强+确保防排水体系+监测等技术措施的综合手段;地表处治采用周围截排水+底部挂网喷混封闭+水泥土+土石回填+表面封闭+监测等技术手段。经过施工及现场监控量测结果表明,这项新的溶洞处理方案能够保证围岩的稳定性及施工的安全性,为岩溶隧道的处理提供了参考和借鉴。     

聚合物土工格栅加筋碎石土试验研究

对土工格栅加筋碎石土进行了系统的试验研究。结果表明：加筋复合体受力变形条件、加筋层间距及土料性质是影响碎石土加筋效果的重要因素;加筋能明显提高碎石土强度,减小变形;格栅的加筋机理服从准粘聚力原理,其加筋作用可分为格肋阻力及格栅对界面碎石土的咬合摩擦力两部分,张力膜效应只有在某些特定条件下才起主要作用。     

A preliminary study of the application of the strain-self-sensing smart geogrid rib in expansive soils

Flexible conductive materials are widely used in structural health monitoring; it is also known in geotechnical engineering. In this preliminary study, a strain-self-sensing smart geogrid rib was proposed to monitor the induced strain by wetting-drying cycles of the expansive soil. After the calibration, a physical modeling test was conducted with the smart geogrid rib reinforced in expansive soils under three wetting-drying cycles. Results demonstrated: that the smart geogrid rib was capable of self-sensing its strain; the strain self-sensed by the smart geogrid rib was in good agreement with that measured by FBG strain sensors before cracks were generated; it could capture the crack propagation of expansive soils during wetting-drying cycles by the discrepancy compared to FBG sensors. Further study will be continued for the mechanism of the geogrid instead of the geogrid rib and the application to real-time monitoring of the performance of the geosynthetic expansive soil slopes.     

高速公路路基加宽土工格栅加筋优化技术研究

基于分析高速公路改扩建工程新老路基间不协调变形的原因、控制技术方法及控制标准,对高速公路改扩建路基加宽土工格栅加筋优化技术进行了研究。以京港澳高速公路石家庄至磁县（冀豫界）段改扩建工程典型试验段为研究对象,建立了高速公路路基加宽有限元计算模型,分析了施工期路基填筑高度和竣工后15 a的地表附加沉降、附加水平位移和路面横坡比变化规律。采用土工格栅加筋新路基技术,通过改变土工格栅的弹性模量、加筋层数和加筋长度等技术参数,研究分析了土工格栅参数变化对路基表面沉降量及路面横坡比的影响。根据计算结果提出了高速公路路基加宽土工格栅加筋优化设计技术方案,该研究结果为高速公路改扩建土工格栅加筋路基设计提供了技术参考。     

侧部岩溶隧道围岩稳定性数值分析与研究

 结合忠垫高速公路岩溶隧道施工过程,利用有限差分软件FLAC3D对侧部含有溶洞的隧道围岩稳定性进行数值模拟研究,并将数值计算结果与现场监测结果进行比较分析。结果表明：隧道开挖后,围岩分别向溶洞内和隧道内变形,溶洞与隧道之间的围岩向2个相反的方向变形,是较危险区域。围岩塑性区主要集中在隧道的周围和溶洞的左右侧部,溶洞的顶部和底部处塑性区较少。隧道与溶洞之间的围岩由于应力集中可能使围岩产生过大的变形和岩体破坏,对其稳定性要给予特别重视。所得结论可为同类隧道的设计、施工和研究提供有益的借鉴和参考。     

格栅条带式加筋胎面挡土墙变形性能数值计算

采用土工格栅加筋的方法提高废旧轮胎挡墙的承载性能,促进废旧轮胎挡墙的推广应用,通过数值计算方法分析了不同墙顶荷载下有无土工格栅加筋的废旧轮胎挡墙的水平变形与竖向沉降反应特征,得出铺设土工格栅加筋的方法可显著减小墙体的水平变形和竖向沉降,提高废旧轮胎挡墙结构的承载能力,随着外荷载的增加,墙体变形模式依次呈凹凸微小变化型、“弯弓”型、“似弯弓”型和“鼓腮”型和直线型。考虑土工格栅的加筋长度、竖向加筋间距以及格栅加筋刚度3种因素对废旧轮胎+土工格栅加筋土挡墙的水平变形的影响,得出在废旧轮胎加筋土挡墙设计中,建议土工格栅的加筋长度选取范围为0.5H～0.7H,土工格栅竖向间距的选取范围为0.4 m~0.7 m,格栅刚度不宜大于5 000 kN/m。     

土工格栅加筋土挡墙现场试验分析

通过埋设水平土压力盒、柔性位移计,对模块式土工格栅加筋土挡土墙墙后的水平土压力和格栅水平变形进行了系统监测,采用加筋组合法对加筋土挡墙的土压力进行了计算,与实测、交系数法所得数据对比分析,得出采用该方法计算的土压力更能合理地解释工作状态下加筋土挡墙的土压力分布规律;对比分析了施工阶段和竣工后格栅的应变,得出拉筋应变主要发生在施工阶段,工后应变较小,并结合试验结果,提出了关于施工控制的相关建议.     

Static structural behavior of geogrid reinforced soil retaining walls with a deformation buffer zone

To understand the structural behavior of geogrid reinforced soil retaining walls (GRSW) with a deformation buffer zone (DBZ) under static loads, the model tests and the numerical simulations were conducted to obtain the wall face horizontal displacement, vertical and horizontal soil pressures, and geogrid strains. Results showed that compared with the common GRSW, the horizontal displacement of GRSW with DBZ decreased, and the horizontal soil pressure acting on the face panel of GRSW with DBZ increased. The vertical and horizontal soil pressures showed a nonlinear distribution along the reinforcement length, and the value was smaller near the face panel. The horizontal soil pressure acting on the face panel of GRSW with DBZ was greater than that of the common GRSW in the middle portion. The cumulative strain of the geogrid had a single-peak distribution along its length; the maximum strain of the geogrid was 0.45%, the maximum tension was approximately 29.12% of ultimate tensile strength.     

DIA of centrifuge model tests on geogrid reinforced soil walls with low-permeable backfills subjected to rainfall

Geogrid reinforced soil walls (GRSWs) constructed using low-permeable backfills often experience failures when subjected to rainfall. The objective of this paper is to employ centrifuge modelling to investigate the effect of geogrid types on the performance of GRSW models constructed with low-permeable backfill, when subjected to rainfall intensity of 10 mm/h. A 4.5 m radius large beam centrifuge facility was used, and rainfall was simulated using a custom-designed rainfall simulator at 40 gravities. Digital Image Analysis (DIA) was employed to understand the deformation behaviour of GRSWs with low stiffness geogrid layers with and without drainage provision subjected to rainfall. Additionally, the effect of varying stiffness of geogrid reinforcement layers across the height of GRSW was also investigated. The interpretation of DIA helped to quantify displacement vector fields, face movements, surface settlement profiles and geogrid strain distribution with depth. Irrespective of drainage provision, GRSWs reinforced with low stiffness geogrid layers experienced a catastrophic failure at the onset of rainfall. However, GRSW reinforced with geogrid layers of varying stiffness was observed to perform well. This study demonstrates the effective use of DIA of GRSWs subjected to rainfall along with centrifuge-based physical model testing.     

Field trial of a reinforced landfill cover system: performance and failure

The geotechnical stability of an inclined multilayer capping depends on the shear strength available along the various interfaces. If the slope is very steep an additional reinforcing geosynthetic may be used to obtain a safer condition. Full-scale field trials can provide better resolution data on the reinforcement behaviour than conventional calculation methods based only on laboratory tests. The paper deals with a field trial carried out on multilayer capping, reinforced with a geogrid, in an Italian landfill. The geogrid behaviour was monitored for a month using displacement sensors and pressure cells located along the slope and in the anchor trench. Subsequently, the cover system was led to collapse by cutting the reinforcement and an analysis of the reinforcement behaviour and its relevance in the system stability were studied. This paper discusses in detail the setup of the field trial and the experimental data recorded during installation, monitoring, and failure phases of the system. The deformation behaviour of the geogrid during the entire test was recorded and analysed. The resulting data highlight the effects of the construction process on the geogrid behaviour including the contribution of geogrid creep characteristics until the failure.     

静动载下筋材变化对加筋土挡墙性能影响分析

为了研究动静荷载下,加筋长度及筋材类型变化对加筋土挡墙工作性能的影响,进行了7种工况下的加筋土挡墙模型试验,对比分析了加筋土挡墙的水平土压力、水平土压力系数、墙面水平位移和加载板竖向沉降及筋材应变等参数的发展规律。试验结果表明:动载下加筋土挡墙筋材应变随着加载时间的增长、加筋长度的减小、位置高度的增加而增大,且顶层筋材应变远远大于其他层;加筋长度及筋材横肋的减少明显降低挡墙的承载性能,格栅横肋减少导致挡墙极限承载力降低18% ,加筋长度减少使面板水平位移最大增大了2.2倍;与静载作用下相比,动载下土工格栅的侧向约束作用及网兜效应能够得到更好地发挥。     

岩溶地层地铁盾构施工引起地下管线变形规律分析

岩溶地层修建地下工程往往会遇到岩溶溶洞等不良地质条件,严重影响了工程建设成效和安全。虽然采用注浆加固方法填充了部分岩溶溶洞起到了地层稳定性加固作用,但是地铁盾构施工依旧对于地层之中的既有结构物产生影响,严重者易造成结构沉降开裂。为此,本文依托深圳地铁16号线穿越岩溶地层段龙南-龙东村盾构区间工程,针对盾构侧穿地下管线引起结构变形问题,采用现场监测方法,研究岩溶地层地铁盾构侧穿地下管线过程中管线结构的变形规律与防控方法,为类似工程提出参考建议。