布依族胎儿副睾与输精管组织学观察

本文收集15～38周24例布依族正常胎儿,副睾、输精管carnoy液固定,石蜡包埋,分别采用HE染色和Me-manun PAS反应显示糖元等多糖类.结果显示:副睾16周时,管壁上皮为假复层柱状,游离面有纤毛,上皮细胞胞质中含较多粗大PAS阳性颗粒,尤以基部为甚,纤毛及基膜均呈PAS阳性反应,上皮外有大量间充质细胞,此时可据管腔位置、大小、壁厚薄区分输出小管和副睾管.随着胎龄增加,管腔渐增大,上皮变高,壁增厚,上皮细胞内PAS阳性颗粒由早期较多渐至减少,上皮基膜、纤毛,血管内皮基膜均一直呈PAS阳性反应,经淀粉酶消化1小时后仍为阳性.28周头段输出小管呈明显花瓣样、副睾管管腔圆整、上皮外形成环行平滑肌.输精管15周时,粘膜上皮为单层柱状,上皮周围见大量间充质细胞,平滑肌不明显,至19周时,上皮渐呈假复层柱状,未见纤毛,固有层结缔组     

扬子鳄胚胎气管,支气管的发生

通过对２８例扬子鳄胚胎气管、支气管的发生过程的观察，发现孵化第６ｄ出现喉气管沟，第８ｄ形成气管芽和支气管芽。第１４－４０ｄ中，气管与支气管上皮周围的间充质细胞逐渐聚集，并分化形成粘膜下层、软骨片及外膜的纤维膜。第２０－４６ｄ中，气管及支气管的上皮由复层柱状上皮逐步演弯为单层或假复层柱状上皮。本文还对扬子鳄气管、支气管组织发生的部分特点作了讨论。     

人胎副睾与输精管的组织学观察

取16－28周24例布依族人胎副睾及输精管，HE，PAS染色，示16周副睾上皮呈假复层柱状，胞质含较多粗大PAS阳性颗粒，游离面有纤毛，上皮基膜呈PAS阳性反应，随着胎龄增加，管腔增大，上皮变高，28周副睾管腔平整，上皮外有环行平滑肌，睾丸输出管呈明显不规则形，16周时输精管上皮呈单层柱状，肌层不明显，19周上皮已呈假复层柱状，未见纤毛，随着胎龄增加纤毛出现，环行肌层次增加后纵行肌出现，上皮基膜，纤毛呈PAS阳性反应，为研究人胎生长发育，提供形态学基础。     

扬子鳄(Aligatorsinensis)舌腺的超微结构

为了解扬子鳄舌腺的超微结构，取舌中部背面组织，用常规方法固定、切片，在透射电镜下观察。扬子鳄舌腺为典型的分支管状腺，其分泌小管上皮细胞可见两种类型：１．浆液性腺细胞：胞质内含大量分泌颗粒分泌小管主要由这种细胞构成；２．暗细胞：这种细胞在分泌小管上皮中数量较少，电子致密度较高。亦含有分泌颗粒，细胞基部有质膜内褶迷路。本文还对舌腺的生理功能进行了讨论。     

扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内血管活性肠肽的分布

目的：观察含血管活性肠肽（VIP）神经在爬行类动物－扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内的分布特点。方法：免疫组织化学ABC法及免疫荧光法。结果：扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内VIP免疫反应阳性神经纤维见于粘膜下层及肌层,呈串珠状,大致与平滑肌纤维平行走行,并见其分支在实质内构成网络状,但明显伴血管走行的纤维稀少。通过免疫荧光法证实,粘膜下层内存在VIP免疫反应阳性细胞,胞体大小、形态不一。结论：扬子鳄泄殖腔已具备了类似高等脊椎动物的含VIP神经的调节。     

扬子鳄（Alligatorsinensis）舌腺的超微结构

为了解扬子鳄和大腺的超微结构，取舌中部背面组织，用常规方法固定、切片，在透射电镜下观察。扬子鳄舌腺为典型的分支管状腺，其分泌小管上皮细胞可见两种类型：１．浆液性腺细胞：胞质内含大量分泌颗粒分泌小管主要由这种细胞构成；２．暗细胞：这种细胞在分泌小管上皮中数量较少，电子致密度较高。亦含有分泌颗粒，细胞基部有质膜内褶迷路，本文还对舌腺的生理功能进行了讨论。     

大鼠、牛、猪和羊附睾上皮内富有PAS阳性颗粒细胞的组织学观察

本文对大鼠、牛、猪和羊的附睾组织,取其头、体和尾三段,用PAS等方法染色,作光镜观察。发现这些动物的附睾上皮中,夹有一种富有PAS阳性颗粒的细胞,颗粒内含中性多糖,其分泌方式为顶浆分泌。HE染色中的亮细胞,可能是分泌颗粒排出后的PAS阳性细胞。此外,在输精管起始段的上皮中,亦偶见有这种PAS阳性颗粒细胞。     

乳腺富糖原透明细胞癌2例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨乳腺富糖原透明细胞癌临床病理特点及鉴别诊断要点。方法 对2例乳腺富糖原透明细胞癌进行临床资料及光镜和免疫组化标记观察。结果 组织学特点：癌细胞为多边形或柱状，胞界清楚，胞质透明，呈实性巢状、片状排列，可有乳头形成。表现为导管内癌和浸润性癌结构。免疫组化染色显示：癌细胞呈上皮性免疫表型，CK(AE1)、CEA强阳性，不表达S-100蛋白、肌动蛋白。PAS染色阳性。结论 富含糖原透明细胞癌是上皮性特殊类型乳腺癌，其诊断主要依靠组织病理学和免疫组化标记。     

中华鳖十二指肠组织学的光镜和扫描电镜观察

目的：了解中华鳖十二指肠的组织学。方法：Ｃａｒｎｏｙ固定,石蜡包埋,切片,采用ＨＥ染色法,ＰＡＳ反应,ＲＮＡ反应,用光镜和扫描电镜对中华鳖十二指肠的组织学进行观察。结果：１．粘膜和粘膜下层向肠腔内凸起形成一个皱襞,使肠腔呈∩形;２．肠绒毛呈指状凸起,微绒毛非常发达,呈絮状;３．无十二指肠腺;４．在肠绒毛基部有似隐窝;５．粘膜上皮主要由二层组织组成,但有些区域仅有一层细胞;６;柱状细胞的纹状缘ＰＡＳ     

人内耳半规管和壶腹嵴的组织发生

目的：较全面地了解人内耳半规管和壶腹嵴的组织发生。方法：取人胚胎内耳，光镜和电镜下观察。结果：第6w胚胎半规管上皮为单层柱状，第7w上皮增至3～4层，第9w为单层立方上皮；第11w后，立方上皮逐渐变矮，第23w膜半规管为单层扁平上皮，第31w半规管的扁平细胞内可见线粒体、粗面内质网和吞饮小泡等结构。第6w胚胎壶腹嵴已出现，由两层细胞组成，第7w嵴上皮分裂分化为4～5层细胞，第8w表层柱状细胞出现纤毛，第13w毛细胞和支持细胞分化明显；第15w胶质膜呈帽状，它由许多平行排列的纵行小管组成；第18w毛细胞可分辨出Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型毛细胞。结论：补充了半规管组织发生的新资料。     

Scanning and transmission electron microscope observations on human gallbladder epithelium

Summary The early development of the human gallbladder epithelium was studied in 25 foetuses with crown-rump (CR) lengths from 6.0 to 22.5 cm by light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The PAS-reaction was used to locate cellular mucosubstances.The development could be devided into previllous and villous stages by light microscopy. The incipient formation of villi was observed in the present material at the 12.5 cm stage.Electron microscopically, three stages of development in the gallbladder epithelial cells were noticed. In the first stage, only one epithelial cell type was found. The microvilli were undeveloped, and there were no secretory granules in the epithelial cells.In the second stage, the epithelial cells contained secretory granules. The other characteristics of this stage were pseudopod-like projections on the apical cell surfaces and development of microvilli into a brush border-like structure.In the third stage, the epithelium showed the same zonal construction as that of the adult gallbladder. The apical surface of the epithelial cell was convex, and the microvilli were well developed. There were no pseudopod-like projections on the apical cell surface. The secretory granules were similar to those seen in the normal epithelial cells of the adult gallbladder. Degenerating cells were sometimes seen in this stage. The PAS-reaction was positive in the second and third stages.     

Primary papillary hyperplasia of the gallbladder and cystic and common bile ducts

A unique case of primary papillary hyperplasia of the gallbladder and cystic and common bile ducts occurring in a young female without calculi, ulcerative colitis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis is reported. The papillary lesion involved the mucosa of the entire gallbladder and of the cystic and common bile ducts. Histologically, the gallbladder mucosal folds were close to one another and taller than normal. They were lined by normal-appearing columnar cells and pencil-like cells. The papillary projections of the common bile duct were lined only by columnar cells with prominent subnuclear vacuoles. No endocrine cells or cytologic atypia were noted. The differential diagnoses, including secondary hyperplasia, multiple adenomas, and papillomatosis of the gallbladder, are discussed.     

扬子鳄肺内CGRP免疫反应纤维和细胞的分布

目的:了解扬子鳄肺内降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)免疫反应物质的存在和分布规律,更进一步探索扬子鳄肺呼吸的调节机能的形成和衍化规律.方法:应用ABC免疫组化方法,对5条扬子幼鳄肺内CGRP免疫反应纤维和细胞进行了观察.结果:CGRP免疫反应纤维在扬子鳄肺内分布广泛,血管壁及其周围阳性纤维较多,肺囊壁和间质内亦有阳性纤维存在,间质中还能见到阳性反应细胞存在.结论:CGRP神经肽类物质在肺内的发现,表明扬子鳄肺内存在肽能神经调节因子,对其进一步研究有助于肺呼吸肽能调节机制的阐明.     

An electron microscopic study of intestinal metaplasia in human gallbladder.

Areas of intestinal metaplastic epithelium in gallbladders removed by cholecystectomies performed for gallstones were studied with the electron microscope. Three gallbladders contained areas of goblet cells and endocrine enterochromaffin-like cells and one gallbladder also Paneth cells. The goblet cells contained mucin granules of slightly variable size and shape and relatively great electron lucency. The intervening columnar epithelial cells contained various amounts of electron-lucent mucin granules. The round or oval enterochromaffin-like cells rested on the basement membrane, and in these cells the small, round, electron-opaque secretory granules were located in the infranuclear region. The supranuclear cytoplasm of the Paneth cells in the intestinalized epithelium contained typical large, round secretory granules. The fine structures of the various cells in the metaplastic epithelium bore resemblance to those of the cells in the intestinalized stomach mucosa.     

扬子鳄胃的神经支配

采用组化方法对７只扬子鳄胃的神经支配进行了研究。结果如下：粘膜下层有胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性反应神经节和神经纤维相互交织组成的神经丛，一些神经纤维穿过粘膜在基底膜附近形成次组丛，终止在腺细胞。在环行肌和纵行肌之间有丰富的ＡＣｈＥ阳性反应神经节和神经丛。在肌层内胆碱能神经的走向与平滑肌细胞的长轴平行。肾上腺素能神经只见于肌层，神经纤维同样与平滑肌细胞长轴平行。     

Ultrastructure of the submandibular gland in the rabbit

The secretory endpieces of the rabbit submandibular gland are unusual in that they consist of seromucous acini (not demilunes) that empty into serous tubules that in turn drain into intercalated ducts. Seromucous granules consist of a moderately dense spherule in a fibrillogranular matrix. Serous granules contain a feltwork of filaments, which are liberated as a tangled skein during exocytosis. Peculiar granulated cells that have secretory granules of complex morphology are present at each end of the serous tubules. Intercalated ducts are, cytologically speaking, relatively simple, but the duct cells may contain a few oblong secretory granules. Striated ducts are typical in structure, although postfixation with ferrocyanide-reduced osmium reveals significant amounts of glycogen in the basal processes. Modified mitochondria are present in striated duct cells, but their frequency varies from rabbit to rabbit. Such mitochondria contain either an array of parallel, rigid cristae linked by intermembranous bridges, or a bundle of helical filaments within an expanded crista. Interspersed with the striated duct cells, especially near the duct origin, are some highly vacuolated cells with sparse mitochondria. Excretory ducts consisting of stratified columnar (sometimes pseudostratified) epithelium often show bleb formation of the luminal surface of the tall cells.     

Brunner's glands of the duckbilled platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

Brunner's glands in the platypus form a lobulated, glandular collar confined to the submucosa of the most distal portion of the stomach. The glands end immediately proximal to the gastrointestinal junction and excretory ducts empty in the region where the stratified squamous epithelium lining the stomach changes abruptly to the intestinal lining epithelium of the duodenum. An individual gland of Brunner is composed of several elongate lobules drained by intralobular ducts which often join to form a single excretory duct. Light and electron microscopic studies have shown the secretory tubules to be comprised of large, pyramidal cells limited basally by a delicate basal lamina. The ergastoplasm, cisternae of which are dilated and contain amorphous material, is associated with numerous ribosomes. In basal and perinuclear regions intercisternal granules and smooth surfaced vesicles are found. Numerous small vesicles found in supranuclear areas apparently form from the smooth membrane portions of ergastoplasm located adjacent to Golgi complexes. Membrane-bound amorphous granules of varying electron density occupy the apical cytoplasm and show a tendency to coalesce before emptying their contents into the adjacent lumen. The intralobular duct system is lined initially by a columnar epithelium which changes to a simple squamous form before the ducts combine to form a short excretory duct lined by stratified squamous epithelium. The epithelium lining the duct system contains relatively few organelles but appears to be engaged in a limited amount of synthesis and release of secretory material. Histochemical studies indicate that both the secretory tubules and the duct system elaborate a neutral mucopolysaccharide.     

Human gallbladder mucosa infrastructure: Evidence of intraepithelial nerve structures

The zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) fixative-staining method was used along with topographical ultrastructure to investigate cholecystectomized human gallbladders under light and electron microscopic techniques. This method delineated neuronal structures which may be involved in controlling the functions of the gallbladder epithelium. Three epithelial cell types were described in the surface epithelium: (1) Co lumnar clear cells; (2) dark, tuft osmiophilic cells; and (3) basal clear cells with electron-dense granules and showing intense ZIOphilic staining properties. While mucous granules were delineated in the first two cell types, the columnar epithelial clear cells are of uncertain function(s) and content but are probably absorptive cells. The small basal clear cells displaying intense ZIOphilia are associated with intraepithelial nerve endings. These nerve structures may have a sensory and/or motor function(s); they were detected throughout the gallbladder epithelial lining and mucosa.     

IgA plasma cells in biliary mucosa: a likely source of locally synthesized IgA in human hepatic bile

IgA synthesized in hepatobiliary tissues accounts for about one-half of the IgA present in human hepatic bile, but the location of the IgA synthesizing cells has been in doubt because few plasma cells are present in normal liver. Therefore, we immunocytochemically localized IgA, J chain and secretory component in bile duct tissues of six patients operated upon for biliary duct obstruction. Numerous plasma cells containing IgA and J chain were found surrounding the accessory glands of the major bile ducts and in the area just beneath the surface epithelium of the ducts. At the ultrastructural level, IgA and SC in the epithelial cells had the features characteristic of secretory component-mediated endocytic translocation of IgA. We conclude that plasma cells in biliary duct mucosa are the likely source of much of the locally synthesized IgA that is secreted into human hepatic bile. The IgA probably reaches the bile by direct transfer across biliary epithelium.     

PRIMARY MUCOSAL HYPERPLASIA OF THE GALLBLADDER

A case of primary mucosal hyperplasia of the gallbladder in a 55-year-old man is reported. Endoscopic ultrasonography demonstrated diffuse mucosal thickening of the gallbladder which was associated with anomalous union of the pancreatico-biliary duct system. Histologically, the mucosa showed villous and spongioid hyperplasia. The mucosa, which consisted of tall columnar cells that were morphologically similar to ordinary gallbladder epithelium, showed no metaplastic changes such as occurrence of mucous glands, Paneth cells, goblet cells, endocrine cells, or lysozyme immunoreactivity. These findings suggested that this disease was based on hyperplasia of ordinary gallbladder epithelium.