腹壁下动脉穿支(DIEP)皮瓣自体组织移植乳房再造

目的 为乳腺癌切除术后,乳房缺失的病人建立一种供区隐蔽、损伤小,形态逼真,多数病人愿意接受的自体组织移植乳房再造的方法.方法 在以腹直肌为蒂的横型腹直肌肌皮瓣TRAM的基础上,保留腹直肌及其前鞘,形成以腹壁下动脉及其肌肉穿支直接供血的横行下腹部游离皮瓣进行乳房再造.受区血管选择同侧或对侧胸廓内动、静脉.根据再造乳房的水平高度,血管吻合点定位在不同肋间.皮瓣移植后供区直接缝合.结果 本组用腹壁下动脉穿支(deep inferior epigastric perforator,DIEP)皮瓣游离移植乳房再造,共46例,41例双蒂穿支皮瓣的病例全部成活;5例单侧穿支供血的皮瓣其中2例远端出现缺血现象.随访5个月～3年,再造乳房外形、质地满意,未见腹壁薄弱、腹疝等腹部并发症发生.下腹供区瘢痕隐蔽,同时也达到了腹壁整形减肥的效果.结论 横行下腹部DIEP瓣乳房再造,供区损伤小、组织量充足、血供丰富,是目前最为理想的手术方法.DIEP瓣也能根据需要修复多种软组织缺损,本方法在满足受区需要的同时最大限度地避免或减少供区的损伤.这种皮瓣的应用代表了整形外科皮瓣移植的发展方向.     

应用腹壁下动脉穿支游离皮瓣移植乳房再造

目的 通过应用腹壁下动脉穿支游离皮瓣移植进行乳房再造的手术方法，总结应用该方法进行乳房再造的临床经验。方法 切取以腹壁下动静脉为蒂的穿支游离皮瓣，将腹壁下动静脉与胸廓内动静脉相吻合，进行乳房再造。结果 自2000年以来，临床应用腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣再造乳房共15例，10例皮瓣100％成活，2例皮瓣远端局部皮肤坏死，1例皮瓣远端脂肪硬结，2例皮瓣完全坏死。随访6个月至1年，再造乳房外形满意，供区无腹壁疝、腹壁膨出、腹壁薄弱等并发症发生。结论 腹壁下动脉穿支游离皮瓣是下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM皮瓣)的技术改良与发展，该皮瓣具有血运丰富、组织量大、易于塑形、供区损伤小等优点，是一种安全可靠的乳房再造方法。     

以双蒂腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣再造乳房

目的 报道对有纵形剖腹产瘢痕的乳腺癌根治术后所造成的胸壁畸形，应用双蒂腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣再造乳房的临床效果，从而说明胸廓内动脉远心端供血的可靠性。方法 应用游离的双侧腹壁下动静脉为蒂的腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣与胸廓内动、静脉远近心断端分别进行端端吻合再造乳房4例。结果 临床应用4例，皮瓣全部成活，再造乳房的形态较满意。术后随访l0～26个月，无腹部薄弱或腹壁疝等并发症发生。结论 胸廓内动、静脉可提供远近心端两组可靠的受区血管。以双侧腹壁下动、静脉为蒂的横行腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣，适用于乳腺癌根治术后的乳房再造，特别适用于有纵形剖腹产瘢痕及腹壁较薄者的整形修复。     

带蒂腹直肌皮瓣联合游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植重建胸壁巨大缺损的手术策略

目的探讨应用带蒂腹直肌皮瓣联合游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植重建局部晚期乳腺癌术后胸壁巨大缺损的手术策略。方法2007年8月至2018年10月,共收治病灶切除后继发缺损需行下腹部皮瓣移植修复的局部晚期乳腺癌女性患者89例,继发软组织缺损面积为25.0 cm×12.0 cm~31.0 cm×16.0 cm,全部采用带蒂腹直肌皮瓣联合游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复,皮瓣面积为26.0 cm×12.0 cm~35.0cm×15.0 cm。本组患者均为乳腺癌扩大根治术后遗留的单纯大面积软组织缺损。联合皮瓣的具体形式分为两种:①对侧带蒂腹直肌皮瓣联合同侧游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣;②同侧带蒂腹直肌皮瓣联合对侧游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣。游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植的受区血管选择包括胸廓内血管、胸外侧动静脉、胸肩峰血管、胸背血管、胸背血管前锯肌支和颈横动静脉。采用第二种皮瓣形式时不能选择胸廓内血管作为受区血管。结果采用第一种联合皮瓣形式57例,其中4例腹直肌带蒂皮瓣一侧术后发生边缘部分坏死;采用第二种联合皮瓣形式32例,其中2例在切取过程中发现带蒂腹直肌皮瓣完全没有血供,改为游离腹直肌皮瓣联合游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植,3例腹直肌带蒂皮瓣一侧术后发生边缘部分坏死,清创后再采用局部推进皮瓣修复。其余患者伤口均一期愈合,皮瓣完全成活。所有患者顺利完成后期治疗,术后随访12~96个月,平均(29.5±0.3)个月,11例患者失访,完成随访的78例患者中有4例患者局部肿瘤复发(5.1%),4例患者发生脑部转移(5.1%),3例患者发生肝转移(3.8%),6例患者发生肺部转移(7.7%),其余患者恢复良好,皮瓣外观、功能恢复满意,患者生活质量明显提高。结论联合下腹部皮瓣移植安全性高,有助于控制局部晚期乳腺癌病灶,明显提高患者生存质量。其中第一种联合皮瓣形式移植血管吻合选择更加灵活,皮瓣血运更加可靠;第二种联合皮瓣形式手术时间短。两种术式具体选择需要根据患者实际情况而定。     

下腹壁横行腹直肌肌皮瓣及腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣乳房再造的相关肋间神经解剖学研究

目的　为开展保留感觉神经和部分腹直肌功能的下腹壁横行腹直肌肌皮瓣 (TRAM皮瓣 )及腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣 (DIEP皮瓣 )乳房再造手术方法提供解剖学依据。方法　对 9具 18侧 10 %甲醛溶液防腐固定的成年女尸腹前外侧壁进行大体及显微解剖 ,观察T8～T12 肋间神经的走行及分布 ,重点解剖腹直肌区域内肋间神经分支。在 15例DIEP皮瓣乳房再造术中 ,观察肋间神经在腹直肌内的走行分布特点及其与腹壁下血管穿支的关系。结果　肋间神经在腹直肌外侧 1/3区域内穿入腹直肌 ,其运动支在腹直肌内有交通支形成 ,相邻神经可重叠支配节段性腹直肌。感觉神经支分为内侧穿支和外侧穿支 ,与腹壁下血管穿支形成血管神经束进入皮下组织。纯感觉神经蒂长为 (2 7.6± 12 .2 )mm。结论　在应用TRAM皮瓣和DIEP皮瓣进行乳房再造时 ,可以保留感觉神经蒂进行神经吻合以恢复乳房感觉功能 ;而在切取TRAM皮瓣时 ,保留外侧 1/3腹直肌不会导致术后肌肉失神经萎缩。     

腹壁下动脉伴行静脉解剖类型及吻合方法选择

目的 总结腹壁下动脉伴行静脉解剖类型及相应吻合方法选择，并评估各种方法的适应证和安全性。方法 回顾分析2015年10月—2021年6月296例采用游离下腹部皮瓣移植再造乳房患者的临床资料。患者均为女性；年龄26～62岁，平均36.5岁。乳腺癌术后即刻乳房再造154例，延期乳房再造142例。172例采用单侧血管蒂游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣移植，124例采用单侧血管蒂保留部分腹直肌的游离腹直肌皮瓣移植；均单纯选择胸廓内血管作为受区血管。血管蒂长度为9.5～13.0 cm，平均11.2 cm。腹壁下动脉伴行静脉包括3种解剖类型：1支型26例（8.8%）,2支型180例（60.8%）,Y形结构伴行静脉90例（30.4%）。动脉吻合方式均为腹壁下动脉与胸廓内动脉近心端吻合；静脉吻合方式需根据静脉管径、长度、管壁厚度以及分支情况灵活调整，主要包括：(1)腹壁下动脉唯一的1支伴行静脉与胸廓内静脉吻合（26例）；(2)腹壁下动脉的2支伴行静脉分别与胸廓内静脉吻合（151例）；(3)腹壁下动脉的2支伴行静脉中，粗大1支与胸廓内静脉吻合，另1支结扎弃用（29例）；(4) Y形结构伴行静脉共干节段直接与胸廓内静...     

应用SIEA皮瓣行乳房再造——附3例报告

乳房再造是整形外科领域常见的技术。下腹部因组织量大，血管来源较多，和兼得的腹壁整形术成为乳房再造最常用的供区。目前应用最为广泛的是下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（Transverse Rectus Abdominis Museuloeutaneous，TRAM）及腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣（Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator，DIEP）。     

下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣血供的应用解剖

目的了解与下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣相关的血管分布情况,促进乳腺癌根治术后下腹部肌皮瓣移位乳房再造手术的推广。方法采用福尔马林浸泡未超过6个月的成人尸体15具30侧。上起锁骨下、下至腹股沟韧带,两侧至腋中线的胸腹壁完整切下。腹壁下动静脉自髂外动静脉起始处离断。分别用红、蓝乳胶墨水经腹壁下和胸廓内动静脉灌注,使其分支、属支显影。结果腹壁上、下动脉起始处外径分别为1.87±0.28mm及2.25±0.32mm。腹壁下动脉的皮下穿支分布有向脐水平逐渐密集的趋势,弓状线以下穿支明显减少,Rand各个区均可见穿支出腹直肌前鞘,排列上外侧穿支距腹直肌前鞘外侧缘、、区分别平均为1.22、1.46、1.57cm;内侧穿支在距正中线、、区平均1.54、1.62、1.66cm。近脐的穿支管径较其他部位粗和密集。腹壁上动脉在与肋弓下缘交界附近发出一肋缘动脉,距肋弓1.25±0.37cm。发出肋缘动脉后67%的肋缘动脉比腹壁下动脉本干粗。肋缘动脉分支分布于腹直肌中、外侧2/3,且与肋间前动脉及营养膈肌的血管间有广泛吻合。胸廓内动脉在发出腹壁上动脉前后还分出一分支营养剑突水平的腹直肌。结论以腹壁上动脉为蒂的横形下腹部肌皮瓣切取过程中,脐以下、弓状线以上保留腹直肌前鞘内、外侧各1cm在腹壁上和区的全部前鞘在皮瓣上,能较好保护腹壁下动脉肌皮动脉不受损伤。将肋弓下2cm以上的腹直肌前鞘和腹直肌完全保留在皮瓣上可有效保护肋缘动脉。肋缘动脉不受损是肌皮瓣成活的重要保证。     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣在乳房再造和胸壁溃疡修复中的应用

目的　在解剖学研究基础上 ,对以腹壁下动静脉为蒂的横行腹直肌 (TRAM)肌皮瓣的切取进行完善和改进 ,将其精确为腹壁下动脉穿支 (DIEP)皮瓣 ,从而提供一种更为理想的乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁创面修复的皮瓣。　方法切取DIEP皮瓣 ,移植至胸壁受区 ,腹壁下动静脉分别与胸廓内动静脉相吻合 ,用于乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁放射性溃疡的修复。　结果　解剖学研究和临床观察发现自腹壁下动脉有粗大的肌皮穿支或皮支自血管主干发出 ,穿过腹直肌纤维直接进入皮瓣 ,因此 ,术中只剪开腹直肌前鞘 ,钝性分离腹壁下动静脉及其穿支周围的腹直肌纤维 ,无须离断腹直肌纤维 ,临床应用DIEP皮瓣再造乳房 4例 ,修复胸壁缺损 2例 ,皮瓣面积 (10cm× 12cm )～ (12cm× 35cm) ,全部成活 ,效果满意。　结论　DIEP皮瓣是对传统的TRAM皮瓣的一种技术改良 ,既保留了TRAM皮瓣血运丰富、组织量大、易于塑形的优点 ,尚可保持腹直肌的完整性 ,同期进行腹壁整形     

腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣在乳房再造和胸壁溃疡修复中的应用

目的　在解剖学研究基础上 ,对以腹壁下动静脉为蒂的横行腹直肌 (TRAM)肌皮瓣的切取进行完善和改进 ,将其精确为腹壁下动脉穿支 (DIEP)皮瓣 ,从而提供一种更为理想的乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁创面修复的皮瓣。方法　切取DIEP皮瓣 ,移植至胸壁受区 ,腹壁下动静脉分别与胸廓内动静脉相吻合 ,用于乳腺癌术后乳房再造和胸壁放射性溃疡的修复。结果　解剖学研究和临床观察发现自腹壁下动脉有粗大的肌皮穿支或皮支自血管主干发出 ,穿过腹直肌纤维直接进入皮瓣 ,因此 ,术中只剪开腹直肌前鞘 ,钝性分离腹壁下动静脉及其穿支周围的腹直肌纤维 ,无须离断腹直肌纤维 ,临床应用DIEP皮瓣再造乳房 4例 ,修复胸壁缺损 2例 ,皮瓣面积 (10cm×l2cm)— (12cm× 35cm) ,全部成活 ,效果满意。结论　DIEP皮瓣是对传统的TRAM皮瓣的一种技术改良 ,既保留了TRAM皮瓣血运丰富、组织量大、易于塑形的优点 ,尚可保持腹直肌的完整性 ,同期进行腹壁整形     

Duplex ultrasound imaging in free transverse rectus abdominis muscle, deep inferior epigastric artery perforator, and superior gluteal artery perforator flaps: early and long-term comparison of perfusion changes in free flaps following breast reconstruction

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the hemodynamic differences in free DIEP (deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap), S-GAP (superior gluteal artery perforator flap) flaps versus TRAM (transverse rectus abdominis muscle) flaps and to analyze any perfusion change due to perforator dissection (study 1). To examine the hypothesis as to whether flap perfusion is maintained through the pedicle (study 2), we also compared short- and long-term DIEP flap perfusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood volume flow, velocity, and diameter of the donor and recipient vessels of 4 TRAM flaps, 5 S-GAP flaps, and 17 DIEP flaps were examined preoperatively on day 5 and also 18 months postoperatively using duplex ultrasound. RESULTS: The greatest volume flow and velocity are measured in the TRAM flaps, followed by S-GAP and DIEP flaps. Blood flow in the musculocutaneous and perforator flaps is twice as great as in the donor vessels, which is proof of flap hyperperfusion. SUMMARY: The minimum perfusion requirement is easily satisfied in musculocutaneus and free perforator flaps. In the long term, DIEP flap perfusion increases 13%, which assumes that DIEP flap perfusion is maintained on the pedicle.     

Muscle sparing-2 transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction: a comparison with deep inferior epigastric perforator flap

Breast reconstruction using free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap can be divided into 4 muscle-sparing (MS) types: conventional TRAM flap containing full width muscle as MS-0, while deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap containing absolutely no muscle as MS-3. We include only the muscle portion between the medial row and lateral row perforator vessels in TRAM flap, which is designated as MS-2. Between October 1999 and April 2006, the same surgeon performed 82 breast constructions using MS-2 free TRAM flaps in 79 patients. All the flaps survived. Postoperative complications included partial fat necrosis in 8 cases, all corresponding to zone IV or zone II. Bulging of donor site occurred in 5 patients, 4 of whom were obese and 1 had bilateral flap harvest. Compared with our own reconstructions using DIEP flap (30 cases), there were no significant differences in operative time and blood loss between the two techniques. In conclusion, MS-2 free TRAM flap is a useful technique for breast construction considering the easy surgical techniques, length of the vascular pedicle that can be harvested, and the degree of freedom of the flap.     

Double pedicle deep inferior epigastric perforator/muscle-sparing TRAM flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Utilizing both rectus abdominis muscles for unilateral breast reconstruction poses significant risks for hernia or bulge formation and decreased abdominal wall strength. We have used the fascial sparing double pedicle deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP)/DIEP or DIEP/muscle sparing TRAM (MS-TRAM) flap to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional bilateral TRAM or bilateral free TRAM flaps. METHODS: Between January 1996 and March 2005, 14 double pedicle free DIEP/DIEP or DIEP/MS-TRAM flaps were performed in 14 patients for unilateral breast reconstruction. The abdominal wall was closed without mesh in all cases. RESULTS: Evaluation of results was conducted through a retrospective chart review and questionnaire. The average hospital stay was 5.4 days. The follow-up period ranged from 9 months to 10 years. There was no flap loss. There were no hernias, although 1 obese patient had lower abdominal wall bulging. Questionnaire was returned by 11 out of 14 patients, with an average rating of 4.5 (1-5), with all but 1 who would recommend it to others. None of the 11 patients had postoperative abdominal pain or back pain, and 9/11 patients returned to daily activities and/or sports. All patients that worked preoperatively returned to work postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Double pedicle free flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction are a safe option when autologous breast reconstruction is desired, but the volume of tissue required to build a breast exceeds the amount that could be transferred on a single pedicle flap. The double pedicle DIEP (DIEP/DIEP) and/or MS-TRAM (DIEP-MS-TRAM) flap offers good symmetric results for unilateral breast reconstruction and can minimize abdominal wall morbidity.     

Free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction in patients with prior abdominal contouring procedures

With an increasing number of women undergoing abdominal liposuction and abdominoplasties, patients who have a history of an abdominal-contouring procedure are now presenting to plastic surgeons with breast cancer and are interested in autologous breast reconstruction. Based on the principle of vascular ingrowth and experience of seeing intact perforators arise from the rectus abdominis muscle in repeat abdominoplasty patients, it was hypothesized that these new perforators could adequately and safely supply the abdominal skin island as a flap in this patient population. A retrospective chart review was performed searching for cases of free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction in patients with a prior history of either abdominal liposuction, abdominoplasty, or both. Three successful cases of free TRAM flap breast reconstruction were performed in patients who had undergone previous full abdominoplasties. Additionally, three successful cases of free TRAM or DIEP flaps were performed in patients after abdominal liposuction. Major complications included one anterial thrombosis in which the flap was salvaged. This study demonstrates the feasibility and viability of free TRAM flaps after previous abdominoplasty and DIEP flaps following prior abdominal liposuction. This is an important advance in the potential uses of the free TRAM flap.     

Thoracoacromial vessels as the recipients for supercharged muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps

We describe the use of the thoracoacromial vessels in microvascular transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction in two cases. The thoracoacromial vessels, used as recipient vessels for supercharged TRAM flaps, offer several advantages. Their location high on the anterior chest wall is ideal for anastomotic repair under the microscope and lends itself to medial placement of the TRAM flap. The thoracoacromial vessels are relatively easily exposed and are suited for microsurgical anastomosis by virtue of their caliber and topology. The dissection of these vessels takes less time than either the internal mammary or thoracodorsal systems. The location of the thoracoacromial vessels allows the flexibility of using either the ipsilateral pedicle for supercharging (deep inferior epigastric vessels on the same side as the superior epigastric pedicle) or contralateral supercharging (deep inferior epigastric vessels on the opposite side of the superior epigastric pedicle). The thoracoacromial vessels make an excellent alternative recipient for microvascular anastomosis in breast reconstruction.     

Immediate autologous breast reconstruction using muscle-sparing TRAM flaps with superficial epigastric system turbocharging: a salvage option

Current breast reconstruction trends favor the use of muscle-sparing abdominal flaps to minimize abdominal morbidity. When compared to the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap, the muscle-sparing deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap and the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap are common options that minimize donor-site morbidity. For patients with inadequate flap perfusion via either system, alternative surgical options that permit preservation of the abdominal musculature are limited. Using both the DIEP and SIEA systems, the authors describe a turbocharged construct that also facilitates flap perfusion without the need for violation of the anterior rectus sheath. This turbocharged system can provide adequate blood supply in a flap with questionable DIEP or SIEA perfusion alone.     

Ten years’ experience of free flaps for breast reconstruction in a Danish microsurgical centre: An audit

We have done a total of 292 breast reconstructions using a free flap over a period of 10 years (1994–2003). During the last five years the number of deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps has increased. However, to secure an optimal blood supply we still use a muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap sometimes. Our results with the two flaps were identical as far as operating time and length of hospital stay were concerned, but the DIEP flap has less donor site morbidity. Our results are influenced by our selection of patients and our technique but we think that muscle-sparing TRAM flaps may be used as an alternative to DIEP flaps.     

Breast Reconstruction Following Mastectomy; Patient’s Satisfaction

Breast cancer remains one of the most common malignancies in women and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Despite the current emphasis on breast conservation, mastectomy rates remain at 30%. Mastectomy is often associated with significant psychological sequelae including distorted body image and sexual dysfunction. Breast restoration is assumed to allow a full emotional and physical recovery from a breast cancer crisis. The methods of reconstructive surgery currently practised comprise flap reconstruction, implant reconstruction and a combination of these procedures. The most commonly used flaps are transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM), deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP), latissimus dorsi (LD), gluteal artery perforator (GAP). Autogenous tissue gives the best results, and currently the best technique in most women is probably the free DIEP flap. The lower abdominal tissue can mimic the breast to a high degree.