黑绿单管双光灯诱杀金龟甲试验初报

<正> 1978—1979年,不同单管双光灯及黑光灯试验表明,在全年诱虫量及诱杀粮棉主要害虫方面,黑绿单管双光灯稍次于黑白单管双光灯,但超过黑光灯,分别比黑光灯提高诱虫量7.87％及13.68％,其中尤其对铜绿异丽金龟的引诱力较为突出,比黑光灯提高诱虫量92.06％,     

不同单管双光灯诱虫实验及其田间应用效果

<正> 1973—1974年,应用200瓦白炽灯与20瓦黑光灯井联的双光源,及20瓦日光灯与20瓦黑光灯并联的双光源做诱虫实验,诱虫数量多,蜂次明显,为害虫测报提供了新的诱虫装置。为节约用电,1976—1977年进行20瓦黑白单管     

混粉诱虫灯田间试验初报

<正> 多年试验证明,单管黑白双光灯诱虫效果明显优于黑光灯,防治棉铃虫及棉田玉米螟有较好效果。而对天敌的杀伤远比黑光灯低。然而,单管黑白双光灯的制造比较麻烦,影响产品质量与数量。为减少工序便于生产,又保持这一灯型的特色而不影响诱虫效果,设想进行改进。在有关灯管厂的支持下,生产了我们设计的混粉灯。1981—1983年的试验表明,对昆虫的引诱力较为明显。现将结果报道如下。 一、材料与方法 (一)灯管种类与来源 单管黑白双光灯(下称黑白灯)20瓦,单管黑蓝双光灯(下称黑蓝灯)20瓦,混粉一号灯20瓦,混粉二号灯20     

双光源诱杀农林害虫的研究

点灯诱虫既是测报工具,又是综合防治措施之一。但目前所用的多为黑光灯。为了搞好棉铃虫的测报和防治,1972年我地区开始较大面积地使用黑光灯。普遍反映,灯下蛾量少,高峰不明显,未能起到预期效果。为了提高诱蛾量,我所从1973年起,进行了双光源诱虫试验,两年试验证明,双光源不仅能诱杀较多的棉铃虫,还能诱杀大量其他害虫,有的害虫比黑光灯或200瓦电灯诱集量多几倍甚至几十倍,而且高峰较明显。     

不同波长黑光灯对椰子木蛾的诱集效果

为评估不同波长黑光灯对椰子木蛾的诱集效果,在海南省万宁市兴隆镇设置试验点,利用8种不同波长的黑光灯进行诱集试验。结果显示:椰子木蛾对365 nm和368 nm的波长敏感,诱虫总量显著多于其它波长的黑光灯;365 nm黑光灯诱捕椰子木蛾雄虫最多,368 nm黑光灯诱捕椰子木蛾雌虫最多,均显著大于其它黑光灯诱集到的雌雄虫数量。23∶00-2∶00为最适宜诱捕椰子木蛾时段。为利用黑光灯监测椰子木蛾提供了基础依据。     

黑光灯防治棉铃虫试验初报

为了提高综合防治水平,我们对黑光灯群的诱虫效果、设置方法等进行了初步试验。 一、诱集成虫压低卵量 在寺岗公社的5个大队,设置118个黑光灯组成的黑光灯群,在2代棉铃虫产卵盛期(6月20日—28日),我们对灯区及本公社4个无灯区大队和与灯区相邻的     

专用黑光灯对栗山天牛的诱杀技术研究

栗山天牛Massicus raddei (Blessig)是我国东北林区发生面积最大的林业害虫,造成了严重的经济和生态损失.为探索诱杀栗山天牛的有效技术措施,本研究利用自主研发的专用黑光灯对栗山天牛成虫进行了诱杀技术试验研究.结果表明,将黑光灯设置在山脊是诱集栗山天牛的最佳位置;20:00～22:00是引诱的最佳时间;以天牛成虫羽化前期和末期的雄虫略多,而盛期雌虫略多,但差异不显著.诱集到的雌虫的怀卵量前期和盛期平均30粒/头,和处女雌虫无明显差异,表明诱集到的雌虫为卵刚成熟而未产出的发育阶段的成虫,而在羽化末期诱到的雌虫怀卵量不足10粒/头.和普通手电相比,该专用黑光灯的诱集数量是其2.03倍.晴天诱到的成虫数量远多于阴天.用专用黑光灯诱杀栗山天牛成虫效果显著,将在降低该害虫后代的种群数量上发挥重要作用.     

蓝光灯诱测稻虫的效果好

<正> 利用黑光灯作为稻虫测报验证手段,感到有不理想之处。1977年以来;我站采用20瓦蓝光灯和20瓦黑光灯(两种灯管都是上海的产品)进行比较试验,结果发现蓝光灯比黑光灯诱测效果显著。除能客观地反映田间稻虫数量消长与各代发生期的情况外,而且蓝光灯对主要稻虫,如稻瘿蚊Pachydiplosis oryzae Wood-Ma-son、稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee、三化螟Tryporyza incertulas(Walker)、大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)、稻螟岭Narangaaenescens Moore、稻飞虱、稻苞虫、稻叶蝉、粘虫等成虫都能诱到,其结果如表:     

黑光灯集虫瓶防雨器的研制与应用

在河北坝上高原,多年使用黑光灯诱集农作物害虫进行预测预报。但在诱虫期,由于部分昼夜黑光灯诱虫系统遭受暴风雨的袭击,使黑光灯的保护伞盖帽失去了遮雨功能,而使集虫漏斗变成了集雨漏斗,雨水通过集虫漏斗管道,全部注入集虫毒瓶中。诱入毒瓶中的俄类,因遭受雨水的浸泡,胶体被损坏,失去不同蛾类的本色,给虫情测报工作者带来识别上的困难,干扰了虫情测报的准确性。为解决这一问题,笔者在原套系统不变的基础上,设计制造了一套防雨装置,称防雨器。经5年雨季的应用,效果良好,达到了研制目的。三防雨器的结构和制作防雨器的结构…     

斜纹夜蛾性诱剂三种诱芯田间诱蛾效果

2006年7～9月在安徽省庐江县进行3种性诱芯诱捕斜纹夜蛾的田间试验,并与常用的黑光灯进行比较。3种诱芯处理各4次重复。经连续64天诱蛾,2号、1号和0号诱芯平均每盆分别诱蛾169.5,65.5,1.5头,3种型号之间的差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。同时,2号诱芯诱蛾量显著高于20W黑光灯,与棉田斜纹夜蛾卵量峰期的吻合程度也高于20W黑光灯。     

瓢虫的趋光性反应研究

以六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata Fabricius和狭臀瓢虫Coccinella transversalis Fabricius为例,研究了瓢虫对不同光质(波长)的趋光性反应。在室内分别测定了六斑月瓢虫和狭臀瓢虫对5种发光二极管(LED)光波的趋性,以及在田间挂板(佳多)测定了瓢虫对色板的选择趋性。室内测定结果表明,瓢虫对黄色和白色LED光波的选择趋性显著高于与其它颜色;田间挂板试验表明,黄色对瓢虫的诱杀作用最强。综合分析,黄色对瓢虫有强烈的吸引作用,建议在使用黄板进行田间监测和防治时应考虑对天敌瓢虫的诱杀作用。     

Effect of Light on Uredospore Germination and Germ Tube Growth of Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.)

The effect of light on uredospore germination and germ tube growth of Phakopsora pachyrhizi was studied. Frequency of uredospore germination was only partially reduced by high light intensity (> 1,9 * 10⁴ mW * m^?2). In uredospores unilaterally irradiated with polychromatic light germ tubes always emerged from the shadowed side. Already developed germ tubes showed a negative phototropic response. Both effects were inducible by low light intensities. Negative phototropism of germ tubes was a blue light effect. Light of 441 nm was more effective than that of 422 nm or 372 nm. Red light (> 600 nm) was ineffective, green light (513 nm) induced medium responses. In half-side illumination studies longitudinal halves of germ tube tips and spores were irradiated under a microscope. The tips of the germ tubes bent into the illuminating beam. In half-side illumination studies germ tubes always emerged from the illuminated spore halves. Under unilateral illumination liquid paraffin reversed this light “polarization” of spores and the negative phototropism of germ tubes. These results suggest that during unilateral illumination spores and germ tube tips act as a lens focussing the light on the wall farthest away from the light source., There, in uredospores emergence of germ tubes is stimulated and in germ tubes growth is inhibited. As a consequence, under unilateral illumination germ tubes emerge at the shadowed side of the spores and grow away from the light.     

Toward a standardized quantitative and qualitative insect monitoring scheme

The number of insect species and insect abundances decreased severely during the past decades over major parts of Central Europe. Previous studies documented declines of species richness, abundances, shifts in species composition, and decreasing biomass of flying insects. In this study, we present a standardized approach to quantitatively and qualitatively assess insect diversity, biomass, and the abundance of taxa, in parallel. We applied two methods: Malaise traps, and automated and active light trapping. Sampling was conducted from April to October 2018 in southern Germany, at four sites representing conventional and organic farming. Bulk samples obtained from Malaise traps were further analyzed using DNA metabarcoding. Larger moths (Macroheterocera) collected with light trapping were further classified according to their degree of endangerment. Our methods provide valuable quantitative and qualitative data. Our results indicate more biomass and higher species richness, as well as twice the number of Red List lepidopterans in organic farmland than in conventional farmland. This combination of sampling methods with subsequent DNA metabarcoding and assignments of individuals according depending on ecological characteristics and the degree of endangerment allows to evaluate the status of landscapes and represents a suitable setup for large‐scale long‐term insect monitoring across Central Europe, and elsewhere.     

Optical trapping for chromosome manipulation: a wavelength dependence of induced chromosome bridges.

Using a tunable titanium-sapphire laser, we have compared different wavelengths (from 700 to 840 nm) for their utility in optical trapping of chromosomes in mitotic rat kangaroo Potorous tridactylus (PtK2) cells. It was found that irradiation with a near-infrared light induces the sticking together of chromosome shoulders. The attached chromatids failed to separate, or separated with significant delay and formed a chromosome bridge during anaphase. Using this bridge (and induced c-mitosis) as a reference, we compared the action of different wavelengths (from 700 to 840 nm). Chromosomes were irradiated at metaphase and the cells were observed until the end of cytokinesis. Chromosomes were irradiated for different periods of time, using 130 mW of power at the objective focal plane. The biological responses observed after optical trapping were: (1) normal cell division, (2) formation of a temporary chromosome bridge, (3) formation of a permanent chromosome bridge, (4) complete blockage of chromosome separation (c-mitosis). The chromosomes were found to have a maximal sensitivity to 760-765 nm light and minimal sensitivity to 700 and 800-820 nm light. Cells with chromosomes irradiated for a long time, using wavelength 760-765 nm, generally were incapable of going through anaphase and remained in c-mitosis. We conclude that the optimal wavelengths for optical trapping are 700 and 800-820 nm.     

A proteomic analysis of Helicoverpa armigera adults after exposure to UV light irradiation

Ultraviolet (UV) light (blacklight), which emits UV in the range of 320-400 nm, has been used worldwide in light trapping of insect pests. To gain a better understanding of the response of Helicoverpa armigera adults to UV light irradiation, we carried out a comparative proteomic analysis. Three-day-old adults were exposed to UV light for 1 h. Total proteins were extracted and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. More than 1200 protein spots were reproducibly detected, including 12 that were more abundant and 21 less abundant. Mass spectrometry analysis and database searching helped us to identify 29 differentially abundant proteins. The identified proteins were categorized into several functional groups including signal transduction, RNA processing, protein processing, stress response, metabolisms, and cytoskeleton structure, etc. This study is the first analysis of differentially expressed proteins in phototactic insects under UV light irradiation conditions and gives new insights into the adaptation mechanisms responsive to UV light irradiation stress.     

基于林分昆虫多样性调查的传统灯诱法改进效果分析

昆虫在生物多样性调查中具有不可替代的地位，灯诱法是效率最高的昆虫采集方法之一，然而传统的灯诱方法存在诱集范围无法界定、采样流程标准性不足等问题。为此，使用自制的聚光灯诱箱（Spotlight Box Trap，SBT）作为改进灯诱方法，并使用灯诱帐（Moth Collecting Tent，MCT）作为传统灯诱法进行对照；以北京杨（Populus×beijingensis）与油松（Pinus tabuliformis）人工林为样地，对两种灯诱装置采集的蛾类数量及物种组成、物种多样性指数与形态参数等多个指标进行评价。共采集蛾类24科164种6728号，其中北京杨林分SBT采集19科93种1164号，MCT采集22科125种2573号；油松林分SBT采集21科87种1044号，MCT采集22科117种1947号。分析显示：（1） MCT采集的个体数量与物种数量均高于SBT，总体上SBT在不同样地间的数据误差水平更低。（2）两种灯诱装置采集的蛾类优势种组成显著不同（P<0.05）；SBT共有种的数量比例始终高于MCT，即后者的特有种占比例更高。（3）总体上SBT物种多样性指数的数据误差水平更低。（4） MCT采集的蛾类物种体型更大（体长约为SBT的1.20倍）、飞行能力更强（相关参数约为SBT的1.20倍至1.36倍）。结果表明，在林分昆虫多样性的调查中，传统灯诱法的数据稳定性较差，对林分的代表性不足。聚光灯诱箱因其对光域的可控性和采集昆虫的规范性，具备更高的稳定性，在森林昆虫多样性调查与监测中具有更好的适用性与应用前景。     

Spectral preference and temporal modulation of photic orientation by Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a diurnal insect that strongly relies on visual cues to guide its walk. In the present study, we investigated the orientation behavior of non‐diapausing walking CPB in response to emissive colors produced by light emitting diodes (LEDs) in a dual choice arena adapted to a servosphere, where the only illumination available came from the photo‐stimuli. Our results demonstrate that CPB show positive phototactic behavior when stimulated with different wavelengths of light; they preferred to orient towards white (420–775 nm), ultraviolet (UV) (351 nm), blue (472 nm), green (570 nm), yellow (585 nm), orange (590 nm), and red (660 nm) over darkness when both alternatives were offered, but no orientation responses were elicited by infrared (940 nm). Both males and females preferred yellow and green over other colors, but did not show any particular preference between them, thus correlating with their preference for wavelengths reflected by vegetation. Sexual differences were noted in that male CPB preferred white over either red or UV, whereas female CPB did not show any preferences when offered these colors. Female CPB preferred UV and blue over red, whereas males showed no preferences when these colors were offered. Colorado potato beetles turned at higher angles and performed more tortuous walks in complete darkness and when infrared vs. darkness were offered compared with the rest of the colored lights. Both sexes preferred continuous over pulsed yellow light. Colorado potato beetles subjected to pulsed yellow light showed a temporal alteration of their walking performance by walking less, slower, and turning at a higher rate. The results are discussed with regard to the role of color in the CPB attraction to host plants and conspecifics as well as the role of intermittent photic stimuli in their orientation behavior. The information provided here provides a basis for the improvement of trapping devices for detection and survey of incipient or invasive CPB, and development of alternate control strategies for this important pest of potatoes and other solanaceous crops.     

Field trials measuring the effects of ultraviolet-absorbing greenhouse plastic films on insect populations

Field studies were conducted to compare insect population levels in greenhouse crops covered with plastics that block the transmission of UV light in two wavelength ranges. Crops grown in greenhouses under a plastic that blocked UV light at wavelengths of 380 nm and below had lower numbers of aphids and thrips compared with a plastic that blocked UV light at wavelengths of 360 nm and below. This is consistent with the results found for thrips in previous studies using small, completely enclosed tunnels with no plant material. The effects were not as dramatic in the commercial greenhouses, perhaps due to unfiltered light entering through the open sides of those greenhouses. There was no reduction in greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, populations under the <380 UV-absorbing plastic compared to <360 nm UV-absorbing plastic in these field trials. This is inconsistent with results found in small, completely enclosed tunnels, where sticky traps caught a significantly higher proportion (95 +/- 2%) of released greenhouse whiteflies inside tunnels covered with <360 nm absorbing plastic compared with the <380 nm absorbing plastic. The results of these studies suggest that the type of greenhouse plastic used in a structure can affect population levels of some insect species, and may be useful tools in developing integrated pest management programs for insect management. The design of the greenhouse and amount of unfiltered light that enters the system appear to be important factors in determining the level of effect.     

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam¹. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles¹. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec¹, which has serious implications for biological matter^2,3.A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime⁴. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton''s Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement^5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres⁷ and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins⁸. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.     

光谱和光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫行为反应的影响

室内研究了光谱、光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示:在340—605 nm波谱内棕榈蓟马雌成虫对14个单色光刺激的趋光行为反应为多峰型。其中蓝光483 nm处峰最高,趋光反应率达34.96%,其次为绿光498—524 nm、562—582 nm、紫外光340 nm处;其避光行为反应共有3个峰,其中紫外光380 nm处最高,避光率18.08%,另外2个峰分别在橙光605 nm、紫光420 nm处。在趋光率较高的单色光(340、483、524、582 nm)和避光率较高的单色光(380、605 nm)以及白光刺激下,棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋光率随光强增强的增强而提高,而避光率则随着光强的增强而降低;光强最弱时仍均有一定趋光率,最强时均未出现高端平台。因此:棕榈蓟马雌成虫对不同单色光具有明显的选择性,光谱和光强度对其趋光行为和避光行为有较大影响,光强度的影响作用与波长因素有关。